Este documento habla sobre la ilustración en el diseño gráfico. Explica que la ilustración son imágenes que adornan o documentan un texto y pueden ser dibujos, grabados o imágenes digitales. Luego define la ilustración y describe diferentes campos como la ilustración científica, literaria, publicitaria y editorial. También cubre temas como las letras como inspiración, la importancia del texto y tipografía, y cómo crear portadas atractivas para libros, revistas y CDs mostrando ilustraciones relevant
This document provides an overview of key concepts in semiotic theory that can be applied to analyzing representations in media texts, including:
- Denotation and connotation refer to the literal and implied meanings of signs. For example, a rose denotes a flower but connotes love.
- Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships refer to vertical/categorical and horizontal/combinatorial relationships between signs that shape meaning. For example, a dog is defined by what it is not (lion, tiger, etc.) in the paradigm.
- Signs can be iconic, indexical, or symbolic in how they relate to their meanings. For example, a photograph is indexical while language is largely symbolic.
- Media meanings
El documento describe las características principales de la televisión según varios autores. Señala que la televisión crea una "mediosfera" global que transforma la sociedad y genera nuevos modos de percepción. También consolida una nueva sintaxis cultural y crea una relación emocional con los televidentes a través de la identificación.
Este documento describe varios movimientos artísticos del siglo XX como el dadaísmo y el surrealismo que influyeron en la deconstrucción de la retícula en el diseño. También presenta técnicas como la deconstrucción lingüística, la composición óptica espontánea y la alusión pictórica para organizar elementos de diseño de manera no lineal e intuitiva en respuesta a las guerras y la mecanización de la época. Finalmente, propone tomar zonas del diseño y desplazarlas, superponer mó
Roland Barthes was a French literary critic, philosopher, and semiotician born in 1915. He argued that language and style rely on conventions rather than being purely creative. Different cultures can interpret symbols differently. Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols, how they make meaning, and how codes link signs to their meanings. Signs can be iconic, resembling what they represent, symbolic through shared cultural understanding, or indexical by triggering associations through the senses.
Roland Barthes was a scholar who researched how audiences interpret visual narratives. He argued that audiences look for signs and deeper meanings in stories, based on their prior knowledge of conventions from old tales and myths. His theory of semiology examines the relationship between the signifier (the object or image) and the signified (the meaning or interpretation). For example, a stop sign can be interpreted not just as a traffic sign, but also as representing restrictions on a community's freedom of movement. This document applies Barthes' semiological theory to analyzing representations and deeper meanings in film.
El documento describe el estilo minimalista en el arte y el diseño. El minimalismo se caracteriza por la simplicidad, la abstracción, la economía de medios y la reducción de las formas a lo esencial. Artistas clave como Donald Judd, Sol LeWitt y Dan Flavin crearon obras geométricas abstractas que utilizaban pocos elementos y colores. La arquitectura minimalista de Ludwig Mies van der Rohe y Tadao Ando también se caracteriza por la simplicidad y el enfoque en lo esencial.
Este documento habla sobre la ilustración en el diseño gráfico. Explica que la ilustración son imágenes que adornan o documentan un texto y pueden ser dibujos, grabados o imágenes digitales. Luego define la ilustración y describe diferentes campos como la ilustración científica, literaria, publicitaria y editorial. También cubre temas como las letras como inspiración, la importancia del texto y tipografía, y cómo crear portadas atractivas para libros, revistas y CDs mostrando ilustraciones relevant
This document provides an overview of key concepts in semiotic theory that can be applied to analyzing representations in media texts, including:
- Denotation and connotation refer to the literal and implied meanings of signs. For example, a rose denotes a flower but connotes love.
- Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships refer to vertical/categorical and horizontal/combinatorial relationships between signs that shape meaning. For example, a dog is defined by what it is not (lion, tiger, etc.) in the paradigm.
- Signs can be iconic, indexical, or symbolic in how they relate to their meanings. For example, a photograph is indexical while language is largely symbolic.
- Media meanings
El documento describe las características principales de la televisión según varios autores. Señala que la televisión crea una "mediosfera" global que transforma la sociedad y genera nuevos modos de percepción. También consolida una nueva sintaxis cultural y crea una relación emocional con los televidentes a través de la identificación.
Este documento describe varios movimientos artísticos del siglo XX como el dadaísmo y el surrealismo que influyeron en la deconstrucción de la retícula en el diseño. También presenta técnicas como la deconstrucción lingüística, la composición óptica espontánea y la alusión pictórica para organizar elementos de diseño de manera no lineal e intuitiva en respuesta a las guerras y la mecanización de la época. Finalmente, propone tomar zonas del diseño y desplazarlas, superponer mó
Roland Barthes was a French literary critic, philosopher, and semiotician born in 1915. He argued that language and style rely on conventions rather than being purely creative. Different cultures can interpret symbols differently. Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols, how they make meaning, and how codes link signs to their meanings. Signs can be iconic, resembling what they represent, symbolic through shared cultural understanding, or indexical by triggering associations through the senses.
Roland Barthes was a scholar who researched how audiences interpret visual narratives. He argued that audiences look for signs and deeper meanings in stories, based on their prior knowledge of conventions from old tales and myths. His theory of semiology examines the relationship between the signifier (the object or image) and the signified (the meaning or interpretation). For example, a stop sign can be interpreted not just as a traffic sign, but also as representing restrictions on a community's freedom of movement. This document applies Barthes' semiological theory to analyzing representations and deeper meanings in film.
El documento describe el estilo minimalista en el arte y el diseño. El minimalismo se caracteriza por la simplicidad, la abstracción, la economía de medios y la reducción de las formas a lo esencial. Artistas clave como Donald Judd, Sol LeWitt y Dan Flavin crearon obras geométricas abstractas que utilizaban pocos elementos y colores. La arquitectura minimalista de Ludwig Mies van der Rohe y Tadao Ando también se caracteriza por la simplicidad y el enfoque en lo esencial.
This document defines and compares drama-documentary and docu-drama films. Drama-documentaries combine conventional documentary techniques like interviews with narrative reconstructions to engage audiences and deliver a message in an authentic way. Docu-dramas are narrative dramas shot like documentaries, using techniques like shaky cameras and interviews to create a realistic environment. Both rely on verisimilitude, or realistic portrayals, but drama-documentaries are based on real events while docu-dramas use fictional stories. The document analyzes films like The War Game and Touching the Void to illustrate the differences.
1) Media texts are composed of signs, which can have multiple meanings depending on their denotation and connotations.
2) Signs take on dominant meanings when viewed in the context of other signs through codes. Anchorage and cropping are used to guide interpretation of signs.
3) However, signs can still be open to polysemic, or multiple, interpretations depending on a person's cultural and experiential background knowledge. Understanding how signs operate individually and together through codes is important for interpreting media texts.
This document discusses film posters, their purpose and evolution. Film posters are created to market and advertise films, giving audiences a sense of the film's genre and stars to attract viewers. Traditionally, posters featured painted portraits of main characters with simple backgrounds, but now often use photographs from films with effects. Posters normally display the title prominently, feature protagonists looking at the camera, and include a tagline to entice viewers. Bollywood posters are typically inspired by Hollywood styles. The poster for "Taare Zameen Par" reflects the film's story through drawings behind the characters and communicates the child's personality through fonts and colors.
This document provides an introduction to semiotics and media terminology. It defines key semiotic concepts like denotation, connotation, and signifier/signified and explains how codes and signs work together to construct meaning in media texts. Examples are given of how genres rely on established signs and signifying practices to convey meaning through visual codes like dress, colors, and body language.
Este documento resume seis principios básicos del diseño gráfico: balance, proximidad, alineación, repetición, contraste y espacio. También describe siete elementos del diseño y varias tendencias actuales en diseño gráfico como el uso de colores brillantes, ilustraciones personalizadas y tipografías únicas.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and case studies to be covered regarding media regulation. It discusses debates around contemporary regulation compared to past practices and arguments for and against regulation. Examples of regulatory bodies like the BBFC and controversial films/games like Grotesque are presented to illustrate effective analysis of issues around censorship and social impacts of media.
The document discusses key concepts in semiotics, the study of signs and symbols. It explains that Ferdinand de Saussure distinguished between the signifier (physical form of the sign) and the signified (meaning represented). Roland Barthes focused on how signs represent cultures through denotation (literal meaning) and connotation (suggested cultural meanings). Stuart Hall theorized that media messages are encoded but audiences decode them based on their own backgrounds, and that meanings are relative rather than fixed.
Este documento proporciona información sobre las técnicas y materiales del rotulador. Explica que el rotulador fue inventado en Japón en los años 1960 y se ha utilizado ampliamente en el diseño, ilustración y arte urbano. También describe diferentes técnicas como el color plano, rayado, enmascaramientos y superposición de colores, e identifica varios artistas como Roy Lichtenstein, Luis Gordillo y Keith Haring que han usado rotuladores en su obra.
This document discusses key concepts around how media representations are constructed rather than objective reflections of reality. It addresses how media images are often interpretations that say something about their subject and can endorse particular ideologies. Media representations may rely on shorthand like stereotypes due to limitations of time and resources. The meaning of representations depends on whose interpretation is being considered - the producer, audience or text itself. Representations can have political or social consequences by influencing how groups are seen and treated in society.
El documento discute el libro de artista y el libro objeto. Define al libro de artista como una obra de arte en sí misma, no solo un libro sobre arte. Explica que los libros objetos son objetos táctiles y sensoriales que invitan a la manipulación. Traza brevemente la historia del libro de artista desde los precursores como Mallarmé y Duchamp hasta los primeros libros concebidos como obras de arte por Edward Ruscha en la década de 1960. Finalmente, enfatiza la importancia de probar diversos materiales y formatos para
Este documento analiza el famoso poster de Bob Dylan creado por Milton Glaser en 1966. Explica que Glaser creó el poster para promover el álbum de grandes éxitos de Dylan a pedido de Columbia Records. También describe el contexto social y político de los Estados Unidos en los años 1960 que influyó en el diseño psicodélico del poster. Luego, analiza los elementos cromáticos, de forma y recursos visuales utilizados en la composición del poster iconico de Dylan.
El documento define la caricatura periodística como una pieza de periodismo gráfico que expresa una idea sobre la actualidad a través de dibujos exagerados con un enfoque crítico e irónico. Suelen publicarse en periódicos, revistas y páginas web para amenizar la lectura con humor y fomentar el debate sobre temas de interés. Las caricaturas se caracterizan por abordar asuntos actuales desde una perspectiva de opinión y representar de forma exagerada las características de personas y entidades.
Key Concepts in Media Studies Lecture 3 SemioticsMarcus Leaning
An introductory lecture on semiotics covering concepts such as the sign, signifier, signified, referent, paradigmatic and syntagmatic analysis, indexical, iconic and symbolic signs.
Given as part of the Key Concepts in Media Studies 1st year module of the BA (hons) Media Studies at the University of Winchester in the UK.
Om Shanti Om is a 2007 Bollywood film that uses extensive intertextual references and metafictional elements to comment on Bollywood cinema's history and conventions. Through remaking scenes and songs from the 1980 film Karz, and having the main character become an actor who witnesses his own murder, the film reflects critically on Bollywood's past eras while also holding a mirror to its present amid changes in Indian society and media. By deliberately calling attention to its own artificial nature and compositional elements, Om Shanti Om engages in metalepsis to reveal how texts are constructed and comment on genre.
El documento proporciona información sobre los significados y asociaciones de diferentes colores, incluyendo rojo, rosado, magenta, naranja, marrón, amarillo, dorado y verde. Describe cómo cada color se relaciona con emociones, símbolos y conceptos. También incluye detalles sobre las propiedades físicas y el uso de los colores.
Postmodernism emphasizes style over substance and challenges traditional notions of art, truth, and linear narratives. Key aspects include the breakdown of distinctions between high and low culture, an emphasis on bricolage and mixing of cultural forms, and questioning of objective truths and meta-narratives through techniques like self-referentiality, deconstruction, and challenging hierarchies. Postmodern culture is characterized by constant remaking and influences between new and old works, with reality being blurred by media like music videos and photography.
Typography is the art of arranging text to make language visible. Essentially, all forms of writing are typography. Typography can also use text to create written images using language.
Postmodern media rejects the idea that any media product is more valuable than another. It argues that our sense of reality is now dominated by popular media images, and the distinction between media and reality has collapsed. Postmodern media is characterized by hybridity, bricolage, simulation, and disjointed narratives that mimic the uncertainties of postmodernity. Experts claim that economic and cultural changes have led to a society dominated by images and short attention spans.
Este documento resume la historia de la señalización desde la prehistoria hasta el siglo XX. Comenzó con pinturas rupestres y piedras con señales en la prehistoria, luego sellos de arcilla y mapas en Mesopotamia, tablones con figuras y símbolos en Grecia, sellos de ciudades y señales de caminos en la Edad Media, mapas y escudos en el Renacimiento, mapas con distancias tipificadas en Francia en el siglo XIX, y finalmente la señalización como parte integral de la
This document defines and compares drama-documentary and docu-drama films. Drama-documentaries combine conventional documentary techniques like interviews with narrative reconstructions to engage audiences and deliver a message in an authentic way. Docu-dramas are narrative dramas shot like documentaries, using techniques like shaky cameras and interviews to create a realistic environment. Both rely on verisimilitude, or realistic portrayals, but drama-documentaries are based on real events while docu-dramas use fictional stories. The document analyzes films like The War Game and Touching the Void to illustrate the differences.
1) Media texts are composed of signs, which can have multiple meanings depending on their denotation and connotations.
2) Signs take on dominant meanings when viewed in the context of other signs through codes. Anchorage and cropping are used to guide interpretation of signs.
3) However, signs can still be open to polysemic, or multiple, interpretations depending on a person's cultural and experiential background knowledge. Understanding how signs operate individually and together through codes is important for interpreting media texts.
This document discusses film posters, their purpose and evolution. Film posters are created to market and advertise films, giving audiences a sense of the film's genre and stars to attract viewers. Traditionally, posters featured painted portraits of main characters with simple backgrounds, but now often use photographs from films with effects. Posters normally display the title prominently, feature protagonists looking at the camera, and include a tagline to entice viewers. Bollywood posters are typically inspired by Hollywood styles. The poster for "Taare Zameen Par" reflects the film's story through drawings behind the characters and communicates the child's personality through fonts and colors.
This document provides an introduction to semiotics and media terminology. It defines key semiotic concepts like denotation, connotation, and signifier/signified and explains how codes and signs work together to construct meaning in media texts. Examples are given of how genres rely on established signs and signifying practices to convey meaning through visual codes like dress, colors, and body language.
Este documento resume seis principios básicos del diseño gráfico: balance, proximidad, alineación, repetición, contraste y espacio. También describe siete elementos del diseño y varias tendencias actuales en diseño gráfico como el uso de colores brillantes, ilustraciones personalizadas y tipografías únicas.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and case studies to be covered regarding media regulation. It discusses debates around contemporary regulation compared to past practices and arguments for and against regulation. Examples of regulatory bodies like the BBFC and controversial films/games like Grotesque are presented to illustrate effective analysis of issues around censorship and social impacts of media.
The document discusses key concepts in semiotics, the study of signs and symbols. It explains that Ferdinand de Saussure distinguished between the signifier (physical form of the sign) and the signified (meaning represented). Roland Barthes focused on how signs represent cultures through denotation (literal meaning) and connotation (suggested cultural meanings). Stuart Hall theorized that media messages are encoded but audiences decode them based on their own backgrounds, and that meanings are relative rather than fixed.
Este documento proporciona información sobre las técnicas y materiales del rotulador. Explica que el rotulador fue inventado en Japón en los años 1960 y se ha utilizado ampliamente en el diseño, ilustración y arte urbano. También describe diferentes técnicas como el color plano, rayado, enmascaramientos y superposición de colores, e identifica varios artistas como Roy Lichtenstein, Luis Gordillo y Keith Haring que han usado rotuladores en su obra.
This document discusses key concepts around how media representations are constructed rather than objective reflections of reality. It addresses how media images are often interpretations that say something about their subject and can endorse particular ideologies. Media representations may rely on shorthand like stereotypes due to limitations of time and resources. The meaning of representations depends on whose interpretation is being considered - the producer, audience or text itself. Representations can have political or social consequences by influencing how groups are seen and treated in society.
El documento discute el libro de artista y el libro objeto. Define al libro de artista como una obra de arte en sí misma, no solo un libro sobre arte. Explica que los libros objetos son objetos táctiles y sensoriales que invitan a la manipulación. Traza brevemente la historia del libro de artista desde los precursores como Mallarmé y Duchamp hasta los primeros libros concebidos como obras de arte por Edward Ruscha en la década de 1960. Finalmente, enfatiza la importancia de probar diversos materiales y formatos para
Este documento analiza el famoso poster de Bob Dylan creado por Milton Glaser en 1966. Explica que Glaser creó el poster para promover el álbum de grandes éxitos de Dylan a pedido de Columbia Records. También describe el contexto social y político de los Estados Unidos en los años 1960 que influyó en el diseño psicodélico del poster. Luego, analiza los elementos cromáticos, de forma y recursos visuales utilizados en la composición del poster iconico de Dylan.
El documento define la caricatura periodística como una pieza de periodismo gráfico que expresa una idea sobre la actualidad a través de dibujos exagerados con un enfoque crítico e irónico. Suelen publicarse en periódicos, revistas y páginas web para amenizar la lectura con humor y fomentar el debate sobre temas de interés. Las caricaturas se caracterizan por abordar asuntos actuales desde una perspectiva de opinión y representar de forma exagerada las características de personas y entidades.
Key Concepts in Media Studies Lecture 3 SemioticsMarcus Leaning
An introductory lecture on semiotics covering concepts such as the sign, signifier, signified, referent, paradigmatic and syntagmatic analysis, indexical, iconic and symbolic signs.
Given as part of the Key Concepts in Media Studies 1st year module of the BA (hons) Media Studies at the University of Winchester in the UK.
Om Shanti Om is a 2007 Bollywood film that uses extensive intertextual references and metafictional elements to comment on Bollywood cinema's history and conventions. Through remaking scenes and songs from the 1980 film Karz, and having the main character become an actor who witnesses his own murder, the film reflects critically on Bollywood's past eras while also holding a mirror to its present amid changes in Indian society and media. By deliberately calling attention to its own artificial nature and compositional elements, Om Shanti Om engages in metalepsis to reveal how texts are constructed and comment on genre.
El documento proporciona información sobre los significados y asociaciones de diferentes colores, incluyendo rojo, rosado, magenta, naranja, marrón, amarillo, dorado y verde. Describe cómo cada color se relaciona con emociones, símbolos y conceptos. También incluye detalles sobre las propiedades físicas y el uso de los colores.
Postmodernism emphasizes style over substance and challenges traditional notions of art, truth, and linear narratives. Key aspects include the breakdown of distinctions between high and low culture, an emphasis on bricolage and mixing of cultural forms, and questioning of objective truths and meta-narratives through techniques like self-referentiality, deconstruction, and challenging hierarchies. Postmodern culture is characterized by constant remaking and influences between new and old works, with reality being blurred by media like music videos and photography.
Typography is the art of arranging text to make language visible. Essentially, all forms of writing are typography. Typography can also use text to create written images using language.
Postmodern media rejects the idea that any media product is more valuable than another. It argues that our sense of reality is now dominated by popular media images, and the distinction between media and reality has collapsed. Postmodern media is characterized by hybridity, bricolage, simulation, and disjointed narratives that mimic the uncertainties of postmodernity. Experts claim that economic and cultural changes have led to a society dominated by images and short attention spans.
Este documento resume la historia de la señalización desde la prehistoria hasta el siglo XX. Comenzó con pinturas rupestres y piedras con señales en la prehistoria, luego sellos de arcilla y mapas en Mesopotamia, tablones con figuras y símbolos en Grecia, sellos de ciudades y señales de caminos en la Edad Media, mapas y escudos en el Renacimiento, mapas con distancias tipificadas en Francia en el siglo XIX, y finalmente la señalización como parte integral de la
The brand that is andrew walsh presenatationAndrew Walsh
Andrew Walsh introduces himself as a business and management student interested in financial markets and being a croupier. He maintains a Twitter account, LinkedIn account, WordPress blog, and Facebook account to develop his personal brand. Andrew is unsure where his personal branding may take him, but has opportunities to attend Boston College next year or London Business School, and potentially work in America or China. He provides his contact details and links to his social media profiles.
This document summarizes key leadership qualities exhibited by influential historical figures. It discusses the leadership traits of determination as shown by Rosa Parks, courage displayed by Martin Luther King Jr. and Eleanor Roosevelt, and fortitude exemplified by Nelson Mandela. The document argues that today's school systems require innovative leaders willing to reform structures and processes to better educate students.
American Translator Services (ATS) was founded in 2008 to provide precise and timely translations to support federal law enforcement agencies. ATS ensures high quality by thoroughly reviewing all translated content and maintaining strong standards. They aim to fully understand each client's goals and needs to deliver exceptional service and match projects with the best qualified translators. ATS is committed to minimizing environmental impact and being a leader in the translation industry.
Dokumen tersebut merupakan program diet 13 hari yang terdiri dari menu sarapan, makan siang, dan makan malam untuk setiap harinya selama 13 hari. Program diet ini bertujuan untuk menurunkan berat badan sebesar 7-8 kg dengan cara mengkonsumsi makanan rendah kalori dan garam serta banyak minum air putih. Diet ini hanya perlu diulang setahun sekali.
The document outlines the process taken to create a production. First, an appropriate landscape background was applied. Then carefully selected foreground images like logos and character skulls were collected. Finally, the top voted characters from a survey were added to make it more familiar to the audience, along with the artists from top voted songs in character skull form. The production was finished by animating it to make it more interactive and eye-catching.
The shooting schedule outlines 10 days of filming for a music video. Day 1 involves rehearsing the intro and establishing characters. Day 2 shoots the intro with multiple takes. Days 3-4 shoot flashbacks from verses 1-2 with rehearsal. Day 5 rehearses a studio performance. Days 6-8 shoot the chorus, final verse, and outro with multiple takes each. Days 9-10 film bridging components and the outro with rehearsal and multiple takes.
Tarea 5 cuál seria la forma para que la edu del siglo xxiGeintner Albuja
Este documento discute cómo la educación del siglo 21 puede convertirse en una puerta de entrada e inclusión a la sociedad del conocimiento. Propone cuatro hipótesis: 1) reafirmar el valor de la educación privilegiando la cultura, lo social y lo moral, 2) enfrentar los nuevos retos de la sociedad, 3) crear condiciones y capacidades, y 4) entender la era digital en un sentido particular. También sugiere estrategias como dar prioridad a la educación, capacitar a docentes en tecnología, promover cambios de actitud
This document provides information about organizing a Harvest Montana fundraiser to support local agriculture and healthy school fundraising. It describes how the fundraiser works, giving examples of past fundraisers. It then outlines 10 steps to organize a fundraiser, including reading materials, getting support, setting goals and timelines, choosing products and vendors, creating marketing materials, implementing sales, delivery, and follow up. The goal is to connect schools and local farms through a healthy fundraising option that supports student and community wellness.
13. 瑞士索緒爾符號學( 1906 年)
.索緒爾符號學的特點是:
(1 ) 單一符號( s ig n )分成能指( S ig n ifie r )
.
和所指( S ig n ifie d )兩部分。能指是符號
索
的語音形象;所指是符號的意義概念部份。
緒
由兩部份組成的一個整體,稱為符號。
爾
(2) 能指和所指兩者之間的關係是任意性
( arb itrarin e s s ),沒有必然關連。
符
號
19. 何謂「文本」
?
.一組「再現的符碼所組成的表意結構」。
.文本三層次:
文字作品〈 Writte n wo rk 〉 - 最傳統的定義。
文化作品〈 C u ltu ral wo rk 〉
- 廣告、電視、電影、攝影、網頁…
文化實做〈 C u ltu ral p rac tic e 〉
- 一旦表達了某種意義,就可是個文本。
20. 巴特的文本理
論
.法國理論大師巴特肯定讀者在閱讀過程中的「創造」
功用。
.他的作品<作者已死>一文中,巴特質疑作者的功
用,他同時認為,文本是一種具開放性的可寫空間。
.巨大的互文系統中,透過互文的引證與參照,產生
一種開放流動性的可讀文本,這理論在<從作品到
文本>文中得到佐證。該文中,他辨析了「文本」
( te xt )與「作品」( wo rk )之間的差別並提出七
種論點:
25. 二、照片、歷史與記憶:
以羅蘭巴特觀點閱讀小川樂之《歐巴桑》
羅蘭巴特在《明室》( C am e ra Lu c id a )一書中
提出的照片閱讀觀點「此曾在」,意思在強調照片中
的人物的確是曾經存在過,且與鏡頭面對面。在時間
因素的思考下,照片連接過去、現在與未來,攝影的
「此曾在」的本質(攝影的複製能力),一旦找到能
迎合自己體認的「真正完全的照片」,這個「此曾在
」就會變成「此即是」。
例:從小喪母的巴特,從照片中認定母親的長相。
26. 二、照片、歷史與記憶:
以羅蘭巴特觀點閱讀小川樂之《歐巴桑》
小川樂( Jo y Ko g awa )的《歐巴桑》描寫日裔
加拿大人在第二次世界大戰期間的傷痛經驗。作者根
據自身經驗,塑造故事的主角娜歐米( N ao m i ),試
圖藉娜歐米這個受害者的觀點,來回顧並重新建構這
一段歷史。透過回憶的書寫,作者不僅揭露加拿大政
府當時對日裔加拿大人的政治迫害,同時也呈現日裔
加拿大人在戰後如何面對他們的創傷經驗與歷史。在
故事主角娜歐米( N ao m i )的敘述中,照片是其召喚
兒時回憶與重新建構族裔歷史的重要媒介之一。