The document discusses frameworks and patterns in object-oriented analysis and design. It defines frameworks as reusable solutions for common problems in a domain that increase reusability and reduce development time. Patterns provide standard solutions to common problems and enable reusable designs. The document describes various creational, structural, and behavioral design patterns including factory, singleton, composite, proxy, and decorator patterns. It explains when and how to apply these patterns to object-oriented analysis and design problems.
This document discusses designing classes in object-oriented design. It covers designing class attributes and methods, class visibility including private, protected, and public protocols, refining class attributes with data types and initial values, designing methods using activity diagrams, avoiding pitfalls like overly large classes, and presenting classes using UML notation. The goal is to design well-structured, reusable classes through an iterative refinement process.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. It uses graphical notation to depict systems from initial design through detailed design. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state machine diagrams. UML provides a standard way to communicate designs across development teams and is supported by many modeling tools.
The objective is to explain how a software design may be represented as a set of interacting objects that manage their own state and operations and to introduce various models that describe an object-oriented design.
The Unified Process (UP) is a software development process that provides guidance on team activities and work integration. It originated from issues with traditional processes being too diverse and outdated. Key aspects of UP include being use-case driven, architecture-centric, and iterative/incremental. UP follows a lifecycle of inception, elaboration, construction, and transition phases within iterative development cycles. While UP addressed issues with prior methods, its weaknesses include not covering the full software process and tools-focus not suiting complex systems.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design. It defines key terms and concepts in object-oriented modeling like use cases, class diagrams, states, sequences. It describes developing requirements models using use cases and class diagrams. It also explains modeling object behavior through state and sequence diagrams and transitioning analysis models to design.
This document provides an overview of class diagrams in UML. It describes the key components of a class diagram including classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. A class represents a set of objects with common properties and behavior. It includes a name, attributes, and operations. Relationships between classes such as dependencies, generalizations, and associations are also depicted. The document provides examples of how to represent these components and relationships in a UML class diagram.
The document provides an overview of object-oriented concepts. It discusses that software development is increasingly relying on object-oriented paradigms due to benefits like improved modeling of real-world problems and reusability. Key concepts discussed include classes and objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and object composition. Various object-oriented methodologies like those proposed by Coad/Yourdon, Booch, Rumbaugh, and Jacobson are also summarized.
This document discusses designing classes in object-oriented design. It covers designing class attributes and methods, class visibility including private, protected, and public protocols, refining class attributes with data types and initial values, designing methods using activity diagrams, avoiding pitfalls like overly large classes, and presenting classes using UML notation. The goal is to design well-structured, reusable classes through an iterative refinement process.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. It uses graphical notation to depict systems from initial design through detailed design. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state machine diagrams. UML provides a standard way to communicate designs across development teams and is supported by many modeling tools.
The objective is to explain how a software design may be represented as a set of interacting objects that manage their own state and operations and to introduce various models that describe an object-oriented design.
The Unified Process (UP) is a software development process that provides guidance on team activities and work integration. It originated from issues with traditional processes being too diverse and outdated. Key aspects of UP include being use-case driven, architecture-centric, and iterative/incremental. UP follows a lifecycle of inception, elaboration, construction, and transition phases within iterative development cycles. While UP addressed issues with prior methods, its weaknesses include not covering the full software process and tools-focus not suiting complex systems.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design. It defines key terms and concepts in object-oriented modeling like use cases, class diagrams, states, sequences. It describes developing requirements models using use cases and class diagrams. It also explains modeling object behavior through state and sequence diagrams and transitioning analysis models to design.
This document provides an overview of class diagrams in UML. It describes the key components of a class diagram including classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. A class represents a set of objects with common properties and behavior. It includes a name, attributes, and operations. Relationships between classes such as dependencies, generalizations, and associations are also depicted. The document provides examples of how to represent these components and relationships in a UML class diagram.
The document provides an overview of object-oriented concepts. It discusses that software development is increasingly relying on object-oriented paradigms due to benefits like improved modeling of real-world problems and reusability. Key concepts discussed include classes and objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and object composition. Various object-oriented methodologies like those proposed by Coad/Yourdon, Booch, Rumbaugh, and Jacobson are also summarized.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design concepts. It introduces key concepts like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance etc. It then describes Object Modeling Technique (OMT), which is an object-oriented modeling methodology developed in 1991. OMT consists of three models - object model, dynamic model and functional model. It also discusses Unified Modeling Language (UML) conceptual model, including building blocks like things, relationships and diagrams. It describes different structural things, behavioral things and grouping things in UML. Finally, it covers various relationship types in UML like dependency, association, generalization etc.
The document discusses the process of designing view layer classes in a user interface. It involves:
1) Identifying view layer objects during analysis by examining use cases and interaction diagrams.
2) Designing individual view layer objects by applying design principles like simplicity and usability testing.
3) Iteratively refining the design by getting feedback and making improvements.
The document discusses object oriented design and analysis, specifically focusing on UML views. It states that a system can best be described using five interlocking views: the use case view, design view, implementation view, process view, and deployment view. Each view provides a different perspective and projection of the system's organization, structure, and functionality for various stakeholders.
The document discusses advanced structural modeling concepts in object-oriented software engineering, including advanced classes, relationships, interfaces, types and roles, packages, and object diagrams. It defines these concepts and provides examples to illustrate their usage and relationships.
Welcome to my series of articles on Unified Modeling Language. This is "Session 10 – Sequence Diagram" of the series. Please view my other documents where I have covered each UML diagram with examples
Static modeling represents the static elements of software such as classes, objects, and interfaces and their relationships. It includes class diagrams and object diagrams. Class diagrams show classes, attributes, and relationships between classes. Object diagrams show instances of classes and their properties. Dynamic modeling represents the behavior and interactions of static elements through interaction diagrams like sequence diagrams and communication diagrams, as well as activity diagrams.
The document discusses Unit II of a syllabus which covers class diagrams, including elaboration, domain modeling, finding conceptual classes and relationships. It discusses when to use class diagrams and provides examples of a class diagram for a hotel management system. It also discusses inception and elaboration phases in software development processes and provides artifacts used in elaboration. Finally, it discusses domain modeling including how to identify conceptual classes, draw associations, and avoid adding too many associations.
Object Oriented Analysis Design using UMLAjit Nayak
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It describes the key concepts in OOAD like analysis, design, domain modeling, use cases, interaction diagrams, and class diagrams. It then explains the basic building blocks of UML including things (classes, interfaces etc.), relationships (generalization, association etc.), and diagrams (class, sequence etc.). The rest of the document provides details on modeling classes in UML including attributes, operations, responsibilities and visibility.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to model structural and behavioral aspects of a system. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state diagrams. Use case diagrams model user interactions, class diagrams show system entities and relationships, sequence diagrams visualize object interactions over time, and state diagrams depict object states and transitions. UML aims to simplify the complex process of software design through standardized modeling.
The document discusses UML component diagrams. It defines a component as a modular, deployable, and replaceable part of a system that encapsulates implementation and exposes interfaces. It describes how component diagrams show the various components in a system and their dependencies. It outlines the purpose of component diagrams as visualizing components, constructing executables through forward and reverse engineering, and describing component organization and relationships.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, and documenting software systems. It uses various diagrams to model different views of a system, such as structural diagrams (e.g. class diagrams), behavioral diagrams (e.g. sequence diagrams), and deployment diagrams. The key building blocks of UML include things (classes, interfaces, use cases), relationships (associations, generalizations), and diagrams. UML aims to provide a clear blueprint of software systems for both technical and non-technical audiences.
The document discusses requirements analysis and modeling approaches. It covers:
1) The objectives and types of requirements models, including scenario-based, data, class-oriented, flow-oriented, and behavioral models.
2) Elements of analysis models like use cases, classes, attributes, operations, and relationships.
3) Approaches to requirements modeling like structured analysis, object-oriented analysis, and CRC modeling.
4) Concepts of data modeling including data objects, attributes, and relationships.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design concepts. It defines key OO terms like objects, classes, inheritance, polymorphism, and relationships. It also describes several OO methodologies like OMT, Booch, and Objectory. Finally, it discusses design patterns, frameworks, and the motivation for a unified OO approach.
The document discusses UML package diagrams and their notations and purposes. It describes how package diagrams can be used to logically modularize complex diagrams and organize source code. It explains how packages, elements, dependencies, imports, visibility, qualified names, and merges are represented in package diagrams.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, construct and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to express the design of object-oriented software projects. UML includes diagrams, relationships and elements that help design different perspectives of a system including design, implementation, process and deployment. The key building blocks of UML are things (like classes and use cases), relationships (like generalization and dependency), and diagrams (like class, sequence and deployment diagrams) which are used to model different aspects of a software system.
This document provides an overview of UML class diagrams, including their purpose and essential elements. A UML class diagram visually describes the structure of a system by showing classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. Key elements include classes, associations, generalization, dependencies, and notes. The document also provides examples and tips for creating UML class diagrams.
Aneka clouds can be built using either an infrastructure or logical organization model. The infrastructure model uses components like repositories, management consoles, containers and node managers. The logical model separates services like storage, indexing and execution across master, worker and storage nodes. Aneka supports private, public and hybrid cloud deployment modes which can utilize internal infrastructure alone or combine it with external cloud providers.
Object oriented analysis emphasizes investigating the problem domain to identify relevant objects and their relationships. The key goals are to define relevant classes and their attributes, operations, relationships, and behaviors through iterative refinement. Various analysis methods take different approaches, but generally involve use case modeling, class modeling, and behavior modeling.
This ppt covers the object modeling techniques. It has four topics: object model, dynamic model, functional model and the relationship between these models.
The document discusses mapping design artifacts like UML class and collaboration diagrams to code in Java. It provides examples of how classes, attributes, methods, and messages between objects shown in design diagrams can be translated to code elements like classes, constructor methods, reference attributes, method calls, etc. Key aspects covered include adding constructors, reference attributes named after roles, writing method bodies based on message sequences in collaboration diagrams, and handling changes from design to code.
Operation contracts provide a pre-condition and post-condition format to precisely describe changes to objects in a domain model resulting from a system operation, serving as a more detailed specification than typical use cases. An operation contract defines the operation name and parameters, references relevant use cases, assumptions about the system state before execution, and importantly describes the resulting state of domain model objects after completion. Operation contracts are optional in the Unified Process and should only be used when use cases are insufficient for developers to understand system behavior.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design concepts. It introduces key concepts like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance etc. It then describes Object Modeling Technique (OMT), which is an object-oriented modeling methodology developed in 1991. OMT consists of three models - object model, dynamic model and functional model. It also discusses Unified Modeling Language (UML) conceptual model, including building blocks like things, relationships and diagrams. It describes different structural things, behavioral things and grouping things in UML. Finally, it covers various relationship types in UML like dependency, association, generalization etc.
The document discusses the process of designing view layer classes in a user interface. It involves:
1) Identifying view layer objects during analysis by examining use cases and interaction diagrams.
2) Designing individual view layer objects by applying design principles like simplicity and usability testing.
3) Iteratively refining the design by getting feedback and making improvements.
The document discusses object oriented design and analysis, specifically focusing on UML views. It states that a system can best be described using five interlocking views: the use case view, design view, implementation view, process view, and deployment view. Each view provides a different perspective and projection of the system's organization, structure, and functionality for various stakeholders.
The document discusses advanced structural modeling concepts in object-oriented software engineering, including advanced classes, relationships, interfaces, types and roles, packages, and object diagrams. It defines these concepts and provides examples to illustrate their usage and relationships.
Welcome to my series of articles on Unified Modeling Language. This is "Session 10 – Sequence Diagram" of the series. Please view my other documents where I have covered each UML diagram with examples
Static modeling represents the static elements of software such as classes, objects, and interfaces and their relationships. It includes class diagrams and object diagrams. Class diagrams show classes, attributes, and relationships between classes. Object diagrams show instances of classes and their properties. Dynamic modeling represents the behavior and interactions of static elements through interaction diagrams like sequence diagrams and communication diagrams, as well as activity diagrams.
The document discusses Unit II of a syllabus which covers class diagrams, including elaboration, domain modeling, finding conceptual classes and relationships. It discusses when to use class diagrams and provides examples of a class diagram for a hotel management system. It also discusses inception and elaboration phases in software development processes and provides artifacts used in elaboration. Finally, it discusses domain modeling including how to identify conceptual classes, draw associations, and avoid adding too many associations.
Object Oriented Analysis Design using UMLAjit Nayak
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It describes the key concepts in OOAD like analysis, design, domain modeling, use cases, interaction diagrams, and class diagrams. It then explains the basic building blocks of UML including things (classes, interfaces etc.), relationships (generalization, association etc.), and diagrams (class, sequence etc.). The rest of the document provides details on modeling classes in UML including attributes, operations, responsibilities and visibility.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to model structural and behavioral aspects of a system. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state diagrams. Use case diagrams model user interactions, class diagrams show system entities and relationships, sequence diagrams visualize object interactions over time, and state diagrams depict object states and transitions. UML aims to simplify the complex process of software design through standardized modeling.
The document discusses UML component diagrams. It defines a component as a modular, deployable, and replaceable part of a system that encapsulates implementation and exposes interfaces. It describes how component diagrams show the various components in a system and their dependencies. It outlines the purpose of component diagrams as visualizing components, constructing executables through forward and reverse engineering, and describing component organization and relationships.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, and documenting software systems. It uses various diagrams to model different views of a system, such as structural diagrams (e.g. class diagrams), behavioral diagrams (e.g. sequence diagrams), and deployment diagrams. The key building blocks of UML include things (classes, interfaces, use cases), relationships (associations, generalizations), and diagrams. UML aims to provide a clear blueprint of software systems for both technical and non-technical audiences.
The document discusses requirements analysis and modeling approaches. It covers:
1) The objectives and types of requirements models, including scenario-based, data, class-oriented, flow-oriented, and behavioral models.
2) Elements of analysis models like use cases, classes, attributes, operations, and relationships.
3) Approaches to requirements modeling like structured analysis, object-oriented analysis, and CRC modeling.
4) Concepts of data modeling including data objects, attributes, and relationships.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design concepts. It defines key OO terms like objects, classes, inheritance, polymorphism, and relationships. It also describes several OO methodologies like OMT, Booch, and Objectory. Finally, it discusses design patterns, frameworks, and the motivation for a unified OO approach.
The document discusses UML package diagrams and their notations and purposes. It describes how package diagrams can be used to logically modularize complex diagrams and organize source code. It explains how packages, elements, dependencies, imports, visibility, qualified names, and merges are represented in package diagrams.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, construct and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to express the design of object-oriented software projects. UML includes diagrams, relationships and elements that help design different perspectives of a system including design, implementation, process and deployment. The key building blocks of UML are things (like classes and use cases), relationships (like generalization and dependency), and diagrams (like class, sequence and deployment diagrams) which are used to model different aspects of a software system.
This document provides an overview of UML class diagrams, including their purpose and essential elements. A UML class diagram visually describes the structure of a system by showing classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. Key elements include classes, associations, generalization, dependencies, and notes. The document also provides examples and tips for creating UML class diagrams.
Aneka clouds can be built using either an infrastructure or logical organization model. The infrastructure model uses components like repositories, management consoles, containers and node managers. The logical model separates services like storage, indexing and execution across master, worker and storage nodes. Aneka supports private, public and hybrid cloud deployment modes which can utilize internal infrastructure alone or combine it with external cloud providers.
Object oriented analysis emphasizes investigating the problem domain to identify relevant objects and their relationships. The key goals are to define relevant classes and their attributes, operations, relationships, and behaviors through iterative refinement. Various analysis methods take different approaches, but generally involve use case modeling, class modeling, and behavior modeling.
This ppt covers the object modeling techniques. It has four topics: object model, dynamic model, functional model and the relationship between these models.
The document discusses mapping design artifacts like UML class and collaboration diagrams to code in Java. It provides examples of how classes, attributes, methods, and messages between objects shown in design diagrams can be translated to code elements like classes, constructor methods, reference attributes, method calls, etc. Key aspects covered include adding constructors, reference attributes named after roles, writing method bodies based on message sequences in collaboration diagrams, and handling changes from design to code.
Operation contracts provide a pre-condition and post-condition format to precisely describe changes to objects in a domain model resulting from a system operation, serving as a more detailed specification than typical use cases. An operation contract defines the operation name and parameters, references relevant use cases, assumptions about the system state before execution, and importantly describes the resulting state of domain model objects after completion. Operation contracts are optional in the Unified Process and should only be used when use cases are insufficient for developers to understand system behavior.
This chapter introduces state diagrams and their components. It discusses how state diagrams describe the states of an object and transitions between states triggered by events. It covers initial and final states, actions, activities, and different types of events. The chapter also discusses transitions between states and the use of guard conditions. Finally, it introduces concepts like substates, concurrent state diagrams, and ways for orthogonal components to communicate in concurrent state models.
Developing graphical user interface for analysis of beam by using matlab soft...eSAT Journals
The document describes the development of a graphical user interface (GUI) in MATLAB software to analyze beams. The GUI allows users to input beam properties like span, support conditions, and load types/values. It then calculates and displays the reaction forces, shear forces, bending moments, and plots the shear force and bending moment diagrams. The GUI provides a quick and easy way to analyze beams without requiring knowledge of complex coding. The authors aim to expand the program to analyze multiple span beams with different load combinations.
Advanced Software Engineering course, a.y. 2014-2015
http://lore.com/Advanced-Software-Engineering-Univaq/
This lecture is about Architecture Description Languages. What they are, how they evolved in time, current challenges and perspectives.
This document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It defines a DBMS as software that manages data and allows for data to be accessed by multiple users and applications. The document then covers the introduction, properties, benefits, types, entity relationship diagrams, and differences between DBMS and relational DBMS. It provides examples and definitions for each topic.
Application of programming languages in civil engineeringMuhammad Usama Umer
This document provides an overview of various computer applications used in civil engineering. It discusses 2D and 3D drafting programs like QCAD, AutoCAD, 3D Studio Max, Revit, and Civil 3D for modeling. It also covers project scheduling with Microsoft Project and Primavera, structural design with Sap2000, hydraulic design using EPANET, surveying applications like Micro Survey CAD Studio, and mathematical calculations in MatLab. Programming languages allow civil engineers to perform tasks like drafting, modeling, scheduling, structure design, and calculations more efficiently.
This document provides information about database management systems and SQL. It discusses that a DBMS allows for the storage, manipulation and retrieval of data in a database. It also describes that SQL is the standard language used to communicate with relational databases and discusses some of its features and uses. Finally, it outlines some common data types used to define columns when creating tables in SQL*Plus such as CHAR, VARCHAR2, NUMBER, DATE and LONG.
UML Diagrams- Unified Modeling Language IntroductionRamakant Soni
The document provides an overview of a 3 hour lecture on object oriented modeling using UML, including definitions of key concepts like models, modeling, objects, and the Unified Modeling Language. It discusses why modeling is used, how it is done in UML, and examples of object oriented concepts and how UML can be applied, with the goal of teaching students how to design object-oriented programs and software development methodology using UML.
The document describes the steel making process and its entity relationship diagram. The major steps in steel making are: coke oven, blast furnace, LD converter, secondary refining, and casting. Raw materials like iron ore, coal, and limestone are transformed through these steps into finished steel products like slabs, bars, and coils. The entity relationship diagram shows the relationships between vendors, raw materials, finished steel, products, and customers in the steel making process.
Processes are heavyweight flows of execution that run concurrently in separate address spaces, while threads are lightweight flows that run concurrently within the same process address space. Active classes represent concurrent flows of control and can be stereotyped as <<process>> or <<thread>>. There are four types of communication between active and passive objects: active to active, active to passive, passive to active, and passive to passive. Synchronization coordinates concurrent flows using sequential, guarded, or concurrent approaches.
The document provides an overview of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) including its key concepts, terms, and diagram types. It discusses object-orientation, use cases, class diagrams, behavioral modeling using sequence, collaboration, state chart and activity diagrams. It also covers implementation using component and deployment diagrams. The main UML diagram types are use case, class, sequence, state chart, activity, component and deployment diagrams.
This chapter discusses information systems in enterprises. It describes the four major types of information systems: transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and executive support systems. TPS support operational activities like order processing and payroll. MIS provide aggregated data to managers. DSS support analysis for professionals. ESS are tailored systems that provide strategic analysis for senior executives. The chapter also discusses how these systems operate at different organizational levels and provides examples of each type.
This document discusses applying GRASP (General Responsibility Assignment Software Patterns) principles to object-oriented design. It introduces five GRASP patterns: Creator, Information Expert, Controller, Low Coupling and High Cohesion. These patterns provide guidance on assigning responsibilities to classes in a way that promotes qualities like low coupling, high cohesion, and encapsulation. The document uses a board game example to illustrate applying the Creator and Information Expert patterns in UML class diagrams and sequence diagrams.
The document discusses various database technologies including relational databases (RDBMS), NoSQL databases, and graph databases. It provides an overview of popular RDBMS products like Oracle, SQL Server, MySQL, and PostgreSQL. It also summarizes NoSQL databases and prominent NoSQL products such as MongoDB, CouchDB, Cassandra, and OrientDB. The document further covers new trends in cloud databases and graph databases.
The document discusses the General Responsibility Assignment Software Patterns (GRASP) principles for assigning responsibilities to classes in object-oriented design. It outlines the 9 main GRASP principles - Information Expert, Creator, Low Coupling, Controller, High Cohesion, Polymorphism, Pure Fabrication, Indirection, and Protected Variations. For each principle, it provides the problem it addresses, the suggested solution, an example of how to apply the principle, and benefits and pros/cons. The principles provide guidance on how to distribute responsibilities among classes to achieve well-structured and maintainable object-oriented software designs.
Current trends in database management systems include multimedia databases that store various media formats along with descriptive metadata, distributed databases that allow data to be shared across networked sites, document-oriented databases where records can have varying formats and fields rather than fixed tables, and mobile and embedded databases increasingly used in devices and sensors to configure settings and store operational data. These trends reflect demands for managing diverse data types, enabling data sharing, flexible document structures, and data capture in everyday objects.
GRASP (General Responsibility Assignment Software Principles) is a set of principles for assigning responsibilities to classes, including Expert, Creator, Low Coupling, High Cohesion, Controller, Polymorphism, Pure Fabrication, and Indirection. The principles aim to minimize dependencies between classes, reduce impacts of design changes, and allow for variations without affecting dependent components. Following these principles can result in designs with well-defined responsibilities, low coupling, high cohesion, and flexibility to handle changes.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design using UML. It describes various types of classes like abstract classes, parameterized classes, factory classes, and self-linked classes. It also covers relationships between classes such as recursive aggregation, qualified association, and derived elements. Furthermore, it defines interfaces and how they can be realized by classes to specify services.
Course material from my Object-Oriented Development course.This presentation covers the analysis phases and focuses on class discovery, domain modeling, activity diagrams, and sequence diagrams.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and its role in the software development life cycle (SDLC). It describes various SDLC approaches like waterfall, prototyping, spiral, and incremental. The spiral approach includes iterative and linear aspects. OOAD uses object-oriented concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism in the design phase.
Design patterns provide general reusable solutions to common problems in software design. They help structure code and define the way components interact. Some key design patterns discussed in the document include Singleton, Strategy, Decorator, and State. The Singleton pattern ensures a class only has one instance, Strategy encapsulates algorithms to allow flexible changes, Decorator adds functionality dynamically at runtime, and State changes object behavior based on its internal state. Design patterns improve code organization, reuse, and maintenance.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design using UML. It covers defining a system through analyzing problems, identifying stakeholders, and gathering requirements. It also discusses business modeling, system modeling, identifying stakeholders, and managing requirements. Key aspects include using use case diagrams to model system requirements and interactions between actors and use cases.
The document discusses software architecture, including definitions, principles, patterns, and modeling techniques. It defines architecture as the structure of a system comprising software elements and relationships. Some key principles discussed are single responsibility, open/closed, and dependency inversion. Common patterns like MVC, layered, and multitier architectures are explained. The document also introduces Unified Modeling Language (UML) for modeling systems using diagrams like class, component, and package diagrams.
The document discusses Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML. It describes UML as a standard language for modeling software systems using diagrams. It identifies the key building blocks of UML as constituents, relationships, and 13 types of diagrams used to represent different views of a system. These diagrams include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and component diagrams.
This document discusses static modeling in object-oriented analysis and design using UML. It covers identifying classes and objects from use cases and requirements, creating class diagrams to represent classes and relationships, and object diagrams to represent specific object instances and relationships. It also discusses class notation, attributes, operations, and relationships like association, dependency, generalization and realization.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses the basic concepts of OOAD and how UML uses diagrams to model software systems. UML diagrams can be used in all phases of the software development life cycle, including requirements analysis, design, implementation, and testing. The document also gives an overview of the different parts of UML, such as views, diagrams, relationships, and model elements.
Assignment 1 SYD601 2012 rick_danby completed with audioRickNZ
The document provides an overview of object-oriented systems development. It discusses object-oriented analysis, design, and programming. It covers key concepts like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. It also discusses the unified process, a popular iterative software development process, and its four phases: inception, elaboration, construction, and transition.
Design patterns provide a high-level language of discourse for programmers to describe their systems and to discuss solutions to common problems. This language comprises the names of recognizable patterns and their elements. Each design pattern shave its own templates and these patterns have illustrative names and are described with diagrams illustrating, their role players. There are 23 design patterns. These patterns are divided into three groups: structural, creational, and behavioral.
Object-oriented modeling and design.pdfSHIVAM691605
Person
Patient: Person
Treats: Association
- assistant: Person
- patient: Person
Role names for a ternary association
Generalization
Generalization is a taxonomic relationship
between a more general class and a more
specific subclass.
The general class is called a superclass and
the specific class is called a subclass.
The subclass inherits all the attributes and
operations of the superclass.
The subclass may add its own attributes and
operations.
Person
name
age
address
Employee
salary
department
Student
marks
Student
Employee
Generalization
Object Modeling Guidelines
Model real
The document discusses object-oriented databases (OODBs). It states that choosing the right OODB architecture is crucial for performance and scalability, more so than with relational databases. With OODBs, the application architecture has a greater impact on performance compared to relational databases, as OODBs provide more direct access to persistent data. Consequently, the application architecture affects performance and scalability more than the choice of OODB.
The document discusses the Unified Approach (UA) methodology for software development proposed by Ali Bahrami. The UA aims to combine the best practices of other methodologies like Booch, Rumbaugh, and Jacobson while using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). The core of the UA is use case-driven development. It establishes a unified framework around these methodologies using UML for modeling and documenting the software development process. The UA allows for iterative development by allowing moving between analysis, design, and modeling phases.
The document discusses dynamic modeling concepts in object-oriented analysis and design using UML. It defines dynamic modeling as depicting the behavior of static constituents like objects through interaction diagrams, activity diagrams, and state diagrams. It also contrasts static and dynamic modeling, and describes how to create interaction diagrams like sequence and communication diagrams by identifying collaborations and messages between objects.
Course material from my Object-Oriented Development course.This presentation covers the design phase and focuses on a variety of software design principles.
Design and Implementation in Software EngineeringKourosh Sajjadi
These slides were presented to the software engineering class held in IAUN. The main context is provided from the "Software Engineering" book authored by Sommerville.
Most of the icons used in the slides are provided in the flaticon.com website.
Thanks to our professor Habib Seifzadeh.
A cooperation with Mohammad Mostajeran.
what is design pattern?
what is design pattern in java?
what are the classification of design pattern?
why design pattern is important?
how we can implement any design pattern?
example of design pattern.
The document discusses legacy connectivity and protocols. It describes legacy integration as integrating J2EE components with legacy systems. The key approaches to legacy integration are data level integration, application interface integration, method level integration, and user interface level integration. Legacy connectivity can be achieved using Java Native Interface (JNI), J2EE Connector Architecture, and web services. JNI allows Java code to call native methods written in other languages like C/C++. The J2EE Connector Architecture standardizes connectivity through resource adapters. Web services provide a platform-independent approach through XML protocols.
The document discusses messaging and internationalization. It covers messaging using Java Message Service (JMS), including the need for messaging, messaging architecture, types of messaging, messaging models, messaging servers, components of a JMS application, developing effective messaging solutions, and implementing JMS. It also discusses internationalizing J2EE applications.
The document discusses Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) application security. It covers security threat assessment, the Java 2 security model, and Java security APIs. The Java 2 security model provides access controls and allows downloading and running applications securely. It uses techniques like cryptography, digital signatures, and SSL. The Java Cryptography Extensions API provides methods for encrypting data, generating keys, and authentication.
The document discusses various security tools in Java including keytool, jarsigner, and policytool. Keytool is used to manage keystores containing private keys and certificates. It can generate key pairs, import/export certificates, and list keystore contents. Jarsigner signs JAR files using certificates from a keystore. Policytool creates and edits security policy files specifying user permissions. The document provides details on using each tool's commands and options.
This document discusses EJB technology and provides summaries of key concepts:
1. It defines the EJB container model and describes features like security, distributed access, and lifecycle management.
2. It compares the lifecycles of stateless session beans, stateful session beans, entity beans, and message-driven beans.
3. It contrasts stateful and stateless session beans and discusses differences in client state, pooling, lifecycles, and more. It also compares session beans and entity beans in terms of representing processes versus data.
This document discusses behavioral design patterns and J2EE design patterns. It provides descriptions and class diagrams for several behavioral patterns, including Iterator, Mediator, Memento, Observer, State, Strategy, Template Method, and Visitor. It also defines what a J2EE design pattern is and notes that J2EE patterns are categorized into the presentation, business, and integration tiers of an enterprise application.
This document provides an overview of EJB in J2EE architecture and EJB design patterns. It discusses the key characteristics of using EJB in J2EE architecture, including supporting multiple clients, improving reliability and productivity, supporting large scale deployment, developing transactional applications, and implementing security. It also outlines several EJB design patterns, such as client-side interaction patterns, EJB layer architectural patterns, inter-tier data transfer patterns, and transaction/persistence patterns.
This document discusses design patterns and provides examples of structural and behavioral design patterns. It describes the adapter, bridge, composite, decorator, facade, flyweight, proxy, chain of responsibility, and command patterns. Structural patterns are concerned with relationships and responsibilities between objects, while behavioral patterns focus on communication between objects. Examples of UML diagrams are provided to illustrate how each pattern can be modeled.
The document discusses UML diagrams that can be used to model J2EE applications, including use case diagrams, class diagrams, package diagrams, sequence diagrams, collaboration diagrams, state diagrams, activity diagrams, component diagrams, and deployment diagrams. It provides examples of each diagram type using a case study of an online bookstore system. The use case diagram shows use cases and actors, the class diagram shows classes and relationships, and other diagrams demonstrate how specific interactions, workflows, and system configurations can be modeled through different UML diagrams.
This document discusses design patterns and selecting appropriate patterns based on business requirements. It provides an overview of design patterns available in TheServerSide.com pattern catalog, which are organized into categories like EJB layer architectural patterns, inter-tier data transfer patterns, transaction and persistence patterns, and client-side EJB interaction patterns. Examples of patterns in each category are described. Best practices for developing class diagrams and using proven design patterns are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of J2EE architecture. It defines architecture as the study of designing J2EE applications and discusses architectural concepts like attributes, models, and terminology. It describes the role of an architect and phases of architectural design. The document outlines the various components of J2EE like clients, web components, business components and containers. It also discusses key aspects of J2EE architecture like application areas, issues, technologies and available application servers.
The document discusses various topics related to collaboration and distributed systems including network communication in distributed environments, application integration using XML, and legacy integration technologies. Specifically, it covers factors that affect network performance like bandwidth and latency. It also describes using XML for data mapping between applications and data stores. Finally, it discusses different legacy integration methods like screen scraping, object mapping tools, and using off-board servers.
The document discusses JavaBean properties, property editors, and the classes used to implement them in Java. It describes the PropertyEditorSupport class and its methods for creating customized property editors. The PropertyDescriptor class and BeanInfo interface provide information about JavaBean properties, events, and methods. The document also provides tips on using sample JavaBeans from BDK1.1 in Java 2 SDK and creating a manifest file for multiple JavaBeans. Common questions about JavaBeans are answered.
The document discusses JavaBean properties and custom events. It defines different types of JavaBean properties like simple, boolean, indexed, bound, and constrained properties. It also explains how to create custom events by defining an event class, event listener interface, and event handler. The event handler notifies listeners when an event occurs. Finally, it demonstrates creating a login JavaBean that uses a custom event to validate that a username and password are not the same.
The document introduces JavaBeans, which are reusable software components created using Java. It discusses JavaBean concepts like properties, methods, and events. It also describes the Beans Development Kit (BDK) environment for creating, configuring, and testing JavaBeans. BDK includes components like the ToolBox, BeanBox, Properties window, and Method Tracer window. The document provides demonstrations of creating a sample JavaBean applet and user-defined JavaBean using BDK. It also covers topics like creating manifest and JAR files for packaging JavaBeans.
The document provides information on working with joins, the JDBC API, and isolation levels in Java database applications. It discusses different types of joins like inner joins, cross joins, and outer joins. It describes the key interfaces in the JDBC API like Statement, PreparedStatement, ResultSet, Connection, and DatabaseMetaData. It also covers isolation levels and how they prevent issues with concurrently running transactions accessing a database.
The document discusses various advanced features of JDBC including using prepared statements, managing transactions, performing batch updates, and calling stored procedures. Prepared statements improve performance by compiling SQL statements only once. Transactions allow grouping statements to execute atomically through commit and rollback. Batch updates reduce network calls by executing multiple statements as a single unit. Stored procedures are called using a CallableStatement object which can accept input parameters and return output parameters.
The document introduces JDBC and its key concepts. It discusses the JDBC architecture with two layers - the application layer and driver layer. It describes the four types of JDBC drivers and how they work. The document outlines the classes and interfaces that make up the JDBC API and the basic steps to create a JDBC application, including loading a driver, connecting to a database, executing statements, and handling exceptions. It provides examples of using JDBC to perform common database operations like querying, inserting, updating, and deleting data.
The document discusses classes and objects in Java, including defining classes with data members and methods, creating objects, using constructors, and the structure of a Java application. It also covers access specifiers, modifiers, compiling Java files, and provides a summary of key points about classes and objects in Java.
The document discusses casting and conversion in Java. It covers implicit and explicit type conversions, including widening, narrowing, and casting conversions. It also discusses overloading constructors in Java by defining multiple constructor methods with the same name but different parameters. The document provides examples of casting integer and double values to byte type, as well as overloading the Cuboid constructor to calculate volumes for rectangles and squares.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success Story
11 ooad uml-14
1. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
Objectives
In this session, you will learn to:
– Apply framework and patterns to design the software system
– Generate code from design model
Ver. 1.0 Slide 1 of 24
2. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
Understanding Frameworks and Patterns
A development team tends to reuse its existing solutions to
reduce the development time and increase quality.
Reusing an existing solution includes reusing the existing
code, a component, a test case, or a concept that has been
implemented in similar projects.
Frameworks and patterns are standards, which are used to
make the software components reusable.
Ver. 1.0 Slide 2 of 24
3. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
Defining Patterns and Frameworks
Frameworks:
Define features that are common to similar applications
belonging to a particular domain.
Increase reusability and reduce application development time.
Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC) provided with Microsoft
VC++ is an example of a framework that allows you to develop
Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) having common
characteristics, such as command buttons.
Ver. 1.0 Slide 3 of 24
4. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
Defining Patterns and Frameworks (Contd.)
The characteristics of a framework are:
Represents a collection of classes or a library that enables you
to perform a particular function without developing the code
from scratch.
Contains abstract and concrete classes that realize interfaces
to conform to predefined specifications.
Contains classes that can be extended by subclassing.
Defines abstract methods that receive messages in the derived
class from the predefined classes.
Ver. 1.0 Slide 4 of 24
5. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
Defining Patterns and Frameworks (Contd.)
Pattern:
Is a set of principles and guidelines that provide the standard
solution to a given problem.
Enables you to create solutions that can be reused to fulfill new
requirements without making modifications in the existing
system.
Is useful in making communication better among software
components.
Is useful in making the design reusable, solving a problem in
the most efficient manner, and assigning responsibilities to the
classes.
Are generally categorized into the following categories:
General Responsibility Assignment Software Patterns (GRASP)
Gang of Four (GoF) patterns
Ver. 1.0 Slide 5 of 24
6. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
GRASP
GRASP is a set of patterns that provides the principles of
assigning responsibilities to objects, such as creating and
destroying an object.
Consists of the following patterns:
– Expert: Provides guidelines to assign responsibility to a class
that contains the relevant information.
– Creator: Provides guidelines for assigning responsibility to a
new object of a particular class.
– Controller: Provides guidelines for handling system events.
The expert pattern provides guidelines to assign
responsibility to a class that contains the relevant
information.
Ver. 1.0 Slide 6 of 24
7. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
GRASP (Contd.)
According to the creator pattern, a class is responsible for
creating objects if any of the following conditions are true:
A class contains another class.
A class records the instances of another class.
A class uses the objects of another class.
A class provides information to initialize the objects of another
class.
According to the controller pattern, you assign the
responsibility of handling the system event to the class that
fulfills one or more of the following criteria:
Represents the overall system
Represents a use case handler
Ver. 1.0 Slide 7 of 24
8. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
GoF Patterns
The GoF patterns:
Are based on open-close principle, which suggests that the
design should be open to extension and close to modification.
Have the following features:
– Enables you to reuse existing solutions for common design
problems.
– Establishes common terminology for problems and their solutions
to improve understanding.
Are broadly categorized into three types:
Creational
Structural
Behavioral
Ver. 1.0 Slide 8 of 24
9. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
Creational Patterns
Creational patterns provide techniques for creating objects
and managing the life cycle of the objects.
Commonly used creational patterns are:
Factory
Builder
Singleton
Factory Pattern:
Provides a class known as factory class, which controls the
lifetime of the objects of the subclasses of an abstract base
class.
Is required in the following cases:
When you are not able to anticipate which type of objects are
required at runtime.
When the base class is abstract and the pattern must return
an initialized object.
Ver. 1.0 Slide 9 of 24
10. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
Creational Patterns (Contd.)
Builder Pattern:
Separates the creation and construction of a complex object
from its representation.
Enables you to create several representations of the same
complex object with a flexibility of modifying the alignment of
the objects.
Is similar to abstract factory method because both create
family of objects.
Assembles or structures the simple objects to represent a
complex object.
Ver. 1.0 Slide 10 of 24
11. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
Creational Patterns (Contd.)
Singleton Pattern:
Is a class that allows you to create only one instance of itself.
Is useful when you need to access a single object representing
a real life object, such as a printer or a mouse.
Is defined using a static data member that keeps track of the
life of the created object.
Ver. 1.0 Slide 11 of 24
12. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
Structural Patterns
Structural design pattern describes how classes and objects
can be combined to form larger structures using object
composition.
The most commonly used structural patterns are:
Composite
Proxy
Decorator
Facade
Ver. 1.0 Slide 12 of 24
13. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
Structural Patterns (Contd.)
Composite Pattern:
Represents a complex object, which can further consists of
simple objects and complex objects.
Provides you with interfaces to access the composite and
simple objects within the composite object.
Is represented as a tree in which the composite objects
represent the nodes and simple objects represent leaves of the
tree.
Ver. 1.0 Slide 13 of 24
14. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
Structural Patterns (Contd.)
Proxy pattern:
Is used to represent the complex objects as simple objects.
Allows you to postpone the creation of an object until you
require it.
Decorator pattern:
Allows you to modify the behavior of individual objects without
creating a new derived class.
Is used to define the additional functionality for the existing
objects.
• Facade pattern:
Simplifies the software development by providing simplified
interfaces.
Is also useful in implementing layered architecture.
Ver. 1.0 Slide 14 of 24
15. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
Behavioral Patterns
Behavioral patterns provide guidelines for enabling
communication between two objects.
The most commonly used behavioral patterns are:
– Chain of Responsibility: Describes how various classes
should handle a request. Each class contains the logic that
describes the types of requests it can handle. It also describes
how to pass off the requests that the class cannot handle to
another class.
– Command: Describes how a request of method invocation is
transferred only to a specific module.
– Observer: Enables you to create separate objects for
displaying the information in various forms.
Ver. 1.0 Slide 15 of 24
16. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
Modeling Design Patterns
Design patterns are modeled with respect to the real world
scenarios and with respect to the developer who creates the
design pattern.
The various views in which you model the design patterns
are:
– Outside view: Represents the structure of the design pattern
as a parameterized collaboration.
– Inside view: Represents the structure of the design pattern as
seen by the creator of the pattern, such as the developer. The
inside view is depicted as a collaboration without parameters.
Ver. 1.0 Slide 16 of 24
17. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
Associating Patterns with Tiered Architecture
Design patterns are implemented in tiered applications,
which are developed to support companies in their business
operations.
The following table lists the design patterns and the tiers on
which they are generally implemented.
Pattern Tier
Façade Business Tier
Builder Business Tier
Singleton Business Tier
Composite Presentation Tier
Decorator Presentation Tier
Chain of Responsibility Business Tier
Command Business Tier
Observer Presentation Tier
Ver. 1.0 Slide 17 of 24
18. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
Mapping Design to Code
Using CASE tools, such as Rational Rose, Jude, and Visio,
you can automatically generate code from class and
communication diagrams.
CASE tools use various thumb rules and heuristic principles
to generate code from the designed model.
You need to optimize the code generated using CASE tools
according to the operating system.
You can also reverse engineer the code into the design
model to measure the deviation from the designed model
after the code is modified.
Ver. 1.0 Slide 18 of 24
19. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
Generating Code from a Design Model
CASE tools, such as Rational Rose and Visio:
Automatically generate code from class and collaboration
diagrams.
Support reverse engineering that enables you to generate
design models from the code that may be modified during the
course of implementation and testing phases of the project.
Support reverse engineering the code into the design model to
measure the deviation from the designed model after the code
is modified.
You focus on the class diagrams and communication
diagrams while generating code because code is generated
from class methods and variables.
Ver. 1.0 Slide 19 of 24
20. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
Refactoring Design
Refactoring Design:
Is a technique for restructuring internal structure of the existing
code without changing its external behavior.
Alters the class model without altering the architecture of a
system.
The factors that may lead to refactoring are:
Identification of new methods in the implementation phase due
to the platform on which the design is implemented.
The methods that are derived from the communication diagram
are not present in the class diagram.
Ver. 1.0 Slide 20 of 24
21. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
Applying Session Facade
A session facade is a design pattern that is used to create
enterprise applications, such as applications that use
Enterprise Java Beans (EJB).
In an enterprise application, a session facade pattern is
defined as a high-level business component such as a
session bean.
The high-level business component defines the complete
interaction among low-level business components, such as
entity beans.
The session facade pattern acts as an interface to the
low-level business components.
It decouples low-level business components from one
another, making the design of enterprise applications more
reusable and manageable.
Ver. 1.0 Slide 21 of 24
22. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
Demo: Generating C# Code for Bank ATM System
• Problem Statement:
Generate the C# code of the Bank ATM model using the Visio.
Ver. 1.0 Slide 22 of 24
23. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
Summary
In this session, you learned that:
A framework is a unit of architecture that provides a reusable
and extensible solution to a group of problems.
A pattern is a named problem-solution pair that enables you to
apply standard solution to reoccurring problems in the design
and implementation phases of SDLC.
GRASP represents a set of patterns that are used to assign
responsibilities to different identified classes.
A design pattern provides standard approach for performing
tasks so that the solution becomes reusable and maintainable.
The three types of GoF are:
Structural
Creational
Behavioral
Ver. 1.0 Slide 23 of 24
24. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML
Summary (Contd.)
Creational patterns deal with the creation and lifetime of
objects of other classes.
Structural patters deal with the structure of the system.
Behavioral patterns deal with the behavior of the system.
Code generation is the process of deriving code from the
design model.
Refactoring design is a technique for restructuring internal
structure of the existing code without changing its external
behavior.
Ver. 1.0 Slide 24 of 24
Editor's Notes
Initiate the session by explaining the session objectives. Tell the students that the success of a software solution depends largely on how well its various components have been designed. An effort should be made to ensure that the components of the existing software solution can be reused. This can be done by using frameworks and patterns. You need to elaborate the concept of applying patterns and frameworks by using the case study of BlueSeas Inc. This will help students to relate their programming skills with the actual practices followed in the software industry.
Explain what frameworks and features are and how they help in making software components reusable. Explain the concept of frameworks by using the example of Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC).
Explain what frameworks and features are and how they help in making software components reusable. Explain the concept of frameworks by using the example of Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC).
Explain the characteristics of a framework.
Define patterns and their advantages. Also enumerate the two types of patterns.
Explain the concept behind GRASP patterns. Explain the types of patterns included in GRASP. Explain how the expert pattern assigns responsibilities to classes.
Explain how the creator pattern assigns responsibilities to classes. Next, explain how the controller pattern assigns responsibilities to classes.
Explain the concept and features of GoF patterns. Also enumerate the three types of GoF patterns.
Explain the concept of creational patterns. Enumerate the three types of creational design patterns. Explain in detail the factory pattern by using the Shape example given in the student guide.
Explain in detail the buider pattern by using the example of the RAS application given in the student guide.
Explain in detail the singleton pattern by using the example given in the student guide.
Explain the concept of structural design patterns and enumerate the commonly used structural patterns.
Explain in detail the composite pattern by using the example of the RAS application given in the student guide.
Explain in detail the proxy, decorator, and facade patterns by using the example of the RAS application given in the student guide.
Explain the concept of behavioral patterns and enumerate the commonly used behavioral patterns.
Explain the various views for modeling design patterns. Explain the concept of modeling design patterns by using the example given in the student guide.
Explain the design patterns associated with the three types of tiers.
Use the examples given in the student guide to explain how the design maps to the code.
Use the examples given in the student guide to explain how the design maps to the code.
Explain the concept of refactoring design. Also explain the factors that may lead to refactoring by using the example given in the student guide.
Explain the concept of session façade by using the example given in the student guide.
Summarize the session by using the summary points given on the slide.
Summarize the session by using the summary points given on the slide.