This document provides a timeline and overview of key events and developments in the Jewish diaspora from Persian rule in 539 BC up to the rise of different Jewish parties in the 1st century BC. It outlines the periods of Greek rule over Judea beginning in 323 BC, the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid Empire in 167 BC which established an independent Hasmonean Jewish kingdom, and the later occupation and domination by the Roman Empire from 63 BC onwards. The document also describes the development of Judaism during this period, including the synagogue becoming the focus of law and education, and the emergence of different Jewish sects like the Pharisees, Sadducees, Herodians,