1.) What is Mills response to the objection that happiness cannot b.docx

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1.) What is Mill's response to the objection that happiness cannot be the rational purpose of life? 2.) What is Mill's view on "all the grand sources…of human suffering?" 3.) What is Mill's view of self-sacrifice? 4.) Why would someone object that the disinterested character and promotion of general welfare that utilitarianism demands is unreasonable to expect? 5.) What is Mill's response to the objection that the disinterested character and promotion of general welfare that utilitarianism demands is unreasonable to expect? 6.) Explain the objection that utilitarianism renders men cold and unsympathizing. What is Mill's reponse? 7.) Explain the objection that utilitarianism is a doctrine of expediency. What is Mill's response? 8.) Why would someone object that utilitarianism is flawed because there is not time to calculate consequences? .

Education

1) What three things is Mill attempting to prove in Chapter 4? 2) To what purpose does Mill use a discussion of visible and audible in his proof of utility theory? 3) Mill has sometimes been criticized for equivocating with the word ‘desirable.' Mill is attempting to argue that happiness is desirable as an end, and he uses ‘visible' and ‘audible' as analogous. Why might someone suspect that he equivocates? What meaning of the word is he using? Is he equivocating? 4) Is Mill's proof for why the general happiness is desirable as an end a good one? Why or why not? 5) What problem for Mill's theory does virtue pose? 6) What is Mill's response to the problem posed by some people's desire for virtue for its own sake? 7) Is Mill's solution to the problem posed by the desire for virtue for its own sake successful? Why or why not? 8) What does Mill think it means to desire something? 9) What is the best way to promote happiness? .

What is a consequentialist ethical What is.docx

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1. Mill argues that pleasures differ not only quantitatively, but .docx

jackiewalcutt

1. Mill argues that pleasures differ not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively. Explain the difference between the two and why Mill makes this assertion. What does pleasure have to do with morality? How does Mill say we determine which pleasures are higher quality pleasures? (Hint: discuss role of "competent judges"). Do you agree that seeking and promotion of higher qualitative pleasures solves the "pig philosophy" criticisms of earlier versions of hedonism? 2. Mill is an empiricist. What role does his empiricism play in his moral theories? What differences result from this approach as opposed to Kant's rationalist approach? Here you'll want to contrast consequentialism with deontology as two distinct approaches to theorizing about how humans should act all things considered. Concrete illustrations will help your answer. 3. Mill offers a "proof" for the claim that the principle of utility lies at the base or foundation of moral theory. Why does Mill claim that this principle does not admit of formal proof but rather he can only give us reasons that will incline our intellect toward believing it's true? Explain thoroughly Mill's "proof" for both parts of the principle of utility (the hedonism and universalism parts-- hint: analogy and discrimination). What do you think of his "proof"? John Stuart Mill Notice there is no “s” at the end of his name; he is not a cereal. Mill: starts with speculation Why has there been no agreement about the foundation of ethics, even though it’s been discussed for years? E.g. Aristotle: Golden Mean Kant: Categorical Imperative Test Hobbes: human-made contract that aims at peace Plato: harmony in soul and state None of these seems generally acceptable; but without a solid foundation we cannot be sure of any of our obligations. ** normative ethics justified by theoretical ethics Mill Hmm says Mill, despite the uncertainty among philosophers about the ultimate principle, there is wide spread agreement about what duties we actually have (generally speaking). Help people in need don’t lie keep promises There must be a guiding hand at play; one that is at work in all of these theories that came before This guiding hand is the principle of utility (greatest happiness principle) Utility/Consequences Despite their statement otherwise, all philosophers (says Mill) are really concerned with utility, happiness, consequences. They all believe it, but they all went astray, e.g., Kant: highest good is the good will; is rationalism led him astray. He was confused about what happiness is and that is why he rejected it (too lazy to do anything example) and he was confused about consequences. (262) Utility/Consequences e.g., Aristotle: practiced teleology so was concerned with consequences. Highest good is happiness but he, too, was confused about what happiness is; he rejected pleasure as being what happiness is– Plato; highest good is well-being/contentment. But he was misguided beca ...

What Can We Learn from the Unabomber?: Nothing.

Peter Ludlow

Abortion 1. What according to Warren are the 5 conditions .docx

daniahendric

Abortion 1. What according to Warren are the 5 conditions for personhood? Why is it relevant to the abortion debate? 2. What is a necessary/sufficient condition? Give examples. What does it have to do with the abortion debate? 3. What is the traditional argument against abortion? Is it valid? 4. Why is the notion of personhood important to the argument against abortion? 5. Explain why a fetus, according to Warren, does not have a right to life. 6. What is the space explorer analogy and what is it supposed to show? 7. What is (are) an (the) objection(s) to Warren’s argument against banning abortion? Are there any objections against it? Does she have any replies to those objection(s)? Are her replies any good? Explain why or why not. 8. What part of the traditional argument for the banning of abortion does Thompson attempt to undermine? (How does she go about doing so?) 9. What is the violinist example in the Thompson article? What is it meant to show? 10. What is Marquis’ thesis about? Why does he think killing of innocents is wrong? 11. What argument does Marquis’ propose instead of the traditional personhood argument? 12. What are the implications of Marquis’ argument against abortion? 13. What are the various answer that Marquis considers to the question of why killing is wrong? Which is the answer that he favors? 14. What is the discontinuation account of wrongful killing? How does it relate to Marquis’s argument? Animal Ethics 15. What is “Speciesism”? Why is it wrong according to Singer? What are reasons for thinking this is a kind of unjust discrimination? 16. Explain why Singer thinks it is impossible to justify the principle of equality among humans on the basis of an actual, factual equality between humans. 17. Where should we draw the line between the beings who are worth of moral consideration, and the ones who are not, according to Singer? 18. On which notion of right does Machan base his claim that animals do not have rights? How does it relate to his argument about animal rights? 19. What is the fundamental difference between animals and humans according to Machan? How does it relate to his argument about animal rights? 20. What are four ways of responding to the Norcross’s “causal argument”? Explain them. 21. State and explain Singer's response to the following objection: Animals and humans can't be morally equal because they are factually very different from each other. 22. State and explain Singer's response to the following objection: Humans and animals should not get equal treatment since this would involve absurdities like giving animals the right to vote and providing them with a high school education. 23. What is the difference between a consequentialist moral theory like utilitarianism and a rights view like Machan’s? Which factors do they consider when determining if an action is right/wrong? What is Machan’s criterion of moral sta ...

EthicsMidterm Exam Study QuestionsPHIL.210 Sprin.docx

SANSKAR20

Ethics Midterm Exam Study Questions PHIL.210 Spring 2016 Midterm Exam Study Questions Socratic Ethics (Plato) 1. What are the two main moral principles that Socrates upholds throughout his trial? 2. What is the Euthyphro Dilemma? Why is it important for ethics? 3. Explain the difference between “breaking a law” and “breaking thelaws.” 4. Does Socrates place any value in good reputation? Explain how this is relevant to his decision in the Crito. Defining Ethics. Object and Application. (Hume, Smith) 5. What does Hume mean when he says that “reason has no influence on our actions and passions”? How is this relevant to ethics? 6. What is Hume’s purpose in using the example of the adulterous neighbor? Explain. 7. Why, according to Smith, is it important to distinguish between reasons and motives? 8. What role does the ideal observer (cool, calm, and collected) play in Smith’s version of realism? Moral Sentiment and Moral Knowledge (Bambrough) 9. What is Bambrough’s proof for the legitimacy of moral knowledge? Explain. 10. Identify at least one of the objections Bambrough sets out to refute. Do you think his counter-arguments are successful? 11. What similarities does Bambrough outline between scientific knowledge and moral knowledge? Challenges to Ethics. Relativism and Skepticism. (Mackie, Midgley) 12. Why does Mackie believe that there are no objective values? 13. What is the argument from cultural relativity of moral values and how does Mackie go about supporting it? 14. What, according to Midgley, is wrong with the purported tolerance of relativists? 15. What is the example of trying one’s new sword used to illustrate? 16. How does Midgley go about her refutation of moral skepticism? Ethical Categories. Pleasure, Happiness, Goodness, Justice. (Mill, Nozick) 17. What is Mill’s definition of pleasure? Why does pleasure matter for ethics? 18. What does Mill mean when he says that “it is better to be a human being dissatisfied, than a pig satisfied”? 19. What is the purpose of Nozick’s “experience machine” thought experiment? 20. What would be Nozick’s take on the popular maxim “ignorance is bliss”? ...

Jyothir

Jyothir Aditya

There are 16 questions on the exam 3 essay questions, 2 short answe.docx

sharondabriggs

There are 16 questions on the exam: 3 essay questions, 2 short answer questions, and 11 multiple-choice questions. 1. TCO 5. There has been a bumper crop of politicians who have been revealed to be less than upstanding citizens. John Edwards, a former senator who was in the running for the 2008 presidential nomination, and who said family values were at his core, was revealed to have had an affair with a campaign worker, at the same time his wife was battling cancer. Similarly, New York governor Eliot Spitzer, a married, moralizing crusader for laws against sexual tourism, was caught in an escort service "sting", and forced to resign. These are only two of several recent examples of politicians who have celebrity status, and flaunted the social norms of decency. Apply the course concepts of the dark side of self-esteem and moral hypocrisy to this type of behavior. What do you conclude about people who behave in such a way? Hint: Explicitly use each concept by name and also give a one sentence definition of it before explaining how the concepts apply to these people. (Points : 41) Question 2. 2. TCO 6. The Beltway sniper attacks in the Washington D.C. area, in 2002, completely transfixed American consciousness for the three weeks in October, when a pair of armed killers roamed through the Capital region, ambushing and killing 10 people, and wounding three others. As time progressed and law enforcement officials were having little luck in solving the case, tensions and apprehensiveness spread far beyond the area where the killings were concentrated. Even though there was never any hard evidence that the killers were headed in their direction, the citizens of towns and cities a hundred miles away were terrorized by the notion that the killers were about to show up in their communities. Discuss this with respect to the effects of suggestibility that Myers writes about in Chapter 6. Be specific as to what aspects of suggestibility apply to the case. (Points : 41) Question 3. 3. TCO's 4 and 12. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Cuban Taekwondo athlete Angel Matos fell to the mat, after being hit by his opponent. He became incensed at the referee, who disqualified him for exceeding the one-minute time-out allowed for an injury. Matos angrily disputed the call, physically pushing a judge and then pushing and kicking the referee in the face. He spat on the mat and was escorted out by officials. The World Taekwondo Federation immediately banned Matos for life, and the IOC took away his bronze medal. This is a two part question: a. What is it about the fundamental nature and structure of the Olympics that helps explain why this situation occurred? b. This example contains evidence of both hostile aggression and instrumental aggression. Which part of the example involves hostile aggression, and which part of the example involves instrumental aggression? Explain your reasoning. (Points : 41) Question 4. 4. TCO 9. Barack Obama be.

According to the video “Meet Your Meat”, which of the following is true of how animals are slaughtered on factory farms (Points : 1) All of the above. They are driven in extreme weather conditions without food or water They are often still conscious while being slaughtered They are often roughly handled and severely injured by the time they make it to slaughter Question 2.2. Peter Singer’s “basic principle of equality” applied to animals means: (Points : 1) Animals should not be given the same moral consideration because they are do not have the same power to reason as humans. Animals do not have rights unless they can demonstrate the same abilities as humans. Animals should be given all the same rights as human beings. Animals are not necessarily entitled to not all the same rights, but to an equal consideration of interests. Question 3.3. What is a key feature of utilitarianism according to the assigned texts? (Points : 1) Utilitarianism denies that moral questions have a right or wrong answer. Utilitarianism bases morality on the outcome of our actions. Utilitarianism holds that actions are right or wrong regardless of the circumstances. Utilitarianism depends upon belief in God. Question 4.4. What does Tom Regan say is the source of inherent value in an individual, whether human or animal? (Points : 1) Individuals have equal inherent value by virtue of being experiencing subjects of a life, i.e. conscious beings whose lives matter to them Individuals have equal inherent value by virtue of their rational intelligence. Individuals have equal inherent value by virtue of being cared for and loved by others. Individuals have equal inherent value by virtue of understanding and practicing morality. Question 5.5. What moral theory does Jeremy Bentham (with whom Singer seems to agree) endorse? (Points : 1) Anarchism Social Contract Theory Utilitarianism Moral relativism Question 6.6. According to Mill, utilitarian morality holds that: (Points : 1) With the right social arrangements and education, individuals can come to associate their own individual happiness with the happiness of all. Each individual is required to sacrifice their own individual happiness for the happiness of all. Neither the happiness of the individual nor the happiness of all is worth pursuing, since neither is attainable in this life. If each individual strives to maximize their own happiness, the happiness of all will follow. Question 7.7. What is speciesism according to Peter Singer’s account? (Points : 1) The part of science that studies species membership. The view that different species have different characteristics. Allowing the interests of one’s own species to override the greater interests of members of other species. The practice of treating all animals eq.

Please give complete answers in complete sentences and type out.docx

4934bk

ETHICAL THEORIES

ABHIJITH R KRISHNAN

Read Section 4.4 on pages 44 - 45 of the textbook, then answer the.docx

catheryncouper

Read Section 4.4 on pages 44 - 45 of the textbook, then answer the following questions (also from the textbook): 1. If it were to be proven that television shows like CSI help criminals avoid apprehension, is it morally permissible to prohibit them? Why or why not? 2. What are alternatives for addressing the possibility raised in this scenario of offenders taking measures to avoid leaving DNA, etc.? Be sure to apply the concept of utilitarianism in your response. NOTE: You are required to post your OP before you will be able to view other students' OPs. Also, once you post your OP, you cannot delete or edit it. Therefore, before you submit your OP, be sure you've said what you wanted to say. 4CHAPTER Utilitarianism Measuring Consequences Learning Objectives: � To understand the nature of teleological ethics and its differences from deontological ethics. � To recognize the centrality of the principle of utility in the ethics of John Stuart Mill. � To develop an appreciation of why utilitarianism is sometimes called consequentialism. � To increase the ability to distinguish objective ways to assess the total happiness produced by an action. � To appreciate criticisms of utilitarianism as a way to judge ethical action. Labor to keep alive in your breast that little celestial fire called conscience. —George Washington (1732–1799) 36 The police in Nashville, Tennessee, paid $120,000over a 3-year period to informants and prostitutes inan effort to impact the illicit sex trade. The police department paid informants “to touch and be touched” to gather evidence of prostitution. A police captain defended the practice by asking the question, “What is the greater good?” He continued, “It may be distasteful M04_ALBA5659_03_SE_C04.QXD 10/29/10 2:45 PM Page 36 to some people, but it’s better that we have those places shut down.”1 And, in fact, the city had closed more than thirty-five sex-related businesses, such as massage parlors and escort services. The money paid to informants came from seizures made in other prostitution and gambling cases. It was admitted, however, that a certain amount of sexual touching was usually necessary to show that the money being offered was clearly for the purpose of a sexual act. Critics of these tactics included the county district attorney, who believed, “It is a little contradictory in letting the informant engage in the very act you’re trying to stamp out.” A city attorney acknowledged that as little contact as possible between informants and prostitutes is desirable, but “I’m reluctant to second-guess what the police have done so far because it’s been so successful.”2 Are such police tactics ethical? Without knowing it, the persons involved in this controversy were using the 200-year-old ethical concept of utility to determine the appropriateness of a police strategy. An understanding of this ethical theory helps resolve the dilemma posed by the police methods being used. JOHN STUAR ...

Journal QuestionsPart 1 -- The Hearth and the Salamander1) M

karenahmanny4c

Journal Questions Part 1 -- The Hearth and the Salamander 1) Montag thinks, For how many people did you know that refracted your own light to you? People were more often he searched for a simile, found one in his work torches, blazing away until they whiffed out. How rarely did other people’s faces take of you and throw back to you your own expression, your own innermost trembling thought? What does he mean? Do you agree that most people are torches instead of mirrors? Why or why not? 2) Clarisse tells Montag, “No one has any time anymore for anyone else.” How is this true in her world? Is this true of our world today? Why or why not? 3) Clarisse says to Montag, “People don’t talk about anything … They name a lot of cars or clothes or swimming pools mostly and say how swell! But they all say the same things.” Has social media created conversations like Clarisse describes? Why or why not? 4) Montag realizes how empty he feels when he admits that he would not cry if Mildred died. Whose fault is it that he feels empty? Does he have the power to solve his emptiness? Do people today have the power to solve their emptiness? Why or why not? 5) Beatty argues that people, when faced with conflicting ideas, find themselves unhappy and in turmoil. How does society balance the need for knowledge and multiple viewpoints with potentially offensive ideas and opinions? 6) Beatty tries to make a compelling argument that firemen are responsible for keeping the peace because too much information in the hands of any one person leads to unhappiness. Who should be responsible for dispensing knowledge? Who should be responsible for censorship? Why? ...

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Need discussion board type answers to the following questions. No wo.docx

niraj57

Need discussion board type answers to the following questions. No word length, but must be substantial. 1. Why is the difference between a sign and a symbol so crucial to understanding the nature of human language? Is there a relationship between a culture's basic socio-cultural patterns and the ways in which its members use language? 2. Can you think of ways in your own lives that sex or gender have an effect on what you ordinarily do? Optional Credit possibility: In some cultures a woman may marry another woman and a man may marry another man. What does this tell us about the relationships among sex, gender and life in society? In those societies? or in general? 3. What generalizations can you make about the relationships among environment, technology and carrying capacity? Optional Credit Possibility: Some scholars have suggested that ultimately the development of food growing technologies around 10,000 B.C.E. can be thought of as a disaster for human socio-cultural life. Put together some arguments supporting and some arguments contradicting this argumernt 4. What conditions do you think are necessary for a society to adopt large or small kin groups as a major organizing system? Optional Credit possibility: What are some of the functions of large extended kin groups in the societies in which they are found? 5. Can you suggest a factor or factors that have contributed to the emergence of stratified societies? Optional Credit possibility: What is the evidence leading to the assertion that social stratrification is not a natural outgrowth of human nature? 6. How do the ideas of Means of Production and their ownership/control help you to understand the political and economic arrangements of the contemporary world 7. You need to deal with only one of these, but, of course, you may deal with both. 1) Is there a necessary conflict between science and religion? 2) What is your response to the idea that there are peoples in the world whose local languages do not have a word that can be translated as "art," but who still have some highly developed arts? Either one of these would be suitable for an Optional Credit essay. 8. Do you think globalization always puts emerging nations at a disadvantage? What is your evidence? Optional Credit possibility: Can you see some ways in which some of the processes we include in "globalization? are also gendered? .

PHIL 201 Quiz 8 Liberty University Homeworksimple.com

Homework Simple

https://www.homeworksimple.com/downloads/phil-201-quiz-8-liberty/ PHIL 201 Quiz 8 Liberty University PHIL 201 Quiz Ethical Foundations and Norms Module 8: Week 8 Covers the Learn material from Module 8: Week 8. Just because an individual (or group of individuals) believe something is the case, that doesn’t mean it is the case. According to emotivism, “murder is wrong” is understood to mean: Objectivist metaethical theories are: Which branch of ethics attempts to answer moral questions and settle issues about what to do and who to be is: A key intuition we hold is that we owe obligations to persons, not things, and this provides reason to think theism explains, whereas Platonic atheism does not, the reality of objective moral duties. If you believe that moral facts are mind-independent then you think they are: According to simple subjectivism, whatever an individual believes to be true is true (for that person). According to cognitivism: Subjectivist metaethical theories are: If you believe that moral facts are mind-dependent then you think they are: The branch of ethics that explores answer to the question, “What grounds moral facts?” is Which branch of ethics asks nonmoral questions about morality? The Enlightenment philosopher was one of the leading voices for deontological ethics. Teleological ethical theories are primarily concerned with commands to do right, and to avoid wrong-doing. The authors note that because Utilitarianism broadens its concern to all people or an entire community, it is an improvement on Egoism. Immanuel Kant’s moral philosophy rested on the assumption that there is a “universal rationality” shared by all people everywhere. Deontological theories are primarily concerned with: Alasdair MacIntyre founded which modern ethical approach? The authors use the quote by Ayn Rand, man “must live for his own sake, neither sacrificing himself to other nor sacrificing other to himself” to describe which ethical theory? Egoism necessarily entails the ideas that one should not help his neighbor and that one should do whatever he/she wants to do. John Stuart Mill, a pioneer of Utilitarian ethics, sought to find an objective morality through an ontological basis of morality. MacIntyre argues that ethics should be about constructing a unified approach to morality that applies to all people everywhere. Which distinction is made among Divine Command Theorists? The authors describe the ancient concept of “eudaimonia” (what Aristotle believed to be the end/purpose of every man) as: Which medieval philosopher-theologian argued that reason and philosophy should be used as a subservient partners or servants to theology?

1. TCO 5. There has been a bumper crop of politicians who have bee.docx

jackiewalcutt

1. TCO 5. There has been a bumper crop of politicians who have been revealed to be less than upstanding citizens. John Edwards, a former senator who was in the running for the 2008 presidential nomination, and who said family values were at his core, was revealed to have had an affair with a campaign worker, at the same time his wife was battling cancer. Similarly, New York governor Eliot Spitzer, a married, moralizing crusader for laws against sexual tourism, was caught in an escort service "sting", and forced to resign. These are only two of several recent examples of politicians who have celebrity status, and flaunted the social norms of decency. Apply the course concepts of the dark side of self-esteem and moral hypocrisy to this type of behavior. What do you conclude about people who behave in such a way? Hint: Explicitly use each concept by name and also give a one sentence definition of it before explaining how the concepts apply to these people. (Points : 41) Question 2. 2. TCO 6. The Beltway sniper attacks in the Washington D.C. area, in 2002, completely transfixed American consciousness for the three weeks in October, when a pair of armed killers roamed through the Capital region, ambushing and killing 10 people, and wounding three others. As time progressed and law enforcement officials were having little luck in solving the case, tensions and apprehensiveness spread far beyond the area where the killings were concentrated. Even though there was never any hard evidence that the killers were headed in their direction, the citizens of towns and cities a hundred miles away were terrorized by the notion that the killers were about to show up in their communities. Discuss this with respect to the effects of suggestibility that Myers writes about in Chapter 6. Be specific as to what aspects of suggestibility apply to the case. (Points : 41) Question 3. 3. TCO's 4 and 12. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Cuban Taekwondo athlete Angel Matos fell to the mat, after being hit by his opponent. He became incensed at the referee, who disqualified him for exceeding the one-minute time-out allowed for an injury. Matos angrily disputed the call, physically pushing a judge and then pushing and kicking the referee in the face. He spat on the mat and was escorted out by officials. The World Taekwondo Federation immediately banned Matos for life, and the IOC took away his bronze medal. This is a two part question: a. What is it about the fundamental nature and structure of the Olympics that helps explain why this situation occurred? b. This example contains evidence of both hostile aggression and instrumental aggression. Which part of the example involves hostile aggression, and which part of the example involves instrumental aggression? Explain your reasoning. (Points : 41) Question 4. 4. TCO 9. Barack Obama became a very hot political commodity in 2006 when he caught the attention and imagination of the American public by announcing his ...

2nd semester eq final review (spring 2010)Greg Lehr

Ashford 3 - Week 2 - QuizQuestion 1. 1. What does Tom .docx

wildmandelorse

Ashford 3 : - Week 2 - Quiz Question 1. 1. What does Tom Regan say about the cruelty/kindness approach to animal ethics? (Points : 1) The best way to explain animal ethics is in terms of our obligation to be kind and not cruel to animals It is inadequate because it is possible to do wrong while being kind, and it is possible to do wrong without being deliberately cruel It has no relevance to animal ethics because animals are cruel to each other You have to be cruel to be kind, in the right measure Question 2. 2. What does Peter Singer say about the history of liberation movements? (Points : 1) They tend to become narrower in scope … zeroing in on the exact class that deserves moral consideration. They tend to become wider in scope … with people learning to apply moral principles to groups previously not considered. They tend to become more discriminatory … giving fewer and fewer rights to the less privileged. They tend to discover that the original concepts in the past were superior and it is a mistake to veer from traditional wisdom. Question 3. 3. According to Tom Regan, which of the following should compel us to accept the equal rights of animals? (Points : 1) Sentiment – our feelings for the welfare of animals Law – legal regulations requiring us to respect the rights of animals Reason – this theory has the best reasons on its side Religion – the laws of God mandate human compassion Question 4. 4. Which of the following makes it difficult to calculate the utility of an act (Points : 1) the time frame of the consequences disagreements about the meaning of pleasure or happiness determining what constitutes the greatest good all of the above Question 5. 5. What does Singer say about other philosophers’ attempts to argue that only humans have moral worth? (Points : 1) That they give a good way to determine who has rights in a way that includes all humans and no animals That they all say that animals should have rights too That they come up with unjustified methods to include all humans while excluding all animals from moral consideration That animals do not have rights because they are not as smart as humans are Question 6. 6. Peter Singer’s “basic principles of equality” applied to animals means: (Points : 1) Animals should be given all the same rights as human beings. Animals are not entitled to not all the same rights but to an equal consideration of interests. Animals should not be given the same moral consideration because they are do not have the same power to reason as humans. Animals do not have rights unless they can demonstrate the same abilities as humans. Question 7. 7. According to Mill, utilitarian morality holds that: (Points : 1) If each individual strives to maximize their own happiness, the happiness of all will follow. Each individual is required to sacrifice their own individual happiness for the happiness of all. With the right social arrangements and education, individuals can come .

Foundation of EthicsWhat does Mill say is the ultimate sanction of.pdf

info324235

Foundation of Ethics What does Mill say is the ultimate sanction of the greatest happiness morality (or utilitarianism)? What is its basis; how did it develop? Also say a bit about how it works. (Approximately 100 words total) from John Stuart Mill\'s Utilitarianism Please do not provide answers from others since its consider a plagiarism. Thanks Solution Mill was Bentham\'s godson. He believed that happiness,not pleasure should be the standard of utility. Mill agreed with the utility principle but had an issue with the quantitative element.He wanted to reformulate the theory and to present that pleasures are not all of equal value. Mill argues that moral theories are divided between two distinct approaches: a) The intuitive and b) The Inductive schools. He adds that the principle of utility should be seen as a tool for generating secondary moral principles,ehich promote general happiness. Development of Utilitarianism: The theory developed through differentt phases.Some of the important phases are given by phillosphers with tehir views are: 1. Classical Approach by Bentham: His theory can be divide into three parts: Hedonistic Utilitarianism , the principle of utility and th eutility or Hedonic Calculus. 2. Henry Sidgwick\'s: It is one of the most well known works in utilitarian moral philosophy, and deservedly so. It offers a defense of utilitarianism, though some writers (Schneewind 1977) have argued that it should not primarily be read as a defense of utilitarianism. In The MethodsSidgwick is concerned with developing an account of “…the different methods of Ethics that I find implicit in our common moral reasoning…” These methods are egoism, intuition based morality, and utilitarianism. 3.Ideal Utilitarianism byG. E. Moore: He strongly disagreed with the hedonistic value theory adopted by the Classical Utilitarians. Moore agreed that we ought to promote the good, but believed that the good included far more than what could be reduced to pleasure. He was a pluralist, rather than a monist, regarding intrinsic value. For example, he believed that ‘beauty’ was an intrinsic good. A beautiful object had value independent of any pleasure it might generate in a viewer. Thus, Moore differed from Sidgwick who regarded the good as consisting in some consciousness. Working of Mill\'s theory: Mill developed a system of higher and lower pleasures. to pursue pleasures of the intellect were \'higher\' tha,say, the pursuits of pleasures of the body.Mill wanted to reformulate the utilitarian theory to reflect tthe fact that pleasures are not all of equal valuue. He also wanted to take human naure into account. Mill argues that the principle of utility should be seen as a tool for generating secondary moral principles which promote general happiness. Thus most of our actions will be judged according to these secondary principles. Mill argues that everything we desire becomes part of happiness.Thus happiness becomes a complex phenomenon composed of many par.

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