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Darwin was not the first to consider evolution as a processes but he did come up with the first effective explanation for how it happens. Describe Darwin\'s theory of evolution by natural selection. Explain how this theory was a major advance over prior ideas as to how organisms changed over time. Give evidence in support of evolution and describe the driving forces for evolutionary change. Darwin was not the first to consider evolution as a processes but he did come up with the first effective explanation for how it happens. Describe Darwin\'s theory of evolution by natural selection. Explain how this theory was a major advance over prior ideas as to how organisms changed over time. Give evidence in support of evolution and describe the driving forces for evolutionary change. Solution Darwin theory was based on the study of size of small birds beaks which were found on the Galapoes island.. He found that with time and areas the size of the bird\'s beak were different in size and shape ie their size increases. . This were due to the fact that the due to to the avalaibilty of their different foods their beaks size also changes and increased in size..!! It was due to the evolution which was further carried out to their future generations..!! The driving force are those forces which results in evolution.. The factors are Mutation Natural selection. Gene flow. Genetic drift..
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had treated his employees like part of his family. In Helen’s view, however, he paid them more
than he had to, asked their advice far more often than he should have, and spent too much time
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them like what they were: the hired help.
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goals. For one thing, she increased production quotas by 20 percent. She instructed her first-line
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.
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placed in a room with a moderate level of background noise; the third group is placed in a room
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had treated his employees like part of his family. In Helen’s view, however, he paid them more
than he had to, asked their advice far more often than he should have, and spent too much time
listening to their ideas and complaints. When Helen took over, she vowed to change how things
were done. In particular, she resolved to stop handling employees with kid gloves and to treat
them like what they were: the hired help.
In addition to changing the way employees were treated, Helen had another goal for Bowers. She
wanted to meet the challenge of international competition. Japanese firms had moved
aggressively into the market for heavy industrial equipment. She saw this as both a threat and an
opportunity. On the one hand, if she could get a toehold as a parts supplier to these firms,
Bowers could grow rapidly. On the other, the lucrative parts market was also sure to attract
more Japanese competitors. Helen had to make sure that Bowers could compete effectively with
highly productive and profitable Japanese firms.
From the day Helen took over, she practiced an altogether different philosophy to achieve her
goals. For one thing, she increased production quotas by 20 percent. She instructed her first-line
supervisors to crack down on employees and eliminate all idle time. She also decided to shut
down the company softball field her father had built. She thought the employees really didn’t use
it much, and she wanted the space for future expansion.
Helen also announced that future contributions to the firm’s profit-sharing plan would be phased
out. Employees were paid enough, she believed, and all profits were the rightful property of the
owner—her. She also had private plans to cut future pay increases to bring average wages down
to where she thought they belonged. Finally, Helen changed a number of operational procedures.
In particular, she stopped asking other people for their advice. She reasoned that she was the boss
and knew what was best. If she asked for advice and then didn’t take it, it would only stir up
resentment.
All in all, Helen thought, things should be going much better. Output should be up and costs
should be way down. Her strategy should be resulting in much higher levels of productivity and
profits.
.
Dr. A. conducts a study on the effect of distraction on learning. Dr.pdf
Dr. A. conducts a study on the effect of distraction on learning. Dr. A goes to a local mall and
asks shoppers to participate in her study. Those who agree to participate are then randomly
assigned to one of three groups. The first group is placed in a quiet room; the second group is
placed in a room with a moderate level of background noise; the third group is placed in a room
with a high level of background noise. All participants are then given a learning task to complete.
The type of sampling strategy used by Dr. A is best characterized as:
a. Random
b. Stratified
c. Convenience
d. Snowball
Solution
a. Random.
Discuss the function and importance of conceptual modeling.Solut.pdf
Discuss the function and importance of conceptual modeling.
Solution
A conceptual model is a symbol of a system, complete of the work of art of concepts which are
used to assist people know, appreciate, or simulate a topic the model represent. Some models are
physical objects. For example, a toy representation which may be assemble, and may be
complete to work like the thing it represents.
To stand for data in an comprehensible way.
1. improve an individual’s understanding of the catalog.
2. Facilitate efficient delivery of database details connecting database stakeholders
3. Provide a point of orientation for database designer to extract file specifications
4. Document the catalog for future reference and give a means for association.
Dave threw a ball into the air while standing on a 10 foot tall tabl.pdf
Dave threw a ball into the air while standing on a 10 foot tall table. The height, h(t), of the ball t
seconds after it is tossed is can be modeled by the function h(t) = 16t 2 + 32t + 10
How long was the ball in the air?
Solution
h(t) = 16t^2 + 32t + 10
we need to find time t at which h(t) = 0
h(t) = 16t^2 + 32t + 10 = 0
16t^2 -32t - 10 = 0
8t^2 -16t - 5 = 0
solving for t we get,
t= 2.27 s and t = -0.27 s
since t can\'t be negative
t = 2.27 s
Answer: 2.27 s.
Consider the following pedigree, which traces the inheritance of a si.pdf
Consider the following pedigree, which traces the inheritance of a single-gene hereditary
disease. Only individuals that are either affected or normal are shown. In other words, potential
heterozygotes are NOT indicated. Characterize each of the following modes of inheritance as:
impossible, unlikely, or probable. Justify your answers. Autosomal dominant Autosomal
recessive X-linked dominant X-Iinked recessive Y linked
Solution
Single gene herediary diseases are mainly caused by a change of any one gene in a particular
DNA.Its divided into diiferemt categories like dominant ,recessive and X linked.Square indicates
a male and circle female.According to the diagram affected male is crossed with an unaffected
female.The progeny obtained is affected daughters and unaffected sons.
Autosomal dominant: in this case, the father — has a 50 percent chance of having an affected
child with one mutated gene (dominant gene) and a 50 percent chance of having an unaffected
child with two normal genes (recessive genes).But, in our case none of the sons are affected
which means its criss cross inheritance that is from father to daughter.Hence , this case is
unlikely
Autosomal recessive:To have an autosomal recessive disorder, you inherit two mutated genes,
one from each parent. These disorders are usually passed on by two carriers.The cross given in
the question is not between the two carriers.The male parent is affected for sure hence this case is
impossible
X linked dominant:As in autosomal dominant inheritance, only one copy of a disease allele on
the X chromosome is required for an individual to be susceptible to an X-linked dominant
disease.Both males and females can be affected, although males may be more severely affected
because they only carry one copy of genes found on the X chromosome. Some X-linked
dominant disorders are lethal in males.When a female is affected, each pregnancy will have a
one in two (50%) chance for the offspring to inherit the disease allele. When a male is affected,
all his daughters will be affected, but none of his sons will be affected.So, there are probable
chance for this type of inheritance
X linked recessive:For X-linked recessive disorders, an affected father who has a mutation in a
gene on the X chromosome can transmit either the X chromosome with this mutation or a Y
chromosome to his children. If the mother is not affected or a carrier, none of his sons will be
affected since they can only inherit a normal X chromosome from their mother and they inherit a
Y chromosome from their father. Each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected
carrier and a 50% chance of both X chromosomes being normal.In our cross all daughters are
affected which means this type of inheritance is impossible
Y linked:This type of inheritance is impossible in this case as all female children are getting
affected.If it would have been Y linked then only sons should have been affected as Y
chromosome is present only in males.Hence this.
Can heat flow through an object whilst it remains at a steady temper.pdf
Can heat flow through an object whilst it remains at a steady temperature without a change in
entropy?
For example: water boiling on a stove.
Solution
Yes, it can be possible. It is the case when the amount heat provided to the system is equal to the
heat given by the system.
e.g. While water boils, heat given to the water is lost in the form of water vapour..
A mutant strain of E. coli is found that produces both beta-galactos.pdf
A mutant strain of E. coli is found that produces both beta-galactosidase and permease at high
levels whether lactose is present or not.
(a) What are two possible genotypes for this mutant?
Another mutant is isolated that produces no beta-galactosidase at any time but produces
permease if lactose is present in the medium. A merodiploid strain is formed from these two
mutants. in the absence of lactose, neither beta-galactosidase nor permease is made. When
lactose is added, the merodiploid strain makes both beta-galactosidase and permease.
(b) What is the genotype of the merodiploid strain?
Solution
A mutant of E. coli is found that produces both beta - galactosidase and permease at high levels
in the presence or absence of lactose
a) The two possible genotypes for this mutant is given as-:
F+ Z+ Y+
Now another mutant is isolated that produces no beta-galactosidase at any time but produces
permease if lactose is present in the medium.
The genotype for this mutant is given as-:
F- Z- Y-
Given a merodiploid strain is formed from these two mutants.
Merodiploid is partially diploid bacterium having its own chromosome and a fragment that is
introduced either by conjugation, transformation or transduction. It is given by-:
F+ Z+ Y+ x F- Z- Y-
=F\' Z+ - Y-
b) The genotype for the merodiploid strain is F\' Z+ - Y-
For Merodiploid strain in the absence of lactose, neither beta-galactosidase nor permease is
formed but in the presence of lactose both beta-galactosidase and permease is produce.
As mutant 1 have the ability to make beta-galactosidase in the absence or presence of lactose but
the mutant 2 is unable to make beta-galactosidase at any time so in the new mutant the gene for
beta galactosidase is expressed only in the presence of lactose.
Also the permease producing gene of 2 mutant is dominant that is the reason the merodiploid
strain produces permease in the presence of lactose but not in the absence of lactose..
An unknown individual launches a series of attacks against the Web s.pdf
An unknown individual launches a series of attacks against the Web sites of Prime Sales
Corporation. The attacks significantly slow the sites, leading to $100 million in damage in terms
of lost work time, lost revenue, site repair costs, and other expenses. The attacker does not intend
to profit from the onslaught and in fact does not realize any financial benefit from the effects.
How is this attack most likely orchestrated? Who is most likely to engage in this act—that is,
whose habits and limitations are clearly suited to such conduct—and why?
Solution
Most probably the website is slowed by a DDOS (Distributed Denial of Service) attack. In this
attack the hacker sends multiple fake requests from different servers with the intention of
slowing down the service to legitimate users. The most likely suspect is an anonymous hacking
group. These groups are formed by professional hackers who come together for a common cause.
The most likely reason might to gain attention or the group considers something the company is
doing as against their beliefs..
Youve completed an interrupted mating experiment in E. coli, the l.pdf
You\'ve completed an interrupted mating experiment in E. coli, the leu gene enters before the
aln gene. For this experiment, you crossed an Hfr that is leu^+ gln^+ with an F- that is leu^-
gln^-. Exconjugant cultures are plated on minimal medium supplemented with leonine but not
glutamine, and 250 total colonies were observed. Each of those colonies was then plated on
minimal medium containing no leonine or glutamine; only 200 of the cultures grew under these
conditions. What are the genotypes of the two different cultures? So, what likely happened at
the cellular/molecular level to allow some cells to grow without glutamine supplementation, but
not all? Make sure you explain/support your answer. (lessthanorequalto 4 sentences)
Solution
a) leu and gln gene\'s are the genotypes of the two different cultures.
b) because of this minimal medium supplemented and Hfr , F for combination of any two
moleucles or ions the opposite signs of its bonding makes stable for a molecule. so, this
molecules will allow.this makes cellular/moleculer level to allow some cells to grow without
glutamine supplementation..
Write the following Scheme functions in JavaSolutionimport ja.pdf
Write the following Scheme functions in Java:
Solution
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
public class Neshted {
public static String neshted_list(List list){
String output = \"\";
float count =0;
for(int i : list){
if(count == list.size()/2){
if(list.size() %2 == 0)
output += \"()\";
else
output += \"(\";
}
if(count=list.size()/2) {
output += i+\")\";
}
count ++;
}
return output;
}
public static void main (String args[]){
Integer[] values = {4,5,3,2,8};
List list = Arrays.asList(values);
System.out.println(neshted_list(list));
}
}.
Write a C program to enter a first name, middle name and last name i.pdf
Write a C program to enter a first name, middle name and last name in separate variables.
After entering each name at the keyboard, call a function named convert that will capitalize the
first letter of the name and set the rest of the name to lowercase (for example, jOhN
becomesJohn). The convert function will be called three times-- once for the first name, once for
the middle name, and once for the last name.
Combine the properly capitalized names into one string and output the string (make sure you
have a space between each part of the name). Count the number of characters in the total name
(including spaces between names) and output that total also.
Include descriptive comments in your source code.
Solution
#include
#include
#include
void Convert(char string[])
{
int i;
int len = strlen(string); //compute length of string
string[0] = toupper(string[0]); // capitalize first character of the string
for (i=1;i.
Why do the soft technologies open more opportunities for women To w.pdf
Why do the soft technologies open more opportunities for women? To what extent have these
technologies impacted the perceptions of men’s and women’s roles in the economy, within
marriage, and in society as a whole?
Solution
Now a days Woman is playing a very important role in every field of the economy.Either
Agriculture or education or any part of the manufacturing area. I am also agree from this
statement, beacuse after marriage so many responsibilities increase its libilities through these soft
techniqe she can hendle her all task very easily.
Technology is a vital element for any community. It plays a significant role in food security,
agriculture and small scale production. Women use technical skills and knowledge in their daily
activities; they continually innovate and adapt technologies in response to things they face in
their everyday lives. However, their role and technical skills are often overlooked and
undervalued.
There are four main reasons why women are less visible in the application of technology than
men:.
What are the difference between the testes of a frog and a rat in te.pdf
What are the difference between the testes of a frog and a rat in terms of tunica albuginea,
interstitial cells, seminiferous tubules, basement membrane, sertoli cells
Solution
STRUCTURES
FROG
RAT
TUNICA ALBUGINEA
Thick fibrous sheet of connective tissue.
Composed of collagen fibers and occasional smooth muscle cells.
INTERSTITIAL CELLS
Endocrinal in nature and secrete mainly androsterone and testosterone
Major source of testosterone and also participate in steroid biosynthesis.
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
Lined by single layer of cuboidal cells. These cuboidal cells form the germinal epithelium
Germinal epithelial component is absent
SERTOLI CELLS
Involved In providing nutrients to mature spermatozoa
Capable of steroid biosynthesis and secretion of inhibin and androgen binding protein
STRUCTURES
FROG
RAT
TUNICA ALBUGINEA
Thick fibrous sheet of connective tissue.
Composed of collagen fibers and occasional smooth muscle cells.
INTERSTITIAL CELLS
Endocrinal in nature and secrete mainly androsterone and testosterone
Major source of testosterone and also participate in steroid biosynthesis.
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
Lined by single layer of cuboidal cells. These cuboidal cells form the germinal epithelium
Germinal epithelial component is absent
SERTOLI CELLS
Involved In providing nutrients to mature spermatozoa
Capable of steroid biosynthesis and secretion of inhibin and androgen binding protein.
Which of the following occurs with disruptive selectiona. Natural .pdf
Which of the following occurs with disruptive selection
a. Natural selection favors phenotypes of one extreme, resulting in a population mean shift over
several generations
b. Natural selection favors phenotypes of both extremes, resulting in an increase in intermediate
phenotypes over time
c. Natural selection favors phenotype values near the population mean, resulting in no shift in
mean trait value over time and a more narrow bell curve
d. Natural selection selects against trait values that are close to the population mean, resulting in
a bimodal distribution of trait values
Solution
Disruptive selection happens when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic
range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes. one example is a population of black-
bellied seedcracker finches in Cameroon whose members show two distinctly different beak
sizes. small-billed birds feed generally on soft seeds, whereas large-billed birds specialize in
cracking hard seeds. it seems that birds with intermediate-sized bills are comparatively
inefficient at cracking both types of seeds and thus have lower relative fitness..
When comparing replicate populations of plants that are grown in the .pdf
When comparing replicate populations of plants that are grown in the field or in controlled
greenhouse conditions, the field population will likely have _ V_E, _ V_P, and heritability. [no
written explanation necessary] higher/higher/higher higher/higher/lower higher/lower/higher
higher/lower/lower lower/higher/higher lower/higher/lower lower/lower/higher
lower/lower/lower
Solution
Correct answer: g
Enivornmental variation (VE) is lower and Phenotypic Variation (VP)is lower, Heritability is
higher.
What is wrong with the following definition of headInsertstruct N.pdf
What is wrong with the following definition of headInsert?
struct Node {
int item;
Node* link; };
typedef Node* NodePtr;
void headInsert(NodePtr& head, int data) {
NodePtr tmp = new Node;
tmp->item = data;
head->next = tmp;
tmp->next = head->next;
}
NodePtr head; headInsert(head, 4);
A. tmp should be declared to be a Node not a NodePtr.
B. head->next is pointing to NULL.
C. Nothing is wrong.
D. If there were any nodes following head they are now lost.
Solution
B. head->next is pointing to NULL.
Because of which tmp is not getting stored in the linked list
Correct Code:
struct Node
{
int item;
Node* link;
};
typedef Node* NodePtr;
void headInsert(NodePtr& head, int data)
{
NodePtr tmp = new Node;
tmp->item = data;
// next of tmp should be assigned head
tmp->link = head;
head = tmp;
}.
What is the BEST way to determine if there are any gaps in your thes.pdf
What is the BEST way to determine if there are any gaps in your thesis or ideas?
A writing an outline
B cubing the assignment
C drafting the essay
D getting feedback from others
Solution
the best way to determine if there are any gaps iin your thesis or ideas is to geeting feedback
from others i.e., option D.
What are two specialized epidermal cells and what do they do for the.pdf
What are two specialized epidermal cells and what do they do for the plant?
Solution
The two specialized epidermal cells in the plant are 1. Guard cells 2. Trichome.
Guard cells are kidney shaped cells with rich green chloroplasts.Guard cells occur in form of
pairs. A pair of guard cells and pore are referred as stomate. Guard cells perform two different
functions. At daytime, guard cells open small pores in the plant epidermal surface allowing
carbon dioxide to diffuse from atmosphere into the chlorenchyma tissue required for the
photosynthesis process. It also regulates oxygen exchange. At night-time guard cells close the
pores in the epidermal cells preventing water loss from leaves. Guard cells can alter the size of
stomata by changing its structure in response to water exchange.
Trichomes are branched hairy projections of modified epidermal cells. Trichomes are multi
cellular with spine shape or hook shaped. Trichomes are branched or unbranched, unicellular or
multicellular. Trichomes function to prevent water loss through evapouration and retains
moisture. It secretes a sticky substance that repels insects..
What are the basic differences and commonalties between Structured An.pdf
What are the basic differences and commonalties between Structured Analysis (process-
oriented). Information Engineering (data-oriented), and Object-Oriented approaches for software
development?
Solution
Structured Analysis is technique used in software development to analyse the designed system to
its correctness. The analysis is made to see to what extent the designed system meets the
requirement of the user. The structured analysis uses data flow diagrams to analyze the designed
structure. It is believed that if the structure is good then the data will be good, but doesnot pay
attention on data in detail.
Data oriented analysis is used where data plays the utmost role. The diagrams that are used for
analysing the data oriented design is ER diagrams. Data oriented design establishes the relations
that are required for the development of the system on various data.The data analysis
concentrates on incorporating additional features in process to ensure the data integrity.
Object oriented analysis unlike of the above two concetrates on the objects, which are the
instance of class that consists of both data and process or logic.
The data oriented anaylsis cannot work on the structured process. similalry structures analysis
cannot be performed on data oriented design.The process oriented and object oriented analysis
are widely in use when compared to data oriented analysis..
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