The document discusses self-management of diabetes mellitus. It covers topics like challenges of living with diabetes, the role of self-care, effective self-management skills, and monitoring blood glucose levels. Self-monitoring of blood glucose is a key part of diabetes care and management, allowing patients to track their levels and make adjustments to diet, exercise, and medications to maintain optimal control. The document emphasizes that proper self-care behaviors across multiple domains are needed to prevent diabetes-related health issues, and that healthcare providers have an important role in educating and promoting effective self-management among patients.

1. Unit-V
Self management of
Diabetes Mellitus
Presented By,
Mr. Veeresh Kademani
Lecturer
Dept. of Medical surgical Nursing
NUINS

2. Topics to be covered
DM
 Introduction
 Challenges of living with diabetes
diabetes
 Role of self care in diabetes
 Effective self-management skills
to attain and maintain diabetes
control
 Monitoring Blood Glucose Level
2
Self management of Diabetes Mellitus

3. Introduction
Self-monitoring of glycemic control is a cornerstone of diabetes care
that can ensure patient participation in achieving and maintaining
specific glycemic targets. The most important objective of
monitoring is the assessment of overall glycemic control and
initiation of appropriate steps in a timely manner to achieve optimum
control. Self-monitoring provides information about current glycemic
status, allowing for assessment of therapy and guiding adjustments in
diet, exercise and medication in order to achieve optimal glycemic
control.
Self management of Diabetes Mellitus 3

4. CHALLENGES OF LIVING WITH DIABETES

5. CHALLENGES OF LIVING WITH DIABETES
Living with diabetes is considered to be challenging, emotional and stressful.
Many people diagnosed with Diabetes can go through depression due to lack of
diabetes management. It can be a financial challenge to live with it, since many
people diagnosed with diabetes are from a low and middle income countries.
This chronic condition has a profound impact on the lives of the people living
with diabetes along with their family members, partners and friends.
It is a 24 hour 7 days a week job to manage the condition and to be sure that the
sugar levels are within the required range. It takes both physical, psychological
energy and commitment.
Self management of Diabetes Mellitus 5

6. ROLE OF SELF CARE IN DIABETES

7. ROLE OF SELF CARE IN DIABETES
Self management of Diabetes Mellitus 7
SELF MONITORING OF BLOOD GLUCOSE (SMBG)
Using SMBG and learning how to respond to the results enable
people with diabetes to individualize their treatment regimen to
obtain optimal blood glucose control. This allows for the
detection and prevention of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia
and plays a crucial role in normalizing blood glucose levels,
which may reduce the risk of long-term diabetic complications.

8. SELF MONITORING OF BLOOD GLUCOSE (SMBG)
Various methods for SMBG are available. Most involve
obtaining a drop of blood from the fingertip, applying the blood
to a unique reagent strip, and allowing the blood to stay on the
strip for the amount of time specified by the manufacturer
(usually 5 to 30 seconds). The meter gives a digital readout of
the blood glucose value. The meters available for SMBG offer
various features and benefits such as monthly averages, tracking
of events such as exercise and food consumption, and
downloading capacity. Most meters are biosensors using blood
obtained from alternative test sites, such as the forearm. They
have a particular lancing device that is useful for patients who
have painful fingertips or experience pain with finger sticks.
Self management of Diabetes Mellitus 8
ROLE OF SELF CARE IN DIABETES

9. ROLE OF SELF CARE IN DIABETES
Self management of Diabetes Mellitus 9
SELF MONITORING OF BLOOD GLUCOSE
(SMBG)
Nurses play an essential role in providing initial education
about SMBG techniques. Equally important is evaluating the
techniques of patients who are experienced in self-monitoring.
Every 6 to 12 months, patients should conduct a comparison
of their meter result with a simultaneous laboratory measured
blood glucose level in their provider's office and have their
technique observed. The accuracy of the meter and strips can
also be assessed with control solutions specific to that meter
whenever a new vial of strips is used and whenever the
validity of the reading is in doubt.

10. EFFECTIVE SELF-MANAGEMENT SKILLS TO
ATTAIN AND MAINTAIN DIABETES CONTROL

11. Self management of Diabetes Mellitus 11
EFFECTIVE SELF-MANAGEMENT SKILLS TO
ATTAIN AND MAINTAIN DIABETES CONTROL
Self-care in diabetes has been defined as an evolutionary process of development of knowledge or
awareness by learning to survive with the complex nature of the diabetes in a social. There are seven
essential self-care behaviors in people with diabetes which predict good outcomes. These are healthy
eating, being physically active, monitoring of blood sugar, compliant with medications, good problem-
solving skills, healthy coping skills and risk-reduction behaviors. These proposed measures can be
useful for both clinicians and educators treating individual patients and for researchers evaluating new
approaches to care. Self-report is by far the most practical and cost-effective approach to self-care
assessment and yet is often seen as undependable. Diabetes self-care activities are behaviors
undertaken by people with or at risk of diabetes in order to successfully manage the disease on their
own. All these seven behaviors have been found to be positively correlated with good glycemic control,
reduction of complications and improvement in quality of life. In addition, it was observed that self-
care encompasses not only performing these activities but also the interrelationships between them.

12. MONITORING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL

13. Self management of Diabetes Mellitus 13
MONITORING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL
• Blood glucose is measured in mmol/L (millimoles per liter) or mg/dL (milligrams per
deciliter).
• Normal range: 4 to 6 mmol/L or 72 to 108 mg/dL.
Lab-Based Blood Glucose Testing
• Lab-based testing is required for the appropriate diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
Prediabetes
• Impaired fasting glucose range: 5.7 to 6.4 mmol/L or 100 to 125 mg/dL.
• Impaired oral glucose tolerance test range at two hours post 75-gram oral glucose
ingestion: 7.8 to 11.0 mmol/L or 140 to 199 mg/dL.
Diabetes
• Oral glucose tolerance test: Glucose tolerance range at two hours post 75-gram oral
glucose ingestion: ≥11.1 mmol/L, or ≥200 mg/dL.
• A random venous blood glucose of at or above 11.1 mmol/L (≥200 mg/dL) or a fasting
blood glucose at or above 7 mmol/L (≥126 mg/dL) on two or more separate occasions
indicates the client is likely to have diabetes mellitus.

14. CONCLUSION
To prevent diabetes related morbidity and mortality, there is an
immense need of dedicated self-care behaviors in multiple domains,
including food choices, physical activity, proper medications intake
and blood glucose monitoring from the patients. Though multiple
demographic, socio-economic and social support factors can be
considered as positive contributors in facilitating self-care activities in
diabetic patients, role of clinicians in promoting self-care is vital and
has to be emphasized.
Self management of Diabetes Mellitus 14

15. Thank you
“Self – Care Is
Not Selfish; It’s
Essential,
Especially For
Those Living
With Diabetes.”
- Mr Veeresh K