The document outlines the history of computers across five generations, detailing their evolution from vacuum tube-based machines in the first generation to modern devices utilizing artificial intelligence in the fifth generation. Each generation introduced significant improvements in size, speed, efficiency, and user interaction methods. Current advancements focus on AI development, aiming for devices capable of natural language processing and self-learning.

1. History of Computers
Characteristics, Performance and the way they are changing
P.SENGA

2. Computer generation
• The computer was developed before the ninth century. It has seen a
lot of improvements in the century. This development can be
classified into generations where each generation brought an
improvement of the previous.

3. Computer generation
• First generation – 1946 - 1958
• Second generation – 1959 - 1964
• Third generation – 1965 - 1970
• Fourth generation – 1971 - today
• Fifth generation – Today to future

4. First generation computer 1946-1958
• In 1946, the first generation computer was developed. It was called
the Electronic Numeric Integrator and Computer (ENIAC).

5. First generation computer
• ENIAC was developed by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchl.
• UNIVAC1 (Universal Automatic Computer 1) was the first computer.
• It was designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
UNIVAC 1

6. First generation computer
• The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company.
• Founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly

7. First generation computer
• EDVAC was the other computer to be developed in the first
generation.
• EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer.
•The First Stored Program Computer.
• it was designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
•It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data.

8. First generation computer
• EDVAC

9. First generation computer
• The first generation computer used vacuum tube to operate circuitry
and magnetic drums for memory.
Vacuum tube

10. First generation computer
• These computers relied on machine language to perform operations.
• They could only perform one operation at a time.
• Input was based on punched cards and paper tape and output was
displayed on printouts.
• It used storage media such as tapes and printers for print out.
• The computers generated a lot of heat, had limited commential use,
and needed an air conditioner.

11. Second generation computer 1959-1964
• This generation used transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
• The transistors where more reliable than vacuum.
• One transistor replaced the equivalence of 40 vacuums.
• Computers became faster, cheaper, smaller, more energy efficient and
more reliable.
• The transistor still generated a lot of heat which could damage the
computer but it was lesser than the first generation.

12. Second generation
• Second generation transistor.
Transistor

13. Second generation computer
• Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine
language to symbolic languages, which allowed programmers to
specify instructions in words.
• They still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.
• These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in
their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core
technology.

14. Third generation computer 1965-1970
• The Integrated Circuit was invented.
• Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called
semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency
of computers.
• With this invention computers became smaller, more powerful, more
reliable and they were able to run several programs at the same time.

15. third generation computer
• Integrated Circuit

16. Third generation computer
• It was smaller and cheaper compared to the second generation.
• It could carry out instructions in billionths of a second.
• Users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards
and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed
the device to run many different applications at one time with a
central program that monitored the memory.
• Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience
because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

17. Fourth generation computers 1970-Present
• The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as
thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.
• As these small computers became more powerful, they could be
linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the
development of the Internet.
• Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the
mouse and handheld devices.
• In 1980, Microsoft Disk Operation System was born (MS DOS).
• In 1981, IBM introduced the personal computer for office and home.

18. Fourth generation computer
• Osborne 1 – the first portable computer.
• Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation.

19. Fourth generation computer
• Three years later Apple invented the Macintosh with the icon driven
interface.
• The 1990 the windows operating system was introduced.

20. Fourth generation computer

21. Fifth generation of computers Present-future
• It is based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).
• It is still in development stage.
• The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make
artificial intelligence a reality.
• The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input
and are capable of learning and self-organization.
• There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being
used today.