1. My anatomy I am quite small as compared to many microorganisms. M.pdf
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1. My anatomy: I am quite small as compared to many microorganisms. Members within my family are typically too small to be observed with an optical microscope. My chemical composition includes relatively few proteins and a lipid bilayer. 2. My growth and metabolism: I am an obligate parasite relying on a cellular host to reproduce. Independent of my host, I have no metabolism. 3. My genetic makeup: whether it is in the absence or in the presence of my host, the genetic information which I use to replicate myself is never in the form of DNA. As a free entity, my genetic information is encoded by a coding RNA (positive). However, I can also generate non-coding RNA during my life cycle within the cell. 4. I am fairly restricted in the hosts in which I am pathogenic, being limited to primates such as humans. 5. The symptoms associated with the disease that I cause include feeling tired, fever, weakness, headache, and a sore throat. In more severe cases, hosts will bleed from their mouths and their eyes as well as vomit blood. 6. My origins are thought to be in Africa from where I spread to the Americas through the slave trade. 7. I am not directly transmitted from primate to primate. I require a vector, which like a good acquaintance of mine the malaria causing pathogen, is the mosquito. 8. The first report of an epidemic in the Americas for which I am held responsible occurred in 1648 where I am held accountable for destroying the Yucatan Mayans. Solution The disease described here is yellow fever, which is caused by the yellow fever virus, arbovirus of genus flavivirus. The vector is mosquito Aedes aegypti..
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The word virus is derived from Latin word venom which means poisonous fluid that causes infection.
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They show living characters inside the host and non living characters outside the host.
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How did the tail of the swordtail fish evolveSolutionThe swor.pdf
How did the tail of the swordtail fish evolve?
Solution
The swordtail fish (Xiphophoroushellerii) has distinguishing features in male fishes and female
fishes. The male fishes have a sword-like tail and an organ called gonopodium. This tail is an
extension of the caudal fin and is ornamental. The female fishes do not have the characteristic
tail and lack the gonopodium.
The evolution of tail in swordtail fishes is guided by sexual selection and not natural selection. It
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Helen Bowers was stumped. Sitting in her office at the plant, she pondered the same questions
she had been facing for months: how to get her company’s employees to work harder and
produce more. No matter what she did, it didn’t seem to help much.
Helen had inherited the business three years ago when her father, Jake Bowers, passed away
unexpectedly. Bowers Machine Parts was founded four decades ago by Jake and had grown into
a moderate-size corporation. Bowers makes replacement parts for large-scale manufacturing
machines such as lathes and mills. The firm is headquartered in Kansas City and has three plants
scattered throughout Missouri.
Although Helen grew up in the family business, she never understood her father’s approach. Jake
had treated his employees like part of his family. In Helen’s view, however, he paid them more
than he had to, asked their advice far more often than he should have, and spent too much time
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In addition to changing the way employees were treated, Helen had another goal for Bowers. She
wanted to meet the challenge of international competition. Japanese firms had moved
aggressively into the market for heavy industrial equipment. She saw this as both a threat and an
opportunity. On the one hand, if she could get a toehold as a parts supplier to these firms,
Bowers could grow rapidly. On the other, the lucrative parts market was also sure to attract
more Japanese competitors. Helen had to make sure that Bowers could compete effectively with
highly productive and profitable Japanese firms.
From the day Helen took over, she practiced an altogether different philosophy to achieve her
goals. For one thing, she increased production quotas by 20 percent. She instructed her first-line
supervisors to crack down on employees and eliminate all idle time. She also decided to shut
down the company softball field her father had built. She thought the employees really didn’t use
it much, and she wanted the space for future expansion.
Helen also announced that future contributions to the firm’s profit-sharing plan would be phased
out. Employees were paid enough, she believed, and all profits were the rightful property of the
owner—her. She also had private plans to cut future pay increases to bring average wages down
to where she thought they belonged. Finally, Helen changed a number of operational procedures.
In particular, she stopped asking other people for their advice. She reasoned that she was the boss
and knew what was best. If she asked for advice and then didn’t take it, it would only stir up
resentment.
All in all, Helen thought, things should be going much better. Output should be up and costs
should be way down. Her strategy should be resulting in much higher levels of productivity and
profits.
.
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Viruses are submicroscopic infectious agents that can only replicate inside living host cells. They contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material but not both, unlike true living cells. Viruses exhibit both living properties like metabolism and heredity inside their host cells, as well as non-living properties like an inability to carry out metabolic activities independently. There are many types of viruses that infect different domains of life including plants, animals, bacteria and microorganisms. They have a variety of shapes and sizes and can be classified based on their genetic material, structure, and the cells they infect. Viruses cause diseases by hijacking host cell machinery to replicate and spread to other hosts.
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VIRUSES
LIFE CYCLE OF BACTERIOPHAGES
The word virus is derived from Latin word venom which means poisonous fluid that causes infection.
The branch of science that deals with the study of viruses is called Virology. It is the branch of Microbiology.
They show living characters inside the host and non living characters outside the host.
They contain either DNA or RNA as genetic material.
They have different size and shape. They cause diseases in plants, animals and micro-organisms .
Not cellular
Cannot carry on metabolic activities independently.
Contain either DNA or RNA, not both ( true cells contain both ).
Lack ribosomes and enzymes necessary for protein synthesis.
Reproduce only within cells they infect.
CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES
Holmes, in 1948, proposed a simple system of classifying viruses based on the type of cell (host) they infect:
Phytophagineae: They infect plants and they RNA as their genetic material. Eg: TMV,CaMV.
Zoophagineae: They infect animals and they have mostly DNA as their genetic material. Eg: Polio virus.
Pagineae: They infect bacterial cells, called bacteriophages they usually have DNA as genetic material.
Based on the viral envelope
Named after David Baltimore, a noble prize winning biologist n 1971.
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3. dsRNA viruses Eg: Reoviruses.
4. (+)ssRNA viruses Eg: Picornaviruses.
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Tobacco mosaic:
Causative agent: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
Symptoms: The leaves of infected plants develop mosaic patches ,it is due to destruction of chlorophyll or due to production of abnormal chlorophyll .blisters appear in the region of dark green spots these may be regular or irregular in advanced stages leaves curl and get distorted.
Adsorption of the virion to the bacterial cell.
Penetration and decoating of the nucleic acid .
Protein synthesis.
Breakdown of bacterial DNA.
Arrest of host cell development.
Replication of phage DNA.
Maturation of infective progeny.
Lysis and release of newly formed phages.
Holmes, in 1948, proposed a simple system of classifying viruses based on the type of cell (host) they infect:
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This document summarizes methods for isolating, cultivating, and identifying animal viruses. It discusses three main methods: (1) in living animals by injecting viral preparations and observing immune responses, (2) in embryonated eggs by inoculating viral suspensions and observing embryo death or defects, and (3) using cell culture by growing isolated cells and detecting cytopathic effect through plaque assays or microscopy. Identification methods discussed include PCR, RFLP, Western blot, and ELISA.
Gen.char.of microorg.
The document discusses the key characteristics of three types of microorganisms: bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It states that bacteria are prokaryotic, unicellular organisms that can be motile or non-motile, multiply through binary fission, and have a cell wall. Viruses are the smallest and most primitive infectious organisms that cannot reproduce outside of a host cell. Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms that have cell walls containing chitin, can be unicellular or multicellular, and reproduce through spores.
Cultivation of viruses
Viruses can only be grown within living host cells. The document discusses three main methods for cultivating viruses: inoculation into animals, embryonated eggs, and tissue culture. It provides details on each method, including commonly used animal and egg types, inoculation sites, advantages and limitations. Tissue culture involves growing viruses in cultured cells, including primary cultures that can only grow briefly, diploid cell strains for limited passages, and continuous cell lines that can divide indefinitely.
rgdrgdr rhdr44 fefs fes fefsef esf grsgs.pptx
Viruses can only be grown within living host cells. The document discusses three main methods for cultivating viruses: inoculation into animals, embryonated eggs, and tissue culture. It provides details on each method, including commonly used animal and egg types, inoculation sites, advantages and limitations. Tissue culture involves growing viruses in cultured cells, including primary cultures that can only grow briefly, diploid cell strains for limited passages, and continuous cell lines that can grow indefinitely.
Monerans virus01
This document provides information about monerans and bacteria. It discusses their size, phyla, methods of identification including cell shape, cell wall, movement, how they obtain energy, reproduction, and importance. It also covers controlling bacterial growth, viruses including their composition, shapes, sizes, classification, lytic and lysogenic infections, viral diseases, and famous people who developed vaccines.
ARBO Viruses.pdf
Arboviruses are a group of viruses transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes and ticks. They cause a wide range of diseases from mild fevers to serious encephalitis. There are three main families of arboviruses: Flaviviridae which includes yellow fever, dengue, Zika, and West Nile viruses; Togaviridae which includes chikungunya and equine encephalitis viruses; and Bunyaviridae which includes Rift Valley fever and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Arboviruses are transmitted via arthropod bites and their transmission can be seasonal depending on climate and vector life cycles. Prevention includes avoiding bites, vaccination, and vector control.
Virus
This document provides an overview of viruses, including their size, structure, classification, and life cycle. Key points include:
- Viruses are 10-100 times smaller than bacteria and can only be seen with an electron microscope. They contain either DNA or RNA and lack their own metabolism.
- Viruses are classified based on the organism they infect (bacteria, plants, animals), their nucleic acid content, the organ or system affected in humans, their capsid morphology, and whether they have an envelope.
- Viruses range in size from 20-300nm and are composed of a core of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid, which may be enveloped. They reproduce through a complex process
8.6_VIRAL DISEASE AN APPROACH.pptx
Viruses are very small infectious agents that can only replicate inside host cells. They contain genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. There are many types of viral infections that affect different body systems like the respiratory, gastrointestinal, liver, nervous and skin. Respiratory viruses commonly cause infections like influenza and COVID-19. Some viruses are also associated with certain cancers through their ability to insert their genetic material into host cells. Proper hygiene practices, vaccination and antiviral treatment can help prevent and treat viral infections.
1. introduction to_virology[1]
The document provides a historical overview and summary of virology:
- Virology is the study of viruses, which are microscopic infectious agents that can only reproduce inside host cells. Important early discoveries included identifying that the agents causing tobacco mosaic disease and foot-and-mouth disease could pass through filters, indicating they were not bacteria.
- Major milestones in the 20th century included imaging viruses using electron microscopy, growing viruses in cell cultures and eggs, discovering they contain either DNA or RNA, determining viruses cause diseases like polio, yellow fever, and cancer, and ultimately eradicating smallpox through vaccination. Today over 5,000 virus types have been described though many remain undiscovered.
Bebesia.pptx
In the ppt. Babesia is explained along-with its species, its life cycle, treatment and prevention. It explains Babesia and answers questions like, What is Babesiosis? What are the species of Babesia? What is the host of Babesia? How they are spread across the globe? What are their mode of reproduction? What is their life cycle? What is the historical background of Babesiosis? How scientist named the disease? What is the morphology of Babesia? What are the stages of Life cycle of Babesia? How Babesiosis is treated? How can we prevent Babesiosis?
Viroids, prions, tmv virus
Viroids are the smallest self-replicating pathogens known, consisting of naked circular or linear RNA without a capsid. They infect and replicate autonomously in plant cells and can cause devastating crop diseases. Prions are misfolded protein aggregates that can replicate and propagate, causing fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals. Tobacco mosaic virus was the first virus discovered and crystallized. It is a rod-shaped RNA virus that infects tobacco and other plants in the nightshade family, causing characteristic mottling and discoloration of leaves.
d8a7d984d8a3d985d8b1d8a7d8b6-d8a7d984d985d8b9d8afd98ad8a97.ppt
This document summarizes different types of infectious diseases and their causes. It discusses bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and how they are transmitted from person to person. It also outlines various methods for preventing the spread of infectious diseases, including maintaining clean food/water and hand hygiene, covering the mouth/nose, avoiding locations of infection, keeping wounds clean and disinfected, vaccinations, and quarantine.
virology-201119022601 (1).pdf
Viruses were first discovered in the late 1880s through experiments with tobacco mosaic virus. Since then, many other viruses have been discovered that infect plants, animals and bacteria. Viruses are generally too small to be seen with a light microscope and have a variety of structures depending on their nucleic acid content and presence of an envelope. They replicate by infiltrating a host cell and using the cell's machinery to produce more viral particles. There is ongoing debate about whether viruses are considered living organisms.
Virology
Viruses were first discovered in the late 1880s through experiments with tobacco mosaic virus. Since then, many other viruses have been discovered that infect plants, animals and bacteria. Viruses are generally too small to be seen with a light microscope and have a variety of structures depending on their nucleic acid content and presence of an envelope. They replicate by infiltrating a host cell and using the cell's machinery to produce more viral particles. There is ongoing debate about whether viruses are considered living organisms.
Similar to 1. My anatomy I am quite small as compared to many microorganisms. M.pdf (20)
VIRUSES CLASSIFICATION , LIFE CYCLE OF VIRUSES. CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES
VIRUSES CLASSIFICATION , LIFE CYCLE OF VIRUSES. CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES
d8a7d984d8a3d985d8b1d8a7d8b6-d8a7d984d985d8b9d8afd98ad8a97.ppt
d8a7d984d8a3d985d8b1d8a7d8b6-d8a7d984d985d8b9d8afd98ad8a97.ppt
More from deepaarora22
How did the tail of the swordtail fish evolveSolutionThe swor.pdf
How did the tail of the swordtail fish evolve?
Solution
The swordtail fish (Xiphophoroushellerii) has distinguishing features in male fishes and female
fishes. The male fishes have a sword-like tail and an organ called gonopodium. This tail is an
extension of the caudal fin and is ornamental. The female fishes do not have the characteristic
tail and lack the gonopodium.
The evolution of tail in swordtail fishes is guided by sexual selection and not natural selection. It
has been hypothesized that ancestrally the female fishes preferred to mate with swordtail bearing
fishes rather that the swordless counterparts. Female preference drove the evolution of the tail in
males and the tail-less trait eventually disappeared..
Helen Bowers was stumped. Sitting in her office at the plant, she po.pdf
Helen Bowers was stumped. Sitting in her office at the plant, she pondered the same questions
she had been facing for months: how to get her company’s employees to work harder and
produce more. No matter what she did, it didn’t seem to help much.
Helen had inherited the business three years ago when her father, Jake Bowers, passed away
unexpectedly. Bowers Machine Parts was founded four decades ago by Jake and had grown into
a moderate-size corporation. Bowers makes replacement parts for large-scale manufacturing
machines such as lathes and mills. The firm is headquartered in Kansas City and has three plants
scattered throughout Missouri.
Although Helen grew up in the family business, she never understood her father’s approach. Jake
had treated his employees like part of his family. In Helen’s view, however, he paid them more
than he had to, asked their advice far more often than he should have, and spent too much time
listening to their ideas and complaints. When Helen took over, she vowed to change how things
were done. In particular, she resolved to stop handling employees with kid gloves and to treat
them like what they were: the hired help.
In addition to changing the way employees were treated, Helen had another goal for Bowers. She
wanted to meet the challenge of international competition. Japanese firms had moved
aggressively into the market for heavy industrial equipment. She saw this as both a threat and an
opportunity. On the one hand, if she could get a toehold as a parts supplier to these firms,
Bowers could grow rapidly. On the other, the lucrative parts market was also sure to attract
more Japanese competitors. Helen had to make sure that Bowers could compete effectively with
highly productive and profitable Japanese firms.
From the day Helen took over, she practiced an altogether different philosophy to achieve her
goals. For one thing, she increased production quotas by 20 percent. She instructed her first-line
supervisors to crack down on employees and eliminate all idle time. She also decided to shut
down the company softball field her father had built. She thought the employees really didn’t use
it much, and she wanted the space for future expansion.
Helen also announced that future contributions to the firm’s profit-sharing plan would be phased
out. Employees were paid enough, she believed, and all profits were the rightful property of the
owner—her. She also had private plans to cut future pay increases to bring average wages down
to where she thought they belonged. Finally, Helen changed a number of operational procedures.
In particular, she stopped asking other people for their advice. She reasoned that she was the boss
and knew what was best. If she asked for advice and then didn’t take it, it would only stir up
resentment.
All in all, Helen thought, things should be going much better. Output should be up and costs
should be way down. Her strategy should be resulting in much higher levels of productivity and
profits.
.
Dr. A. conducts a study on the effect of distraction on learning. Dr.pdf
Dr. A. conducts a study on the effect of distraction on learning. Dr. A goes to a local mall and
asks shoppers to participate in her study. Those who agree to participate are then randomly
assigned to one of three groups. The first group is placed in a quiet room; the second group is
placed in a room with a moderate level of background noise; the third group is placed in a room
with a high level of background noise. All participants are then given a learning task to complete.
The type of sampling strategy used by Dr. A is best characterized as:
a. Random
b. Stratified
c. Convenience
d. Snowball
Solution
a. Random.
Discuss the function and importance of conceptual modeling.Solut.pdf
Discuss the function and importance of conceptual modeling.
Solution
A conceptual model is a symbol of a system, complete of the work of art of concepts which are
used to assist people know, appreciate, or simulate a topic the model represent. Some models are
physical objects. For example, a toy representation which may be assemble, and may be
complete to work like the thing it represents.
To stand for data in an comprehensible way.
1. improve an individual’s understanding of the catalog.
2. Facilitate efficient delivery of database details connecting database stakeholders
3. Provide a point of orientation for database designer to extract file specifications
4. Document the catalog for future reference and give a means for association.
Dave threw a ball into the air while standing on a 10 foot tall tabl.pdf
Dave threw a ball into the air while standing on a 10 foot tall table. The height, h(t), of the ball t
seconds after it is tossed is can be modeled by the function h(t) = 16t 2 + 32t + 10
How long was the ball in the air?
Solution
h(t) = 16t^2 + 32t + 10
we need to find time t at which h(t) = 0
h(t) = 16t^2 + 32t + 10 = 0
16t^2 -32t - 10 = 0
8t^2 -16t - 5 = 0
solving for t we get,
t= 2.27 s and t = -0.27 s
since t can\'t be negative
t = 2.27 s
Answer: 2.27 s.
Darwin was not the first to consider evolution as a processes but.pdf
Darwin was not the first to consider evolution as a processes but he did come up with the first
effective explanation for how it happens. Describe Darwin\'s theory of evolution by natural
selection. Explain how this theory was a major advance over prior ideas as to how organisms
changed over time. Give evidence in support of evolution and describe the driving forces for
evolutionary change.
Darwin was not the first to consider evolution as a processes but he did come up with the first
effective explanation for how it happens. Describe Darwin\'s theory of evolution by natural
selection. Explain how this theory was a major advance over prior ideas as to how organisms
changed over time. Give evidence in support of evolution and describe the driving forces for
evolutionary change.
Solution
Darwin theory was based on the study of size of small birds beaks which were found on the
Galapoes island.. He found that with time and areas the size of the bird\'s beak were different in
size and shape ie their size increases. . This were due to the fact that the due to to the avalaibilty
of their different foods their beaks size also changes and increased in size..!! It was due to the
evolution which was further carried out to their future generations..!!
The driving force are those forces which results in evolution..
The factors are
Mutation
Natural selection.
Gene flow.
Genetic drift..
Consider the following pedigree, which traces the inheritance of a si.pdf
Consider the following pedigree, which traces the inheritance of a single-gene hereditary
disease. Only individuals that are either affected or normal are shown. In other words, potential
heterozygotes are NOT indicated. Characterize each of the following modes of inheritance as:
impossible, unlikely, or probable. Justify your answers. Autosomal dominant Autosomal
recessive X-linked dominant X-Iinked recessive Y linked
Solution
Single gene herediary diseases are mainly caused by a change of any one gene in a particular
DNA.Its divided into diiferemt categories like dominant ,recessive and X linked.Square indicates
a male and circle female.According to the diagram affected male is crossed with an unaffected
female.The progeny obtained is affected daughters and unaffected sons.
Autosomal dominant: in this case, the father — has a 50 percent chance of having an affected
child with one mutated gene (dominant gene) and a 50 percent chance of having an unaffected
child with two normal genes (recessive genes).But, in our case none of the sons are affected
which means its criss cross inheritance that is from father to daughter.Hence , this case is
unlikely
Autosomal recessive:To have an autosomal recessive disorder, you inherit two mutated genes,
one from each parent. These disorders are usually passed on by two carriers.The cross given in
the question is not between the two carriers.The male parent is affected for sure hence this case is
impossible
X linked dominant:As in autosomal dominant inheritance, only one copy of a disease allele on
the X chromosome is required for an individual to be susceptible to an X-linked dominant
disease.Both males and females can be affected, although males may be more severely affected
because they only carry one copy of genes found on the X chromosome. Some X-linked
dominant disorders are lethal in males.When a female is affected, each pregnancy will have a
one in two (50%) chance for the offspring to inherit the disease allele. When a male is affected,
all his daughters will be affected, but none of his sons will be affected.So, there are probable
chance for this type of inheritance
X linked recessive:For X-linked recessive disorders, an affected father who has a mutation in a
gene on the X chromosome can transmit either the X chromosome with this mutation or a Y
chromosome to his children. If the mother is not affected or a carrier, none of his sons will be
affected since they can only inherit a normal X chromosome from their mother and they inherit a
Y chromosome from their father. Each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected
carrier and a 50% chance of both X chromosomes being normal.In our cross all daughters are
affected which means this type of inheritance is impossible
Y linked:This type of inheritance is impossible in this case as all female children are getting
affected.If it would have been Y linked then only sons should have been affected as Y
chromosome is present only in males.Hence this.
Can heat flow through an object whilst it remains at a steady temper.pdf
Can heat flow through an object whilst it remains at a steady temperature without a change in
entropy?
For example: water boiling on a stove.
Solution
Yes, it can be possible. It is the case when the amount heat provided to the system is equal to the
heat given by the system.
e.g. While water boils, heat given to the water is lost in the form of water vapour..
A mutant strain of E. coli is found that produces both beta-galactos.pdf
A mutant strain of E. coli is found that produces both beta-galactosidase and permease at high
levels whether lactose is present or not.
(a) What are two possible genotypes for this mutant?
Another mutant is isolated that produces no beta-galactosidase at any time but produces
permease if lactose is present in the medium. A merodiploid strain is formed from these two
mutants. in the absence of lactose, neither beta-galactosidase nor permease is made. When
lactose is added, the merodiploid strain makes both beta-galactosidase and permease.
(b) What is the genotype of the merodiploid strain?
Solution
A mutant of E. coli is found that produces both beta - galactosidase and permease at high levels
in the presence or absence of lactose
a) The two possible genotypes for this mutant is given as-:
F+ Z+ Y+
Now another mutant is isolated that produces no beta-galactosidase at any time but produces
permease if lactose is present in the medium.
The genotype for this mutant is given as-:
F- Z- Y-
Given a merodiploid strain is formed from these two mutants.
Merodiploid is partially diploid bacterium having its own chromosome and a fragment that is
introduced either by conjugation, transformation or transduction. It is given by-:
F+ Z+ Y+ x F- Z- Y-
=F\' Z+ - Y-
b) The genotype for the merodiploid strain is F\' Z+ - Y-
For Merodiploid strain in the absence of lactose, neither beta-galactosidase nor permease is
formed but in the presence of lactose both beta-galactosidase and permease is produce.
As mutant 1 have the ability to make beta-galactosidase in the absence or presence of lactose but
the mutant 2 is unable to make beta-galactosidase at any time so in the new mutant the gene for
beta galactosidase is expressed only in the presence of lactose.
Also the permease producing gene of 2 mutant is dominant that is the reason the merodiploid
strain produces permease in the presence of lactose but not in the absence of lactose..
An unknown individual launches a series of attacks against the Web s.pdf
An unknown individual launches a series of attacks against the Web sites of Prime Sales
Corporation. The attacks significantly slow the sites, leading to $100 million in damage in terms
of lost work time, lost revenue, site repair costs, and other expenses. The attacker does not intend
to profit from the onslaught and in fact does not realize any financial benefit from the effects.
How is this attack most likely orchestrated? Who is most likely to engage in this act—that is,
whose habits and limitations are clearly suited to such conduct—and why?
Solution
Most probably the website is slowed by a DDOS (Distributed Denial of Service) attack. In this
attack the hacker sends multiple fake requests from different servers with the intention of
slowing down the service to legitimate users. The most likely suspect is an anonymous hacking
group. These groups are formed by professional hackers who come together for a common cause.
The most likely reason might to gain attention or the group considers something the company is
doing as against their beliefs..
Youve completed an interrupted mating experiment in E. coli, the l.pdf
You\'ve completed an interrupted mating experiment in E. coli, the leu gene enters before the
aln gene. For this experiment, you crossed an Hfr that is leu^+ gln^+ with an F- that is leu^-
gln^-. Exconjugant cultures are plated on minimal medium supplemented with leonine but not
glutamine, and 250 total colonies were observed. Each of those colonies was then plated on
minimal medium containing no leonine or glutamine; only 200 of the cultures grew under these
conditions. What are the genotypes of the two different cultures? So, what likely happened at
the cellular/molecular level to allow some cells to grow without glutamine supplementation, but
not all? Make sure you explain/support your answer. (lessthanorequalto 4 sentences)
Solution
a) leu and gln gene\'s are the genotypes of the two different cultures.
b) because of this minimal medium supplemented and Hfr , F for combination of any two
moleucles or ions the opposite signs of its bonding makes stable for a molecule. so, this
molecules will allow.this makes cellular/moleculer level to allow some cells to grow without
glutamine supplementation..
Write the following Scheme functions in JavaSolutionimport ja.pdf
Write the following Scheme functions in Java:
Solution
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
public class Neshted {
public static String neshted_list(List list){
String output = \"\";
float count =0;
for(int i : list){
if(count == list.size()/2){
if(list.size() %2 == 0)
output += \"()\";
else
output += \"(\";
}
if(count=list.size()/2) {
output += i+\")\";
}
count ++;
}
return output;
}
public static void main (String args[]){
Integer[] values = {4,5,3,2,8};
List list = Arrays.asList(values);
System.out.println(neshted_list(list));
}
}.
Write a C program to enter a first name, middle name and last name i.pdf
Write a C program to enter a first name, middle name and last name in separate variables.
After entering each name at the keyboard, call a function named convert that will capitalize the
first letter of the name and set the rest of the name to lowercase (for example, jOhN
becomesJohn). The convert function will be called three times-- once for the first name, once for
the middle name, and once for the last name.
Combine the properly capitalized names into one string and output the string (make sure you
have a space between each part of the name). Count the number of characters in the total name
(including spaces between names) and output that total also.
Include descriptive comments in your source code.
Solution
#include
#include
#include
void Convert(char string[])
{
int i;
int len = strlen(string); //compute length of string
string[0] = toupper(string[0]); // capitalize first character of the string
for (i=1;i.
Why do the soft technologies open more opportunities for women To w.pdf
Why do the soft technologies open more opportunities for women? To what extent have these
technologies impacted the perceptions of men’s and women’s roles in the economy, within
marriage, and in society as a whole?
Solution
Now a days Woman is playing a very important role in every field of the economy.Either
Agriculture or education or any part of the manufacturing area. I am also agree from this
statement, beacuse after marriage so many responsibilities increase its libilities through these soft
techniqe she can hendle her all task very easily.
Technology is a vital element for any community. It plays a significant role in food security,
agriculture and small scale production. Women use technical skills and knowledge in their daily
activities; they continually innovate and adapt technologies in response to things they face in
their everyday lives. However, their role and technical skills are often overlooked and
undervalued.
There are four main reasons why women are less visible in the application of technology than
men:.
What are the difference between the testes of a frog and a rat in te.pdf
What are the difference between the testes of a frog and a rat in terms of tunica albuginea,
interstitial cells, seminiferous tubules, basement membrane, sertoli cells
Solution
STRUCTURES
FROG
RAT
TUNICA ALBUGINEA
Thick fibrous sheet of connective tissue.
Composed of collagen fibers and occasional smooth muscle cells.
INTERSTITIAL CELLS
Endocrinal in nature and secrete mainly androsterone and testosterone
Major source of testosterone and also participate in steroid biosynthesis.
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
Lined by single layer of cuboidal cells. These cuboidal cells form the germinal epithelium
Germinal epithelial component is absent
SERTOLI CELLS
Involved In providing nutrients to mature spermatozoa
Capable of steroid biosynthesis and secretion of inhibin and androgen binding protein
STRUCTURES
FROG
RAT
TUNICA ALBUGINEA
Thick fibrous sheet of connective tissue.
Composed of collagen fibers and occasional smooth muscle cells.
INTERSTITIAL CELLS
Endocrinal in nature and secrete mainly androsterone and testosterone
Major source of testosterone and also participate in steroid biosynthesis.
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
Lined by single layer of cuboidal cells. These cuboidal cells form the germinal epithelium
Germinal epithelial component is absent
SERTOLI CELLS
Involved In providing nutrients to mature spermatozoa
Capable of steroid biosynthesis and secretion of inhibin and androgen binding protein.
Which of the following occurs with disruptive selectiona. Natural .pdf
Which of the following occurs with disruptive selection
a. Natural selection favors phenotypes of one extreme, resulting in a population mean shift over
several generations
b. Natural selection favors phenotypes of both extremes, resulting in an increase in intermediate
phenotypes over time
c. Natural selection favors phenotype values near the population mean, resulting in no shift in
mean trait value over time and a more narrow bell curve
d. Natural selection selects against trait values that are close to the population mean, resulting in
a bimodal distribution of trait values
Solution
Disruptive selection happens when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic
range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes. one example is a population of black-
bellied seedcracker finches in Cameroon whose members show two distinctly different beak
sizes. small-billed birds feed generally on soft seeds, whereas large-billed birds specialize in
cracking hard seeds. it seems that birds with intermediate-sized bills are comparatively
inefficient at cracking both types of seeds and thus have lower relative fitness..
When comparing replicate populations of plants that are grown in the .pdf
When comparing replicate populations of plants that are grown in the field or in controlled
greenhouse conditions, the field population will likely have _ V_E, _ V_P, and heritability. [no
written explanation necessary] higher/higher/higher higher/higher/lower higher/lower/higher
higher/lower/lower lower/higher/higher lower/higher/lower lower/lower/higher
lower/lower/lower
Solution
Correct answer: g
Enivornmental variation (VE) is lower and Phenotypic Variation (VP)is lower, Heritability is
higher.
What is wrong with the following definition of headInsertstruct N.pdf
What is wrong with the following definition of headInsert?
struct Node {
int item;
Node* link; };
typedef Node* NodePtr;
void headInsert(NodePtr& head, int data) {
NodePtr tmp = new Node;
tmp->item = data;
head->next = tmp;
tmp->next = head->next;
}
NodePtr head; headInsert(head, 4);
A. tmp should be declared to be a Node not a NodePtr.
B. head->next is pointing to NULL.
C. Nothing is wrong.
D. If there were any nodes following head they are now lost.
Solution
B. head->next is pointing to NULL.
Because of which tmp is not getting stored in the linked list
Correct Code:
struct Node
{
int item;
Node* link;
};
typedef Node* NodePtr;
void headInsert(NodePtr& head, int data)
{
NodePtr tmp = new Node;
tmp->item = data;
// next of tmp should be assigned head
tmp->link = head;
head = tmp;
}.
What is the BEST way to determine if there are any gaps in your thes.pdf
What is the BEST way to determine if there are any gaps in your thesis or ideas?
A writing an outline
B cubing the assignment
C drafting the essay
D getting feedback from others
Solution
the best way to determine if there are any gaps iin your thesis or ideas is to geeting feedback
from others i.e., option D.
What are two specialized epidermal cells and what do they do for the.pdf
What are two specialized epidermal cells and what do they do for the plant?
Solution
The two specialized epidermal cells in the plant are 1. Guard cells 2. Trichome.
Guard cells are kidney shaped cells with rich green chloroplasts.Guard cells occur in form of
pairs. A pair of guard cells and pore are referred as stomate. Guard cells perform two different
functions. At daytime, guard cells open small pores in the plant epidermal surface allowing
carbon dioxide to diffuse from atmosphere into the chlorenchyma tissue required for the
photosynthesis process. It also regulates oxygen exchange. At night-time guard cells close the
pores in the epidermal cells preventing water loss from leaves. Guard cells can alter the size of
stomata by changing its structure in response to water exchange.
Trichomes are branched hairy projections of modified epidermal cells. Trichomes are multi
cellular with spine shape or hook shaped. Trichomes are branched or unbranched, unicellular or
multicellular. Trichomes function to prevent water loss through evapouration and retains
moisture. It secretes a sticky substance that repels insects..
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Dr. A. conducts a study on the effect of distraction on learning. Dr.pdf
Dr. A. conducts a study on the effect of distraction on learning. Dr.pdf
Discuss the function and importance of conceptual modeling.Solut.pdf
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Dave threw a ball into the air while standing on a 10 foot tall tabl.pdf
Dave threw a ball into the air while standing on a 10 foot tall tabl.pdf
Darwin was not the first to consider evolution as a processes but.pdf
Darwin was not the first to consider evolution as a processes but.pdf
Consider the following pedigree, which traces the inheritance of a si.pdf
Consider the following pedigree, which traces the inheritance of a si.pdf
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