This document discusses carbon-14 labeling of peptides for use in ADME studies. It provides an overview of carbon-14, its production and starting materials. Synthetic strategies for incorporating carbon-14 into peptides are described, including direct labeling of amino acids or terminal residues. Case studies demonstrate labeling strategies for two peptides, one involving a biotinylation reaction. The document concludes that carbon-14 labeling is well-suited for assessing a drug's ADME profile and that limitations in specific activity can be overcome through accelerated mass spectrometry.
This document discusses using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to detect chemical agents and their hydrolysis products in water at very low (part-per-billion) concentrations in less than 10 minutes. SERS provides high specificity and sensitivity to identify chemicals without false positives. The approach uses functionalized sol-gel SERS capillaries to extract and pre-concentrate samples for fast, on-site analysis at part-per-billion levels for chemicals like cyanide, thiodiglycol, and methyl phosphonic acid in under a minute. Future work involves continuous monitoring of water supplies using a SERS sensor connected to a flow system.
The big topic of the last few years, the use of small organic molecules to catalyse enantioselective transformations. This lecture will start with proline before moving on to some of MacMillan's contributions to this field and, finally, finish with hydrogen bond catalysts and Brønsted acids.
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of Schiff base ligands and their antimony complexes. The ligands were synthesized by reacting 5-phenyl-1H-imidazole-4-carbaldehyde with carbonohydrazide or thiocarbonohydrazide. Antimony complexes were then prepared by reacting the ligands with antimony salts. The ligands and complexes were characterized using techniques such as elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy and tested for antibacterial activity.
1. Cardiac glycosides are characterized by steroidal genins with β-OH groups at C-3 and C-14, and an unsaturated lactone ring at C-17.
2. They are classified as cardenolides containing a 5-membered lactone ring like digitalis, or bufadienolides containing a 6-membered ring like toad venom.
3. Common digitalis glycosides include digitoxin, gitoxin, and digoxin derived from digitoxigenin, gitoxigenin, and digoxigenin respectively, linked to sugars like digitoxose.
This document outlines the metabolic pathway of isoprene, which is a precursor of cholesterol and other steroids. It shows the enzymatic conversions from acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA to mevalonate, and then to geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. This compound is further metabolized through squalene and lanosterol to cholesterol, ergosterol, calciferol, and other steroids. The pathway also branches to produce carotenoids like beta-carotene and lycopene.
Senna glycoside is a type of anthraquinone glycoside found in senna leaves. It consists mainly of dimeric anthracene glycosides called sennosides. Sennosides include sennoside A, B, C and D which contain rhein and/or emodin anthrones joined by C-C bonds. Their purgative effects are due to the anthracene aglycones which are released in the large intestine. Hydroxylation and the degree of oxidation impact activity. Glycosylation allows transport to the intestine. Senna preparations are used as laxatives and cathartics and work by stimulating intestinal peristalsis.
Self explanatory really, this lecture looks at chiral auxiliaries. We will concentrate on oxazolidinones in alkylations, aldol reaction and the Diels-Alder reaction. There will be a couple examples of other auxiliaries.
This document discusses carbon-14 labeling of peptides for use in ADME studies. It provides an overview of carbon-14, its production and starting materials. Synthetic strategies for incorporating carbon-14 into peptides are described, including direct labeling of amino acids or terminal residues. Case studies demonstrate labeling strategies for two peptides, one involving a biotinylation reaction. The document concludes that carbon-14 labeling is well-suited for assessing a drug's ADME profile and that limitations in specific activity can be overcome through accelerated mass spectrometry.
This document discusses using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to detect chemical agents and their hydrolysis products in water at very low (part-per-billion) concentrations in less than 10 minutes. SERS provides high specificity and sensitivity to identify chemicals without false positives. The approach uses functionalized sol-gel SERS capillaries to extract and pre-concentrate samples for fast, on-site analysis at part-per-billion levels for chemicals like cyanide, thiodiglycol, and methyl phosphonic acid in under a minute. Future work involves continuous monitoring of water supplies using a SERS sensor connected to a flow system.
The big topic of the last few years, the use of small organic molecules to catalyse enantioselective transformations. This lecture will start with proline before moving on to some of MacMillan's contributions to this field and, finally, finish with hydrogen bond catalysts and Brønsted acids.
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of Schiff base ligands and their antimony complexes. The ligands were synthesized by reacting 5-phenyl-1H-imidazole-4-carbaldehyde with carbonohydrazide or thiocarbonohydrazide. Antimony complexes were then prepared by reacting the ligands with antimony salts. The ligands and complexes were characterized using techniques such as elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy and tested for antibacterial activity.
1. Cardiac glycosides are characterized by steroidal genins with β-OH groups at C-3 and C-14, and an unsaturated lactone ring at C-17.
2. They are classified as cardenolides containing a 5-membered lactone ring like digitalis, or bufadienolides containing a 6-membered ring like toad venom.
3. Common digitalis glycosides include digitoxin, gitoxin, and digoxin derived from digitoxigenin, gitoxigenin, and digoxigenin respectively, linked to sugars like digitoxose.
This document outlines the metabolic pathway of isoprene, which is a precursor of cholesterol and other steroids. It shows the enzymatic conversions from acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA to mevalonate, and then to geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. This compound is further metabolized through squalene and lanosterol to cholesterol, ergosterol, calciferol, and other steroids. The pathway also branches to produce carotenoids like beta-carotene and lycopene.
Senna glycoside is a type of anthraquinone glycoside found in senna leaves. It consists mainly of dimeric anthracene glycosides called sennosides. Sennosides include sennoside A, B, C and D which contain rhein and/or emodin anthrones joined by C-C bonds. Their purgative effects are due to the anthracene aglycones which are released in the large intestine. Hydroxylation and the degree of oxidation impact activity. Glycosylation allows transport to the intestine. Senna preparations are used as laxatives and cathartics and work by stimulating intestinal peristalsis.
Self explanatory really, this lecture looks at chiral auxiliaries. We will concentrate on oxazolidinones in alkylations, aldol reaction and the Diels-Alder reaction. There will be a couple examples of other auxiliaries.
Finishing oxidation by looking at the Baeyer-Villiger reaction and then turning our attention to reduction. Once again we will see the usual suspects with a who is who of hydride sources.
This document discusses metrics for measuring green chemistry performance in the pharmaceutical industry. It notes that pharmaceutical processes are complex, involving multiple reaction stages and waste streams. The author advocates asking the right questions to define appropriate metrics, as there are many options. Key lessons are that analysis provides value and positive change is possible through establishing the right process measures from early stages of development.
PhytoQuest owns science to innovate natural ingredients and compounds in the high-margin healthy-living products emerging from the convergence of food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. The company was founded in 1999 as a spin-off focusing on plant-derived, water-soluble components. PhytoQuest maintains several compound libraries containing over 1,100 novel and commercially available compounds for screening purposes. Examples of areas of focus and expertise include iminosugars, which are sugar analogs that can act as glycosylation inhibitors or immune modulators, and certain compounds like casuarines that show promise in modulating immune responses and exhibiting anti-cancer activity.
Hemicellulose extraction from wood OSB strandsroryjara
Extraction of wood components from OSB strands using hot water. A composition of the liquid phase (extract) is given for different extraction conditions. Mechanical properties of OSB panels made with the extracted wood are compared with standard panels.
This document summarizes the optimization of an organocatalytic domino Michael-Aldol reaction to synthesize bispirooxindoles. Various cinchona alkaloid derivatives were evaluated as catalysts, with a trifunctional S-binaphthyl diamine catalyst (VIII) giving excellent diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity. Reaction conditions such as temperature, solvent, and substrate scope were varied, demonstrating good yields and selectivity for a range of substrates. A different protecting group was also investigated, and bispirooxindoles were successfully deprotected to give the corresponding amines in high yields and selectivity.
Use of stoichiometric amounts of a chiral source. The usual suspects will be discussed, including borane reagents (mostly pinene derivatives) and the Brown allylation.
The document discusses the stability of pharmaceutical formulations. It defines stability as a formulation remaining within its physical, chemical, microbiological, therapeutic and toxicological specifications. Stability is important to ensure drug products maintain quality and intended effects until expiration. Chemical and physical degradation pathways include hydrolysis, oxidation, photodegradation, and interactions with excipients or other drugs. Factors like temperature, pH, moisture, and light can affect the rate of degradation. The document focuses on hydrolysis and oxidation as two major degradation pathways and provides examples of each.
Glycosides are compounds that contain a sugar component (glycone) bonded to another part of the molecule (aglycone) through a glycosidic linkage. There are several types of glycosidic linkages and classifications of glycosides based on their structure. Glycosides can be hydrolyzed by acids, bases, or enzymes to release sugars. They play various roles in medicine as cardiac drugs, laxatives, and other therapeutic agents. The document provides detailed information on the definition, classification, isolation, identification, and properties of different types of glycosides.
1) Glycosides are compounds that contain a sugar component (glycone) bonded to a non-sugar component (aglycone) through a glycosidic linkage. Common types include O-glycosides (with an alcoholic hydroxyl group), S-glycosides (with a sulfur group), and N-glycosides (with a nitrogen group).
2) Glycosides can be classified in several ways, including by the type of sugar (e.g. glucosides contain glucose), number of sugars, physiological activity, chemical nature of the aglycone, and plant family. All natural glycosides contain beta-linked sugars.
3) Glycosides exhibit diversity in properties
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
The document describes the synthesis and pharmacological screening of benzoxazole derivatives as potential anti-inflammatory agents. A series of N'-[substituted sulfonyl]-1,3-benzoxazole-5-carbohydrazide compounds were synthesized using a multi-step synthesis route involving nitration, reduction, acid reactions, and substitution. The compounds were characterized using methods like IR, 1H NMR and mass spectroscopy. The compounds were then screened for anti-inflammatory activity and approximate toxicity. Eight compounds were synthesized with different R1 and R2 substituents on the benzoxazole ring. Preliminary pharmacological screening found some compounds showed promising anti-inflammatory activity with low toxicity, making them potential
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
The document summarizes the synthesis and pharmacological screening of some benzoxazole derivatives as anti-inflammatory agents. A series of new 5-substituted benzoxazoles were synthesized and characterized. These compounds were then screened for their anti-inflammatory activity. Eight compounds (VIa-VIh) with different substituents were synthesized using an appropriate synthetic route. These compounds were purified and their structures were confirmed through various analytical techniques. The compounds were then evaluated for their anti-inflammatory potential through preliminary pharmacological screening tests.
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and pentose sugars through oxidative and non-oxidative branches. In the oxidative branch, glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized to produce NADPH and ribulose-5-phosphate. A series of isomerizations and transketolase reactions in the non-oxidative branch generate additional pentose phosphates and hexose phosphates. Overall, the pathway generates reducing power in the form of NADPH and pentose sugars used for nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis.
1. Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol and involves the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate through a reaction catalyzed by hexokinase using ATP as an energy source.
2. Glucose-6-phosphate then undergoes a series of reactions catalyzed by different enzymes to produce two molecules of pyruvate, involving phosphorylation, isomerization, and cleavage reactions.
3. These reactions initially require energy input in the form of ATP but later reactions produce ATP and NADH, which are used in downstream metabolic pathways.
The document provides an overview of projected trends in next-generation bioplastics. It states that bioplastic capacity is currently only 1% of total plastics production but is projected to grow 20-40% annually. Demand for durable bioplastics is increasing in packaging, electronics, and automotive applications, and these are expected to account for almost 40% of bioplastics in 2011 compared to 12% in 2010. Emerging technologies that could enable this transition include new biomass conversion processes to produce biobased monomers economically and drop-in replacements for petroleum-based monomers that will be first to market. Key players are working to improve biobased plastics from renewable resources like sugar cane, corn
The document summarizes the chemistry of azoxy compounds, which contain the azoxy functional group. Azoxyalkanes are generally very stable to heat and light and do not readily undergo reactions like loss of nitrogen. However, intramolecular radical reactions of azoxy compounds can generate cyclic aminyl nitroxides or hydrazyls. The azoxy group stabilizes attached carbon-centered radicals, but the chemistry of α-azoxy radicals is not fully understood. Thermolysis of azoxy compounds usually does not lead to loss of nitrogen dioxide, and instead forms amine oxides or stabilized radicals through rearrangement.
The document discusses step-growth polymerization and the development of important polymers like nylon 6,6 and polyesters. It describes how Wallace Carothers at DuPont synthesized nylon 6,6 from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine to produce the first fully synthetic fiber. Later researchers developed other nylons like nylon 6 from caprolactam and Kevlar from aromatic monomers. Polyesters were also improved through the use of terephthalic acid to increase stiffness and melting point, allowing poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET to be used for fibers.
The document summarizes the process of glycolysis. It begins with glucose being phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase. Glucose-6-phosphate then undergoes isomerization and a series of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions to yield two molecules of pyruvate. Energy from glucose is initially stored as ATP and later released. Key steps include phosphofructokinase regulating flux and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase generating NADH.
Biotransformation refers to the chemical alteration of substances within living organisms, typically involving enzymatic reactions. These reactions make compounds more water-soluble so they can be more easily excreted from the body. Biotransformation occurs in three phases - Phase I involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis reactions; Phase II involves conjugating reactions like glucuronidation and sulfation; Phase III involves transport of conjugated compounds out of cells and organs. The liver is a major site of biotransformation, with cytochrome P450 enzymes and conjugating enzymes playing important roles in Phase I and Phase II reactions. Biotransformation is vital for the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics in the body.
This chapter discusses biological molecules and carbon chemistry. Carbon atoms can form up to four bonds and are versatile building blocks of organic molecules. Organic molecules contain carbon and often have functional groups that determine properties like polarity and reactivity. Lipids are nonpolar and include fats and fatty acids. Fats are made of glycerol bonded to three fatty acids, releasing water. This forms triglycerides, the main energy storage molecules in animals.
Carbohydrates can be classified into 4 main groups:
1) Monosaccharides which include simple sugars that cannot be further broken down, such as glucose and fructose.
2) Disaccharides formed from two monosaccharides joined together like sucrose.
3) Oligosaccharides containing 3-10 monosaccharide units such as raffinose.
4) Polysaccharides consisting of long chains of monosaccharide units like starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
Carbohydrates serve important functions like energy storage, structural support, and participating in biological processes. They can be identified using chemical tests like Fehling's solution which detects the presence of reducing
This document discusses sugarcane and potential grass crops for biofuel production. It summarizes research on engineering sugarcane to produce various compounds, including p-hydroxybenzoic acid, sorbitol, and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). Sugarcane was successfully engineered to produce these compounds, though sorbitol production negatively impacted plant growth. The document also describes developing a high-throughput screening method using Nile Blue A staining to rapidly identify PHB-producing sugarcane lines before greenhouse trials. This screening method accurately identified PHB producers and can be applied to large numbers of plantlets.
Finishing oxidation by looking at the Baeyer-Villiger reaction and then turning our attention to reduction. Once again we will see the usual suspects with a who is who of hydride sources.
This document discusses metrics for measuring green chemistry performance in the pharmaceutical industry. It notes that pharmaceutical processes are complex, involving multiple reaction stages and waste streams. The author advocates asking the right questions to define appropriate metrics, as there are many options. Key lessons are that analysis provides value and positive change is possible through establishing the right process measures from early stages of development.
PhytoQuest owns science to innovate natural ingredients and compounds in the high-margin healthy-living products emerging from the convergence of food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. The company was founded in 1999 as a spin-off focusing on plant-derived, water-soluble components. PhytoQuest maintains several compound libraries containing over 1,100 novel and commercially available compounds for screening purposes. Examples of areas of focus and expertise include iminosugars, which are sugar analogs that can act as glycosylation inhibitors or immune modulators, and certain compounds like casuarines that show promise in modulating immune responses and exhibiting anti-cancer activity.
Hemicellulose extraction from wood OSB strandsroryjara
Extraction of wood components from OSB strands using hot water. A composition of the liquid phase (extract) is given for different extraction conditions. Mechanical properties of OSB panels made with the extracted wood are compared with standard panels.
This document summarizes the optimization of an organocatalytic domino Michael-Aldol reaction to synthesize bispirooxindoles. Various cinchona alkaloid derivatives were evaluated as catalysts, with a trifunctional S-binaphthyl diamine catalyst (VIII) giving excellent diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity. Reaction conditions such as temperature, solvent, and substrate scope were varied, demonstrating good yields and selectivity for a range of substrates. A different protecting group was also investigated, and bispirooxindoles were successfully deprotected to give the corresponding amines in high yields and selectivity.
Use of stoichiometric amounts of a chiral source. The usual suspects will be discussed, including borane reagents (mostly pinene derivatives) and the Brown allylation.
The document discusses the stability of pharmaceutical formulations. It defines stability as a formulation remaining within its physical, chemical, microbiological, therapeutic and toxicological specifications. Stability is important to ensure drug products maintain quality and intended effects until expiration. Chemical and physical degradation pathways include hydrolysis, oxidation, photodegradation, and interactions with excipients or other drugs. Factors like temperature, pH, moisture, and light can affect the rate of degradation. The document focuses on hydrolysis and oxidation as two major degradation pathways and provides examples of each.
Glycosides are compounds that contain a sugar component (glycone) bonded to another part of the molecule (aglycone) through a glycosidic linkage. There are several types of glycosidic linkages and classifications of glycosides based on their structure. Glycosides can be hydrolyzed by acids, bases, or enzymes to release sugars. They play various roles in medicine as cardiac drugs, laxatives, and other therapeutic agents. The document provides detailed information on the definition, classification, isolation, identification, and properties of different types of glycosides.
1) Glycosides are compounds that contain a sugar component (glycone) bonded to a non-sugar component (aglycone) through a glycosidic linkage. Common types include O-glycosides (with an alcoholic hydroxyl group), S-glycosides (with a sulfur group), and N-glycosides (with a nitrogen group).
2) Glycosides can be classified in several ways, including by the type of sugar (e.g. glucosides contain glucose), number of sugars, physiological activity, chemical nature of the aglycone, and plant family. All natural glycosides contain beta-linked sugars.
3) Glycosides exhibit diversity in properties
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
The document describes the synthesis and pharmacological screening of benzoxazole derivatives as potential anti-inflammatory agents. A series of N'-[substituted sulfonyl]-1,3-benzoxazole-5-carbohydrazide compounds were synthesized using a multi-step synthesis route involving nitration, reduction, acid reactions, and substitution. The compounds were characterized using methods like IR, 1H NMR and mass spectroscopy. The compounds were then screened for anti-inflammatory activity and approximate toxicity. Eight compounds were synthesized with different R1 and R2 substituents on the benzoxazole ring. Preliminary pharmacological screening found some compounds showed promising anti-inflammatory activity with low toxicity, making them potential
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
The document summarizes the synthesis and pharmacological screening of some benzoxazole derivatives as anti-inflammatory agents. A series of new 5-substituted benzoxazoles were synthesized and characterized. These compounds were then screened for their anti-inflammatory activity. Eight compounds (VIa-VIh) with different substituents were synthesized using an appropriate synthetic route. These compounds were purified and their structures were confirmed through various analytical techniques. The compounds were then evaluated for their anti-inflammatory potential through preliminary pharmacological screening tests.
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and pentose sugars through oxidative and non-oxidative branches. In the oxidative branch, glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized to produce NADPH and ribulose-5-phosphate. A series of isomerizations and transketolase reactions in the non-oxidative branch generate additional pentose phosphates and hexose phosphates. Overall, the pathway generates reducing power in the form of NADPH and pentose sugars used for nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis.
1. Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol and involves the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate through a reaction catalyzed by hexokinase using ATP as an energy source.
2. Glucose-6-phosphate then undergoes a series of reactions catalyzed by different enzymes to produce two molecules of pyruvate, involving phosphorylation, isomerization, and cleavage reactions.
3. These reactions initially require energy input in the form of ATP but later reactions produce ATP and NADH, which are used in downstream metabolic pathways.
The document provides an overview of projected trends in next-generation bioplastics. It states that bioplastic capacity is currently only 1% of total plastics production but is projected to grow 20-40% annually. Demand for durable bioplastics is increasing in packaging, electronics, and automotive applications, and these are expected to account for almost 40% of bioplastics in 2011 compared to 12% in 2010. Emerging technologies that could enable this transition include new biomass conversion processes to produce biobased monomers economically and drop-in replacements for petroleum-based monomers that will be first to market. Key players are working to improve biobased plastics from renewable resources like sugar cane, corn
The document summarizes the chemistry of azoxy compounds, which contain the azoxy functional group. Azoxyalkanes are generally very stable to heat and light and do not readily undergo reactions like loss of nitrogen. However, intramolecular radical reactions of azoxy compounds can generate cyclic aminyl nitroxides or hydrazyls. The azoxy group stabilizes attached carbon-centered radicals, but the chemistry of α-azoxy radicals is not fully understood. Thermolysis of azoxy compounds usually does not lead to loss of nitrogen dioxide, and instead forms amine oxides or stabilized radicals through rearrangement.
The document discusses step-growth polymerization and the development of important polymers like nylon 6,6 and polyesters. It describes how Wallace Carothers at DuPont synthesized nylon 6,6 from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine to produce the first fully synthetic fiber. Later researchers developed other nylons like nylon 6 from caprolactam and Kevlar from aromatic monomers. Polyesters were also improved through the use of terephthalic acid to increase stiffness and melting point, allowing poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET to be used for fibers.
The document summarizes the process of glycolysis. It begins with glucose being phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase. Glucose-6-phosphate then undergoes isomerization and a series of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions to yield two molecules of pyruvate. Energy from glucose is initially stored as ATP and later released. Key steps include phosphofructokinase regulating flux and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase generating NADH.
Biotransformation refers to the chemical alteration of substances within living organisms, typically involving enzymatic reactions. These reactions make compounds more water-soluble so they can be more easily excreted from the body. Biotransformation occurs in three phases - Phase I involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis reactions; Phase II involves conjugating reactions like glucuronidation and sulfation; Phase III involves transport of conjugated compounds out of cells and organs. The liver is a major site of biotransformation, with cytochrome P450 enzymes and conjugating enzymes playing important roles in Phase I and Phase II reactions. Biotransformation is vital for the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics in the body.
This chapter discusses biological molecules and carbon chemistry. Carbon atoms can form up to four bonds and are versatile building blocks of organic molecules. Organic molecules contain carbon and often have functional groups that determine properties like polarity and reactivity. Lipids are nonpolar and include fats and fatty acids. Fats are made of glycerol bonded to three fatty acids, releasing water. This forms triglycerides, the main energy storage molecules in animals.
Carbohydrates can be classified into 4 main groups:
1) Monosaccharides which include simple sugars that cannot be further broken down, such as glucose and fructose.
2) Disaccharides formed from two monosaccharides joined together like sucrose.
3) Oligosaccharides containing 3-10 monosaccharide units such as raffinose.
4) Polysaccharides consisting of long chains of monosaccharide units like starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
Carbohydrates serve important functions like energy storage, structural support, and participating in biological processes. They can be identified using chemical tests like Fehling's solution which detects the presence of reducing
This document discusses sugarcane and potential grass crops for biofuel production. It summarizes research on engineering sugarcane to produce various compounds, including p-hydroxybenzoic acid, sorbitol, and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). Sugarcane was successfully engineered to produce these compounds, though sorbitol production negatively impacted plant growth. The document also describes developing a high-throughput screening method using Nile Blue A staining to rapidly identify PHB-producing sugarcane lines before greenhouse trials. This screening method accurately identified PHB producers and can be applied to large numbers of plantlets.
This document compares the pathways of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Glycolysis breaks down glucose to pyruvate, producing ATP. Gluconeogenesis is the opposite process that requires energy to convert pyruvate back to glucose. Key differences are that glycolysis produces net ATP while gluconeogenesis requires net ATP hydrolysis. Gluconeogenesis obtains the necessary NADH through lactate dehydrogenase in the cytosol or through malate shuttling between mitochondria and cytosol. The document also lists important enzymes involved in each pathway.
Este documento fornece dados estatísticos sobre o mercado de trabalho no Brasil e em seus estados e subsetores industriais. Inclui informações sobre a população, emprego formal, evolução do saldo de empregos na indústria e construção civil no Brasil entre 2008-2012. Também fornece dados detalhados sobre emprego por estado, incluindo participação da população em carteira assinada.
101 propostas para modernização trabalhista - www.relacoesdotrabalho.com.brradarrt
Este documento apresenta 101 propostas para a modernização da legislação trabalhista brasileira. As propostas buscam promover maior flexibilidade nas relações de trabalho, reduzir custos para as empresas e incentivar a geração de empregos. Dentre as propostas, destacam-se a valorização da negociação coletiva, a flexibilização de jornadas de trabalho, incentivos à contratação de determinados grupos e a redução de encargos para as empresas. O documento também traz propostas relacionadas à saúde e segurança do trabalhador, benefí
O documento discute propostas para modernização trabalhista no Brasil. Apresenta dados sobre a redução da participação da indústria de transformação no PIB brasileiro nos últimos anos, além do alto nível de informalidade no mercado de trabalho, com mais da metade dos trabalhadores sem proteção da legislação atual.
O documento consolida a legislação brasileira sobre o benzeno, incluindo o Acordo Nacional do Benzeno de 1994, normas regulamentadoras, portarias e instruções normativas sobre limites de exposição, monitoramento ambiental e da saúde de trabalhadores, cadastramento de empresas, transporte e comercialização de produtos. Também apresenta convenções e recomendações da Organização Internacional do Trabalho sobre benzeno e limites de exposição adotados em outros países.
O documento resume as discussões de um seminário nacional sobre o benzeno, incluindo: 1) Diferentes modelos internacionais para definir limites de exposição ocupacional a carcinógenos; 2) A importância dos mecanismos de ação e dados epidemiológicos nisso; 3) Estudos sobre a incidência de leucemia no Brasil e a associação com exposição ao benzeno. Recomenda-se formar um comitê para estabelecer limites de exposição nacionais e medir concentrações de benzeno em
The document summarizes the position paper of the German AGS on establishing exposure-risk relationships for benzene. The AGS proposes risk-based occupational exposure limits (OELs) for benzene based on epidemiological data. It evaluates benzene's carcinogenicity and mode of action, as well as potential non-cancer effects. While linear extrapolation from high doses is proposed, the document acknowledges uncertainties in the mode of action and potential non-linearity at low doses. An OEL of 0.02 mg/m3, corresponding to a cancer risk of 1 in 100,000, is recommended as an acceptable risk level after 2013. Non-cancer effects are also possible at the tolerance risk level of 0.
The Health Watch study is a prospective cohort study of Australian petroleum industry workers that was set up in 1980 to study mortality and cancer incidence. Key findings from updates to the cohort include:
1) Overall, petroleum industry workers experienced lower mortality than expected, showing a "healthy worker effect." However, mesothelioma and melanoma mortality were significantly higher than expected among male workers.
2) A nested case-control study within the cohort found increased risks of leukemia, especially acute myeloid leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, associated with higher cumulative benzene exposure among male workers.
3) Risks of leukemia were also associated with longer durations of employment and evidence suggested peaks in exposure may also influence risk
McCluskey apresenta uma dissertação sobre distúrbios hematológicos relacionados ao benzeno em animais e humanos, avaliando a evidência de uma dose limiar. Ele revisa estudos epidemiológicos em trabalhadores expostos ao benzeno, incluindo as coortes de Pliofilm e China, e estudos em indústrias químicas, de petróleo e gás. Muitos estudos encontraram associação entre exposição ao benzeno e leucemia apenas acima de certos níveis de exposição cumulativa,
The document reports cancer incidence rates among workers in Brazil's Social Security system in 2006. It finds that acute myeloid leukemia was the 9th highest cancer site for males and 11th for females. It also details regional variation in cancer rates, finding the highest rates in the Northeast region, particularly in the states of Ceara and Paraiba. Additionally, it notes that cancer was the 15th highest cause of illness payments in 2006, accounting for 1.8% of all such payments that year.
O documento discute a incidência da leucemia mielóide aguda (LMA) no Brasil e no mundo. A taxa de incidência varia de acordo com a idade e região, sendo mais comum em indivíduos acima de 60 anos e áreas urbanas. Estudos estimam a taxa de incidência de LMA no Brasil entre 1 a 5,8 casos por 100 mil habitantes por ano.
Seminário Nacional do Benzeno (5 e 6 dez/12) - Derivação de Limites de Exposição Ocupacional para Substâncias Carcinogênicas e
Mutagênicas - Experiências Internacionais e Nacional
Seminário Nacional do Benzeno ( 5 e 6 dez/12) - Derivação de Limites de Exposição Ocupacional para Substâncias Carcinogênicas e
Mutagênicas - Experiências Internacionais e Nacional
The document discusses Germany's risk-based approach for setting occupational exposure limits (OELs) for carcinogens. It establishes acceptable and tolerable risk levels of 4 in 10,000 and 4 in 1,000, respectively. For each carcinogen, an exposure-risk relationship is derived to determine substance-specific acceptable and tolerable concentrations. A traffic light system is used to guide risk management measures based on risk levels. The approach aims to minimize exposures continuously rather than relying on a single threshold limit value. Examples are provided of how OELs have been derived for several carcinogens using this process.
Seminário Nacional do Benzeno (5 e 6 de dez/12) - Derivação de Limites de Exposição Ocupacional para Substâncias Carcinogênicas e
Mutagênicas - Experiências Internacionais e Nacional
Seminário Nacional do Benzeno (5 e 6 de dez/12) - Derivação de Limites de Exposição Ocupacional para Substâncias Carcinogênicas e
Mutagênicas - Experiências Internacionais e Nacional
Seminário Nacional do Benzeno (5 e 6 de dez/12) - Derivação de Limites de Exposição Ocupacional para Substâncias Carcinogênicas e
Mutagênicas - Experiências Internacionais e Nacional
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
04062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
1. “Benzene Leukemogenesis –
“Mode” of Action”
”
Modalidade Carcinogénica da ação do Benzeno
Terrence J. Monks, Ph.D.
Professor e Cadeira
Departmento de Farmacologia e Toxicologia
Faculdade de Farmacia
Universidade do Arizona, EUA
2.
3. 1. The postulated MOA: Is the weight of evidence sufficient to
establish a MOA in animals?
2. Relevance to humans: Can human relevance of the MOA be
reasonably excluded on the basis of fundamental, qualitative
differences in key events between experimental animals and humans?
3. Relevance to humans: Can human relevance of the MOA be
reasonably excluded on the basis of quantitative differences in either
kinetic or dynamic factors between experimental animals and
humans?
4. Use of MOA analysis to modify the risk assessment: Are there
any quantitative differences in the key events such that default
values for uncertainty factors for species or individual differences
could be modified? Are there significant data gaps in this context,
which if filled, would permit more predictive assessment of
human risk?
4. Key Events
(Meek & Klaunig, 2010)
• Metabolism of benzene to a benzene oxide metabolite
• Interaction of the benzene metabolite with target cells in the bone marrow
• Formation of initiated, mutated bone marrow target cells
• Selective clonal proliferation of mutated cells
• Formation of the neoplasm (leukemia)
5. Benzene Metabolism - >145 years and Counting
• Metabolic conversion of benzene to phenol -Schultzen and Naunyn,
1867.
• Conjugation of phenol to sulphate - Baumann, 1876.
• Anthracene, naphthalene, phenanthrene all converted to dihydrodiols -
1935 - 1950.
• Boyland (1950) proposes intermediacy of an epoxide.
• In 1949, Dennis Parke joins R.T. William’s laboratory and embarks on
a study of “all known pathways” of benzene metabolism.
6. OH
S-PHENYL-GSH 6-OH-tert,tert-HEXA-
DIENOIC ACID
SG CHO CHO COOH
tert,tert-MUCONALDEHYDE
OH +
tert,tert-MUCONIC
H ACID
1-(GSyl)-CYCLOHEXA-
3,5-DIEN-2-OL H OHC HOOC HOOC
GSH
SG
RING OPENING H
EPOXIDE
OH
CYP2E1 HYDROLASE
O O
H
NADPH OH
BENZENE NADP
BENZENE BENZENE
OXIDE OXEPIN DIHYDRODIOL
O OH OH OH DEHYDROGENASE
OH
[O] [O] [O]
1,4-BENZOQUINONE
OH
PHENOL CATECHOL
O
HYDROQUINONE
GSH
OH
GLUCURONIDE & SULFATE
CONJUGATES
SG +
OH
GS-HQ
OH
OH 1,2,4-BENZENETRIOL
[O] OH
O OH O OH O
SG SG SG SG SG
GSH [O] GSH [O]
GS-1,4-BQ
GS GS GS SG
GS SG
O OH O
OH O
2,5-GS-1,4-HQ 2,5-GS-1,4-BQ 2,3,5-GS-1,4-HQ 2,3,5-GS-1,4-BQ
(TGHQ)
7. O
HO
t,t-MUCONIC ACID
6-OXO-t,t-2,4-HEXA-
DIENOIC ACID
O
OXIDATION
HO OH
O
O
O O ALDEHYDE O
DEHYDROGENASE REDUCTION
HO
GS
6-OH-2,4-t,t-HEXA-
SG
+ DIENOIC ACID
O
SG
O
O O
ALCOHOL
O DEHYDROGENASE
OXIDATION OH
t,t-MUCONALDEHYDE
HO
6-OH-2,4-t,t-HEXADIENAL
8. Summary of the Metabolic Reactions of Benzene Oxide,
and its Metabolites, That Consume Glutathione
• Benzene oxide - Phenyl-GSH
• Muconaldehyde - 2 GSH conjugates
• Catechol - At least 1 GSH conjugate
• Benzene triol - n= ?
• Hydroquinone/1,4-benzoquinone-
1 mono-GSH conjugate
3 bis-GSH conjugates
1 tris-GSH conjugate
1 tetra-GSH conjugate
Conclusion: Benzene likely causes hematotoxicity and
leukemia through multiple reactive metabolites.
9. Stability vs Reactivity of Epoxides
Determination of the Fraction of
Bromobenzene-3,4-oxide
Escaping Hepatocytes.
10. From: “Detection and half-life of bromobenzene-3,4-oxide in blood”
Lau et al., Xenobiotica, 1984
11. Stability vs Reactivity of Epoxides
~90nM
t1/2 = 7.9 min
Concn (ng/mL) of benzene oxide in blood following a single
oral dose (400 mg/kg). Lindstrom et al., 1997.
19. Identification & Quantitation of HQ-thioether
Metabolites in Rat Bone Marrow
Hydroquinone glutathione conjugates (A), and mercapturic acid pathway metabolites (B) were quantified in rat bone marrow
by HPLC-CEAS; (A) ( ) hydroquinone, ( ) 2-(glutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone, ( , dashed line) 2,5-bis-(glutathion-S-
yl)hydroquinone, ( ) 2,6-bis-(glutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone, ( ) 2,3,5-tris-(glutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone; (B) ( ) 2-
(glutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone, ( , dashed line) 2-(cystein-S-ylglycine)hydroquinone, ( , dashed line) 2-(cystein-S-
yl)hydroquinone, ( , dashed line) 2-(N-acetylcystein-S-yl)hydroquinone. Each point represents the mean ± SEM (n= 3 ) .
20. Benzene induces leukemia-associated
cytogenetic alterations in peripheral
blood lymphocytes of benzene-exposed
workers.
• 5q-/-5, 7q-/-7, +8, t(8;21)
• Aneuploidy – monosomy (5*, 6*, 7*, 10*, 16 & 19),
trisomy (5, 6, 7, 8*, 10, 14, 16, 17, 21*, 22*)
Limited evidence for benzene-induced mutations in humans,
particularly mutations associated with AML (NPM1, AML1,
FLT3, RAS, C/EBPα), but………..
Benzene and/or it’s metabolites generate reactive oxygen
species and cause error-prone DNA repair.
21. Reactive Oxygen Species and Benzene Hematotoxicity
No O2 consumption occurs in reactions in which the
1,4-benzosemiquinone free radical is formed enzymatically
Ohnishi et al., 1969
1,4-Benzosemiquinone is so electron affinic, it’s rate of reduction
by superoxide (9.6 x 108 M-1 sec-1;) is >4 orders of magnitude faster
than the reverse reaction, the reduction of O 2 to O2•-
(4.6 x 108 M-1 sec-1;
Willson, 1971 Meisel, 1975, Sawada et al., 1975
Source of ROS?
23. Superoxide Generation by HQ and GS-HQ Conjugates
70 70
S u p e ro x id e A n io n G e n e ra tio n
r 2 = 0 .8 0
60
60 50
40
50
(n m o l/m g /m in ) 30
40 20
10
30 0
-1 0 0 -8 0 -6 0 -4 0 -2 0 0 20
E 1 /2 ( m V )
20
10
0
0 .0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 1 0 .1 1
[M e ta b o lite ] m M
Microsomes (0.5 mg/mL protein) were preincubated with acivicin (10 m M) for 15 min and then incubated with various
concentrations of either phenol ( , dashed line), HQ ( ), 2-(GS-yl)HQ ( ),2,5-bis-(GS-yl)HQ ( , dashed line), BGHQ
( ), or TGHQ ( ), in the presence of succinoylated cytochrome C (12.5 M) and an NADPH generating system. Superoxide
anion formation is expressed as nmol/mg protein/min. The inset shows the correlation between the oxidation potentials [E1/2
(mV)] for the HQ and its GSH conjuga tes, and their ability to catalyze superoxide anion formation. Each data point represents
the mean ± SEM (n=3).
24. Base substitutions-G:C;
Deletion;
Mutations-G:C to A:T transitions and G:C to T:A; and G:C to C:G transversions.
25.
26. Potential MOA’s of Benzene-Induced Leukemias
(Adapted from McHale et al, 2012)
28. The Bone Marrow Niche, Stem Cells, and Leukemia:
Impact of Drugs, Chemicals, and the Environment
May 29 - 31, 2013 • New York City • www.nyas.org/BoneMarrow
This meeting will bring together toxicology, hematology,
and oncology research to explore bone marrow niche
biology and the factors involved in spontaneous and
chemically-induced bone marrow cancer and disease
including AML and MDS.
Call for Abstracts & Travel Fellowships
Poster/Short Talk Abstract Deadline: April 5, 2013
Fellowship Application Deadline: April 5, 2013
Early Bird Discount
Register by April 25, 2012
For more information and to register visit:
www.nyas.org/BoneMarrow
Presented by
29. Some Plausible Mechanisms by Which GS-HQ
Conjugates Might Contribute to Benzene Hematotoxicity
Potential targets?
LTD4R: HQ mimicks the action of leukotriene D4 (LTD4) a downstream mediator
of G-CSF, to initiate terminal differentiation in IL-3-dependent murine myeloblasts.
ABCTP: Functional roles for ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins in
hematopoietic stem cell function have recently been described. ABC transporter
expression/conformation/ function are modulated by ROS, which induce defects in
hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis.
30. Some Plausible Mechanisms by Which GS-HQ
Conjugates Might Contribute to Benzene Hematotoxicity
• Generation of reactive oxygen species
• Formation of covalent adducts with key proteins
Potential targets?
γ-GT: Tissues expressing very low levels of γ-GT usually possess a very active cystathionase
pathway, in which cystathionine is deaminated and cleaved to form free cysteine and α-
ketobutyrate.
γ-GT activity in bone marrow is relatively low and the more immature, undifferentiated cells
within the marrow (targets of benzene) express almost no cystathionase. Thus, inhibition of γ-
GT in hematopoietic tissue dramatically reduces intracellular GSH levels.