The document discusses diabetes mellitus, which is a major health problem worldwide. It provides information on the physiological basis of diabetes, classifications of diabetes, diagnosis methods, treatment approaches, changes in glucose and fat storage/mobilization caused by diabetes, and potential issues pharmacists need to be aware of when treating diabetic patients. The assignment involves answering questions about diabetes in under 1000 words and includes plotting glucose levels from patient data and commenting on the results. References should be included using the Harvard referencing style.

1. Presentation
HEALTH PROFESSIONAL
ESSENTIALS

2. Question
 Diabetes mellitus is a major world health problem. Treatment and management
of diabetics is a very
 significant issue for governments, society and both pharmacists and
pharmaceutical companies.
 Completing this assignment will help you to gain a deeper understanding of
diabetes mellitus.
 The length of this assignment excluding graphs, figure legends and references
should be no more than
 1000 words. The % of marks allocated to each section is a guide to the word
length for that section.
 Where appropriate references should be included using the Harvard System
cited appropriately in the text
 with correct formatting in the reference list. As a guide a minimum of 4 but no
more than about 12
 references should be used. You are advised to use references from both primary
and secondary sources.
 Assignments should be typed and submitted using learnonline via the Course
Website. Graphs should be
 incorporated into the text or submitted as separate attachments. Due date/time is
5:00pm 10th June
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3. Question
1a. What is the physiological basis of the disease diabetes mellitus?
1b. What is the significance of the mellitus suffix?
(5% of assignment marks )
2. Individuals with the disease are classified into two main groups.
What are they and what is the basis of the classification system used?
(5% of assignment marks )
3a. How are patients diagnosed as diabetics?
3b. How are diabetics treated?
(20% of assignment marks)
4. What changes in the storage and mobilisation of glucose and fat
(triglycerides) would you expect
to see in this disease? What symptoms might a diabetic show as a result of
these metabolic
changes.
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4. Question
 5. Two overnight fasting patients, A & B, were each given a dose of 75g of
glucose at time zero.
 Their blood glucose levels were measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 240 minutes
after ingestion of the
 glucose using a glucose specific assay. The brief procedure for this assay is:-
 a. Add 5.0 ml of assay reagent to sufficient tubes for the assay
 b. Add 0. 1 ml of each glucose standard to a tube of assay reagent
 c. Add 0. 1 ml of each test serum to a tube of assay reagent.
 d. Mix the contents of each tube and read the absorbance at 625 nm.
 The results obtained are shown in the two tables below. Table 1 - standards
 Glucose standard (mmol/L) Absorbance @ 625 nm
 0 0.02
 3 0.21
 6 0.43
 9 0.65
 12 0.83
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5. Question
 Table 2 – patient results
 Time (min) Absorbance-Patient A Absorbance-
Patient B
 0 0.26 0.47
 30 0.48 0.63
 60 0.25 0.80
 90 0.23 0.76
 120 0.24 0.63
 240 0.30 0.58
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6. Question
 Plot a standard graph of absorbance at 625 nm
against glucose concentration You must use Excel.
 Determine the concentration of glucose in each
patient serum sample and plot glucose
concentration
 against the time over which the samples were
obtained.
 Comment on the results for the two patients
 (20% of assignment marks )
 6. What existing and potential problems would a
pharmacist need to be aware of when treating a
 diabetic client?myassignmenthelp.com/answers/healthcare-diabetes-mellitus-is-a-major-world-health-problem-
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7. Diabetes Mellitus-Physiological
Basis
 Diabetes mellitus- metabolic disorder-
causes due to poor uptake of glucose-
increases glucose level in the blood.
 Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in
the pancreas secrete insulin- stimulated by
the increased sugar level.
 System breaks down carbohydrates into
glucose that are obtained from the diet.
 Absorption of this glucose is mediated by
the blood cells and produce energy.
 Cells require the hormone insulin to
absorb glucose.
 Either system fails to synthesize enough
amounts of insulin or cells become non
respondent to insulin.
 Thus, glucose level in the blood increases-
leads to diabetes mellitus developmentmyassignmenthelp.com/answers/healthcare-diabetes-mellitus-is-a-major-world-health-problem-
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8. Diabetes Classification
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
 It is also called juvenile diabetes-prevalent in children.
 Partly inherited and few are linked with certain viruses.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
 Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. In this type of diabetes- beta cells fail to produce
enough amounts of insulin or cells become less responsive to insulin- situation is called insulin
resistance.
 The main reasons are genetic factors and lifestyle.
Gestational diabetes
 It affects pregnant women and generally disappears after the child birth.
 Approximately, 2-10% of all the pregnant women suffer from this type of diabetes
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9. Diabetes Diagnosis
 Measuring plasma
glucose level
 Measuring fasting plasma
glucose level
 Measuring glycated
haemoglobin
 Symptoms of increased
blood sugar level
 Oral glucose tolerance
test
 Glycated haemoglobin
A1C test
Confirmatory test: one of
these tests is repeated
again on another day.
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10. Diabetes Treatments
 Monitoring blood glucose level
 Healthy eating and regular
physical activity help to
monitor blood sugar level.
 Consumption of fruits, whole
grains and vegetables and
decreasing amount of sugar
in regular diet help to
maintain blood sugar level.
 Regular aerobic exercises
maintain blood sugar level
and reduce blood sugar level.
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11. Diabetes Treatments
 Insulin therapy
 Generally recommended with type 1
diabetes.
 Different types of insulin available in
the market- type of insulin selected
based on patient’s need.
 It is administered mostly through
injection.
 Medication
 Oral medication, mainly metformin-
acts as stimulus- increase insulin
secretion by pancreatic cells.
 Pancreas transplantation may be
performed in diabetes type1 and
bariatric surgeries may be
performed in diabetes type 2
diabetes.
Metformin
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12. Changes in Glucose and Fat Storage and
Mobilisation In Diabetes
 Due to decrease in insulin,
absorption of glucose is inhibited-
cells start to metabolize the fatty
acids –
 It produces ketone bodies that
enters into circulation.
 Increased ketone bodies leads to
diabetic ketoacidosis
development - cause serious
health issues.
 In the absence of insulin-
mobilization of glucose from
blood to the cells diminished-
blood sugar level increased.
 Increased blood sugar increases
glucose concentration in urine –
 It causes excessive electrolyte
loss and fluid from the system.
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13. Problems, a Pharmacist Should
Know
 Metformin is widely used medication.
 It is associated with gastrointestinal side effects
such as nausea, weakness, diarrhoea, metallic
taste in mouth and vomiting may occur.
 To diminish side effects, medications can be used.
 Metformin administration in empty stomach may
cause hypoglycaemia.
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14. References
 Brunton, S. (2014). Identification and Prevention: Underutilized
Tools in Diabetes Treatment?. Clinical Diabetes, 32(1), 1-2.
doi:10.2337/diaclin.32.1.1
 BUSCHARD, K. (2011). What causes type 1 diabetes? Lessons
from animal models. APMIS, 119, 1-19. doi:10.1111/j.1600-
0463.2011.02765.x
 Edgerton, D., Moore, M., Winnick, J., Scott, M., Farmer, B., &
Naver, H. et al. (2014). Changes in Glucose and Fat Metabolism
in Response to the Administration of a Hepato-Preferential
Insulin Analog. Diabetes, 63(11), 3946-3954. doi:10.2337/db14-
0266
 Florez, J. (2014). Insights From Monogenic Diabetes and
Glycemic Treatment Goals for Common Types of
Diabetes. JAMA, 311(3), 249. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.283981
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15. References
 Fowler, M. (2010). Diagnosis, Classification, and Lifestyle
Treatment of Diabetes. Clinical Diabetes,28(2), 79-86.
doi:10.2337/diaclin.28.2.79
 Nash, J. (2015). Dealing with diagnosis of
diabetes. Practical Diabetes, 32(1), 19-23.
doi:10.1002/pdi.1915
 Rubio-Cabezas, Ó., & Argente, J. (2008). Current Insights
into the Genetic Basis of Diabetes Mellitus in Children and
Adolescents. Journal Of Pediatric Endocrinology And
Metabolism, 21(10). doi:10.1515/jpem.2008.21.10.917
 Taylor, R. (2012). Insulin Resistance and Type 2
Diabetes. Diabetes, 61(4), 778-779. doi:10.2337/db12-
0073
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16. Thank
You