1. GHG Mitigation Seminar
Hanoi, 03 May 2010
Vietnam: Mitigate GHG
emissions What benefit to
Farmers?
Nguyen Mong Cuong
Research Center for Climate Change
and Sustainable Development, Viet Nam

2. Global challenges:
 Rising sea levels
 Inundate coastlines
low lands
Global warming Threats  Storms
Climate change  Droughts
 Floods
Severe impacts
HFCs, SF6,CO2, CH4, N2O …
Industry Agriculture Health & Livelihood
of the poor
Mitigate GHG’s
KP & UNFCCC objective:
Stabilizing GHG in the atmosphere within a timeframe
that would allow Ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change
and not threaten food security

3. 1. Viet Nam: Challenges in Agriculture
1/ Pressure on forest …
2/ Pollution and GHG Emission by animal husbandry / > 20 mil.tons waste/Year
Livestock Sector GHG's emissions
30
27
25
22
20
Tg CO2 equiv.
17
15
11.2
9.8
10
5
0
1994 2000 2010 2020 2030
Year
Source: P.V.THANH (CCRD,2008)

4. 3/ Burning or freeing agricultural residues on the field
4/ Rice paddy cultivation with methane emissions

5. 5/Chemical fertilizer use in agriculture
A large amount of chemical fertilizers being lost
40- 45%
lost to 40- 65%
leaching, chemical fertilizers
erosion, using by plants:
volatilization
and fixation nitrogen : 35-45%,
in the soil phosphorus and
potassium : 50-60%
From a Total ~ 2.4 million tons NPK /Year
Estimated 1,2 mil.tons of urea-equivalent being lost
→ Soil environment pollution
N2O emission
Source: P.V.THANH (CCRD,2008)

6. 2. GHG Emission inventory in agriculture- 2000
CH4 N2O Total CO2
Sub-sectors (Gg) (Gg)
equiv.
(Tg) (%)
Rice Cultivation 1782.4 37.4 57.5
Livestock
- Enteric fermentation 368.1 0,001 7.7 11.9
- Manure 164.2 3.4 5.3
management
Agricultural soil 45.9 14.2 21.8
Burning Savanna 10.0 1.2 0.59 0.9
Field burning of 59.1 1.4 1.7 2.6
agriculture residues
Total 2383.7 48.5 65.1 100
Sources: Technical report for GHG inventory of SNC. HANOI, 2009.

7. Figure: GHG Emissions from agriculture 2000
Field
burning Enteric
agric. fermentation:
Burning Savanna residues Manure
11.9%
0.9% 2.6% management:
5.3%
Agric. soil
21.8% Rice cultivation:
57.5%

8. GHG emission projection to 2030
Tg CO2 equi.
600
GHG Emission Projection to 2010, 2020, 2030
500 Sub-sector 2010 2020 2030
Energy Forestry
400 Agriculture Total GHG
1. Livestock 17.0 22.0 26.9
300
2. Rice cultivation 34.8 34.0 32.7
3. Agricultural soil 14.0 13.5 13.2
200
100
Total ( Tg CO2 equivalent) 65.8 69.5 72.9
Year
0
2000 2010 2020 2030
-100

9. 3.Ultimate goal of mitigating GHG: Increasing
Farmer’s income and reduce GHG’s
• Economic aspect
– Low cost : investment, labor, machinery
– Market : positive expandable market, good
price
• Social aspect
– Acceptable by farmers
– Easy to implement
– Undisturbed farmer way of life

10. 1/ The biogas system
Benefits:
+Treat waste safely and prevent
infectious diseases
+ Generate cheap and clean source of
fuels for families, save money.
+ Convenient and free women from
housework
+ Reduce deforestation
+ Make use biological organic
Source: P.V.THANH (CCRD,2008)
fertilizers for cultivation.

11. 2/ Water Management in Rice Field by intermittent irrigation during
vegetative period
Benefits:
+ Increase rice yields
+Save money as save
irrigation fees.
+ Save water
resources

12. 3/ Bio-fertilizer produced by recycling living & agricultural waste
CH4 (Biogas)
for cooking, lighting, Living & agricultural
generating electricity waste
BiOVAC Benefits:
Human excreta +Increased nitrogen
Animal dung Biodigester
Biodigester 45 days fixing capacity
biodigester +Soil enrichment by
higher levels of organic
matter
N,P,K + Direct savings for
Bio- farmers as they use
(40-60%)
fertilizer less chemical fertilizers
+ Decreased
environmental pollution
plants

13. 4/ Land levelling, mulching practices
Benefit: Source: Thu DC, 2004
-Soil erosion and landslides control, reduce weed infestation
-Retain moisture and organic matter
-Increasing crop yield
-Increasing SOC’s.

14. 5/ Improving meal and eating tradition
Benefits
+Meal and eating tradition not only rice but
also various vegetables, foodstuff.
+Reduce pressure on rice cultivation;
+Some rice fields could be used to cultivate
secondary crops and other trees instead of
rice.
(Source: Viet Nam INC, 2003)

15. 4. ASSESSING SOME GHG MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR
AGRICULTURE SECTOR
Based on GHG emission potential, 5 GHG mitigation options are
assessed for Agriculture sector as follows:
• PA1: Using biogas replacing coal in cooking for the plain areas
• PA2: Using biogas repacing firewood in cooking for the moutainous
areas
• PA3: Water management in rice paddy of Red river delta region
• PA4: Water management in rice paddy of Central coastal region
• PA5: Providing MUB nutritional cake for dairy cows.

16. ASSESSING SOME GHG MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR
AGRICULTURE SECTOR
Additional cost Cost (USD/ tonne
CO2 equiv. (Tg) reduction
Option (million of USD) of CO2)
(1) (2) (3)
PA1 17.43 0.122 4.118
PA2 5.21 0.086 9.726
PA3 21.90 0.128 5.230
PA4 4.13 0.032 6.990
PA5 7.91 -0.196 -10.933
Total 56.58

17. ASSESSING SOME GHG MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR
AGRICULTURE SECTOR
US $/t of CERI CURVE FOR AGRICULTURE IN 2030
C O2
15.0 PA2
10.0 PA4
PA3
PA1
5.0
mil. t. C O2
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50
-5.0
PA5
-10.0
-15.0

18. Thank you for your listening
< cuongccsd@yahoo.com >