The document discusses occupational safety and health in the construction industry in Malaysia, noting that construction has the highest fatality rate of any industry sector due to hazards such as falls, equipment crashes, and electrocution. It examines the causes of accidents, responsibilities of stakeholders, risk assessment process, types of personal protective equipment and their limitations, and the role of organizations like DOSH and NIOSH in promoting occupational safety and health.

2.  Overview
 Definition
 Accident causes
 Cost of accident
 PPE
 Organization


6.  All construction stakeholders are responsible for safety
and health at construction site
Contractor Sub contractor
Client Consultants
Authority Workers

8.  Construction is the most dangerous land-
based work sector
 Average of 5000 construction accidents cases
reported
 Construction has about 6% of Malaysian.
workers, but 20% of the fatalities - the largest
number of fatalities reported by industry
sector.
 It is re very difficult to control construction
hazards and risks in a constantly changing
work environment

9.  The concise Oxford Dictionary defines risk
(noun) in terms of a hazard, chance, bad
consequences, loss, etc., exposure to
mischance. It defines risk (verb) in terms
of: to expose to chance of injury or loss,
venture on, accept the chance of.

10.  In professionals in the field of Occupational
Safety, Health and Environmental :
 Hazard is the potential to cause harm
 Any facility, location, equipment, tool, job,
task, or action that presents a potential of
serious injury, loss or death
 Example : ???

11.  Falling hazards
 Electrical hazards
 Struck by hazards
 Caught in between hazards
 Overhead Hazards, Objects Falling
 Cranes, Rigging
 Scaffolding, Shoring, Props
 Temporary Floors
 Access and Egress to Work Areas
 Concrete Placing
 Emergency Rescue Considerations
 Cranes and Hoisting
 Floor and Shaft Openings
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12.  Risk isthe likelihood of harm (in defined
circumstances, and usually qualified by
some statement of the severity of the
harm).

13.  Risk levels are categorized in a numbered format. Each hazard
is given a rating and this is multiplied by the probability that
these hazards will occur, as shown in the following equation.
 Risk level = Hazard severity x Likelihood of occurrence
 Step One
Give each hazard a severity marking as indicated in the table
below:
Risk Level Effect of hazard
5 Fatal injury
4 Permanent disabling injury
3 Disabling injury
2 Injury causing time off work
1 First aid only
For example:
If slipping on the stairs (hazard), could result in death or
disablement, then it must be given a rating of 4 or 5.

14.  Step Two
The next step is to consider how often each hazard is
likely to occur as indicated in the table below
Risk Level Likelihood of occurrence
5 Certain
4 Near certain
3 Very likely
2 Frequent
1 Seldom
For example:
If slipping on the stairs (hazard), was very likely to
happen, then it must be given a rating of 3.

15.  Step Three
Multiply the two scores together and you will get the risk level.
For example: 5 (hazard) multiplied by 3 (occurrence) = 15
This figure should be entered into the risk assessment form.
 Step Four
The following bullet points are guidelines to help how quickly you need
to put the controls in place
 Where hazard is given a risk ranking of 22-25 then action must be
taken immediately to reduce that risk.
 Where hazard is given a risk ranking of 16-22 then the manager must
be informed for the action to be taken at the end of that working day.
 Where hazard is given a risk ranking of between 1-15, then action
needs to be taken at the earliest opportunity, as soon as it is
reasonably practicable to do so, taking into account local
circumstances.

16.  Employers must ensure that risks are
reduced to the lowest extent reasonably
practicable.
 Thelegal definition of 'reasonably
practicable' is 'any measure which can be
reasonably carried out having regard to
technical knowledge and acceptable
expense'.

17.  The leading safety hazards on site are:
- falls from height,
- equipment crashes
- excavation accidents
- electrocution
- struck by falling objects.
 Some of the main health hazards on site are:
- asbestos
- solvents
- noise
- manual handling activities
- dengue
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18.  Construction Hazard is a situation that poses a level
of threat to life, health, property, or environment
 Most hazards are dormant or potential, with only a
theoretical risk of harm
 However, once a hazard becomes "active", it can create
an emergency situation.
 Construction Hazard:
- Hazards to construction workers
- Hazards to non-workers
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19. • Lack of trained workers and
competent site supervisors
• Lack of occupational safety and
health information, training
materials, courses and
programmes
• Lack of standard guidelines on
construction industry
requirements for the development
of safety and health solutions in
the industry;
• Poor enforcement
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20.  Lack of communication between
those in charge of construction
processes and the workers
executing them;
 Misconception that occupational
safety and health protection is an
unnecessary expenditure that
can be saved;
 Lack of information and know-
how’s on occupational safety and
health latest technology;
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21.  Senior managers of the construction
industry do not understand the
benefits of having occupational
safety and health programs
 Inadequate budget and unclear
specification on safety and health
requirements in construction
projects
 Lack of enforcement on mandatory
safety requirements.
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22. Nick Higginson

23.  Humane
 Legal
 Economic

24.  Prevent suffering and maintain quality
of life
 No-one should be expected to risk life
and limb in return for a contract of
employment

25.  Occupational Safety & Health Act 1994
 Variety of other Acts and Regulations
 Failures can lead to:
• Enforcement notices
• Prosecution
• Civil actions for compensation

27. “We recognise the importance of costing
loss events as part of total safety
management. Good safety is good
business”
Dr. J Whiston, ICI Group SHE Manager

28. “Safety is, without doubt, the most crucial
investment we can make, and the
question is not what it costs us, but what
it saves.”
Robert McKee, Chairman Conoco (UK) Ltd.

29. “Prevention is not only better, but cheaper
than cure…Profits and safety are not in
competition. On the contrary, safety at
work is good business.”
Basil Butler, MD British Petroleum plc

30. “We saved £750,000 on insurance
premiums through improving our
systematic management of health and
safety.”
Birse Group plc

31. Insurance Costs
Uninsured Costs

32.  Employers Liability
 Public Liability
 Product Liability
 Motor Vehicle

33.  Product and material damage
 Lost production time
 Legal costs
 Overtime & temporary labour
 Investigation time/Administration
 Supervisors time
 Fines
 Loss of expertise/experience
 Loss of morale
 Bad publicity

34.  Contractor (15 workers)
 Scaffolding collapse
 4 Workers fall from height
 2 employees died,
 2 injured -12 days in hospital
 Off work for 3 months
 Admin duties for 5 months
 Unable to work for 8 months
 Managing Director Prosecuted
 Stop work order for investigation

35. Wages for injured worker over period = 10000
Lost production/remedial work required = 8000
Overtime wages to cover lost production = 3000
Wages for replacement worker = 7000
Loss of time of manager/MD = 4000
Legal expenses =3000
Fines and court costs = 4000
Increase in Insurance Premiums = 6000
New scaffolding = 5000
Total cost to business = RM50,000

36. Limitation of PPE
 PPE does not eliminate a hazard source
 If PPE fails and failure is not detected, the hazard
increases greatly
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36

37. The main types of PPE
Hearing protection Eye protection
Respiratory protection Protective clothing
E. R. Vaidogas, OSH in Construction 37

38. Hazards related to hearing protection
 Ear plugs do not reduce the sound transmitted through
the bone around the ear
 Wrongly-used and poorly-fitted ear muffs can loose
much of their protection
E. R. Vaidogas, OSH in Construction 38

39. Hazards related to eye protection
 Safety spectacles do not assist against dust
 Safety goggles have the tendency to mist up inside and
provide limited vision
 Face shields restrict the vision, are heavy and
expensive
E. R. Vaidogas, OSH in Construction 39

40. Hazards related to respiratory protection
 Most equipment will not provide total protection
 May restrict vision
 Can be uncomfortable or cumbersome to wear
E. R. Vaidogas, OSH in Construction 40

41. Hazards related to protective clothing
 PVC clothing can be uncomfortable to wear and cause
stress and fatigue
 Helmets and bump caps have limited useful life
 Gloves can be entangled in machinery
E. R. Vaidogas, OSH in Construction 41

42. Safety harnesses: fall from height hazard
E. R. Vaidogas, OSH in Construction
42

43. Safety harnesses: typical occupations
Work at height
Confined space entry
E. R. Vaidogas, OSH in Construction
43

44. Safety harnesses
 Do not replace effective fall prevention practices
 May induce impact effect in the case of a fall
 Restrict comfort and freedom of movement
E. R. Vaidogas, OSH in Construction
44

45.  A social safety scheme through the insurance to cover the
workers in the accidents factors.
 Two type of scheme social security namely Skim Insurans
Bencana Pekerjaan and Skim Pencen Ilat.
 Skim Insurans Bencana Pekerjaan give protection to
workers from jobdisaster including
disease and accident during trip to work
 Skim Pencen Ilat on the other hand give
protection 24 hours to staff on diability or death result any
reason.
 both scheme ensure cash benefit payment to
staff and liability person when incident
happened to the employee.

46.  National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH)
was established on 1st December 1992
 Promote Occupational Safety and Health.
 Role:
- Ensure a safe and healthy working environment
to all employees and others involved in or
affected by its operations.
- Provide training program for the works.
- Review all safety and health management
systems and program to ensure continuous
improvement.

47.  Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 provide for the appointments of
enforcement officers, establishment of National Council for Occupational Safety and
Health, formation of policy and arrangement of measures to protect safety, health
and welfare of people at work and others who might be endangered by the activities
of people at work.
 With the approval of this Act, starting from April 1994 the Department of Factory and
Machinery has been renamed as the Department of Occupational Safety and Health
(DOSH) and the Inspectors are called Occupational Safety and Health Officers. The
powers to enforce, to inspect and the liabilities for breaking the law are defined.
 Industrial sectors that are covered by it are as follows:
Manufacturing
mining and quarrying
Construction
agriculture, forestry and fishing
utilities - gas, electric, water and sanitary services
transport, storage and communication
wholesale and retail traders
hotels and restaurants
finance, insurance, real estate, business service
public services and statutory authorities