This document summarizes a research study that evaluated the anti-inflammatory potential of three medicinal plants - Artocarpus heterophyllus, Murraya koenigii, and Punica granatum. Extracts of the plants were prepared and their total phenol and flavonoid content was quantified. Ointment formulations containing 10% of each plant extract were developed. The ointment formulations were tested in rat models using carrageenan-induced and histamine-induced edema to assess their anti-inflammatory effects. The results showed that the ointment formulation containing A. heterophyllus extract had the highest anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting over 80% of edema in both models at doses of 50-100
Antioxidant and-anticancer-activities-of-moringa-leavesSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Chemical composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial activity of Thuja orientalisJing Zang
Essential oils derived from many aromatic plants are well known to possess cytotoxic, antioxidant, antifungal, insecticidal and antimicrobial activities. Thuja orientalis (family: Cupressaceae) is widely cultivated as a common ornamental plant. It possesses anti-plasmodial, antioxidant and elastase inhibitory activities. Chemical composition and pharmacological potential of hydro distillate from Thuja orientalis are reported in this study. Fresh fruits were subjected to conventional hydrodistillation. Antioxidant activity was assessed as free radical scavenging capacity (RSC) towards 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radicals and antibacterial activity was evaluated against six test bacteria by agar well diffusion method. Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of Thuja orientalis hydrodistillate by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry revealed the presence of nineteen constituents, representing 94.6% of the total oil. The major constituents of oil were alpha-pinene (83%), sabinene (2.6%), delta-3-carene (2.5%). The oil showed appreciable antibacterial effect against all Gram-positive and Gram negative bacteria tested with MIC values between 12.8-25.6 mg/ml. Therefore this oil could be used in the formulation of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity on Stem Bark E...IOSR Journals
Ceiba Petandra is widely used in complementary medicine. Its stem bark extracts obtained via soxhlet extraction using n-hexane, acetone and ethanol gare alkaloids, Steroids, Saponins, Cardiac glycosides, triterpenes and tannins when screened phytochemically. These extracts were further investigated for their anti-bacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus klebsiella, pneumoniae and pseudomonas aeruginosa with ampicillina, as standard. Highest anti- bacterial activity with acetone extract at a concentration of 300mg/ml and least activity with ethanol extract at a concentration of 100mg/ml. n- Hexane extract showed no inhibition on the tested micro-organisms.
Cytotoxicity of Blended Versus Single Medicinal Mushroom Extracts on Human Ca...Jolene1981
ABSTRACT: The use of mushrooms contributes to human nutrition by providing low lipid content of lipids and high dietary fiber content, as well as significant content of other biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides, minerals, vitamins, and polyphenolic antioxidants. This study aimed to determine the content of polyphenols and polysaccharides, as well as the cytotoxic and antioxidative properties of several medicinal mushroom preparations. The content of total phenols and flavonoids of preparations of blended mushroom extracts (Lentifom, Super Polyporin, Agarikon, Agarikon Plus, Agarikon.1, and Mykoprotect.1) was evaluated quantitatively by using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant capacity of the preparations was evaluated using the ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assays. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides was determined using a specific gravimetric method, based on ethanol precipitation. To determine cytotoxic effects of single and blended mushroom extracts, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and neutral red assays were conducted using human small cell lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, colon cancer, and brain astrocytoma cancer cells. The obtained results suggest that due to the significant content of beneficial polyphenolic antioxidants and soluble polysaccharides, use of these mushroom preparations is beneficial in maintaining good health, as well as in the prevention and adjuvant biotherapy of various human pathological aberrations. These results reveal that these extracts exhibit different cytotoxic effects on tumor cells originating from different tissues. In addition, the comparison of investigated blended mushroom extracts with three well-known commercial mushroom products derived from single mushroom species or single mushroom compounds shows that blended mushroom extracts exhibit significantly stronger cytotoxic effects on human tumor cell lines.
Antioxidant and-anticancer-activities-of-moringa-leavesSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Chemical composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial activity of Thuja orientalisJing Zang
Essential oils derived from many aromatic plants are well known to possess cytotoxic, antioxidant, antifungal, insecticidal and antimicrobial activities. Thuja orientalis (family: Cupressaceae) is widely cultivated as a common ornamental plant. It possesses anti-plasmodial, antioxidant and elastase inhibitory activities. Chemical composition and pharmacological potential of hydro distillate from Thuja orientalis are reported in this study. Fresh fruits were subjected to conventional hydrodistillation. Antioxidant activity was assessed as free radical scavenging capacity (RSC) towards 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radicals and antibacterial activity was evaluated against six test bacteria by agar well diffusion method. Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of Thuja orientalis hydrodistillate by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry revealed the presence of nineteen constituents, representing 94.6% of the total oil. The major constituents of oil were alpha-pinene (83%), sabinene (2.6%), delta-3-carene (2.5%). The oil showed appreciable antibacterial effect against all Gram-positive and Gram negative bacteria tested with MIC values between 12.8-25.6 mg/ml. Therefore this oil could be used in the formulation of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity on Stem Bark E...IOSR Journals
Ceiba Petandra is widely used in complementary medicine. Its stem bark extracts obtained via soxhlet extraction using n-hexane, acetone and ethanol gare alkaloids, Steroids, Saponins, Cardiac glycosides, triterpenes and tannins when screened phytochemically. These extracts were further investigated for their anti-bacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus klebsiella, pneumoniae and pseudomonas aeruginosa with ampicillina, as standard. Highest anti- bacterial activity with acetone extract at a concentration of 300mg/ml and least activity with ethanol extract at a concentration of 100mg/ml. n- Hexane extract showed no inhibition on the tested micro-organisms.
Cytotoxicity of Blended Versus Single Medicinal Mushroom Extracts on Human Ca...Jolene1981
ABSTRACT: The use of mushrooms contributes to human nutrition by providing low lipid content of lipids and high dietary fiber content, as well as significant content of other biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides, minerals, vitamins, and polyphenolic antioxidants. This study aimed to determine the content of polyphenols and polysaccharides, as well as the cytotoxic and antioxidative properties of several medicinal mushroom preparations. The content of total phenols and flavonoids of preparations of blended mushroom extracts (Lentifom, Super Polyporin, Agarikon, Agarikon Plus, Agarikon.1, and Mykoprotect.1) was evaluated quantitatively by using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant capacity of the preparations was evaluated using the ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assays. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides was determined using a specific gravimetric method, based on ethanol precipitation. To determine cytotoxic effects of single and blended mushroom extracts, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and neutral red assays were conducted using human small cell lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, colon cancer, and brain astrocytoma cancer cells. The obtained results suggest that due to the significant content of beneficial polyphenolic antioxidants and soluble polysaccharides, use of these mushroom preparations is beneficial in maintaining good health, as well as in the prevention and adjuvant biotherapy of various human pathological aberrations. These results reveal that these extracts exhibit different cytotoxic effects on tumor cells originating from different tissues. In addition, the comparison of investigated blended mushroom extracts with three well-known commercial mushroom products derived from single mushroom species or single mushroom compounds shows that blended mushroom extracts exhibit significantly stronger cytotoxic effects on human tumor cell lines.
Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of fractions of the l...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Studies on Bambusa arundinacea a...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
This study was formulated to check the phytochemical, antioxidant, antibacterial potential of
Bambusa arundinacea (Bamboo) and Mangifera indica (Mango) trees. Aqueous, ethanolic and
methanolic extracts were prepared from leaves of former and stem bark of later. The phytochemical
screening of the extracts showed the presence of various bioactive compounds such as
carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins and proteins in B. arundinacea, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins,
saponins, steroids and cardiac glycosides in M. indica. Total phenolic concentration and
percentage of free radical scavenging activity was more in ethanolic extracts of B. arundinacea and
M. indica followed by methanolic extracts and aqueous extracts. Highest percentage of ferric
reducing antioxidant power was found in ethanolic extracts and lowest in aqueous extracts indicates
that ethanolic extracts has more antioxidant potential than the other two extracts. Ethanolic extracts
of both plants had higher inhibition on the tested Gram positive (B. subtilis & S. aureus) as well as
Gram negative (E.coli & P. aeruginosa) bacteria evidenced from the zones of inhibition. M. indica
showed more therapeutic potential as compared to B. arundinacea and ethanolic as well as
methanolic extracts of both the tested plants were more effective than aqueous extracts due to better
extraction power of organic solvents. Overall study indicates that B. arundinacea and M. indica are
potential source of natural antioxidants, phytochemicals and antibacterials that can be used for the
development of novel drugs and may represent new source of antimicrobials with stable, biologically
active components that can establish a scientific base for further use in modern medicines.
Gc-Ms Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of Senecio Peduncu...IOSR Journals
The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Senecio pedunculatus collected from the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand, was analyzed by GC-MS. The major constituent was found out to be caryophyllene oxide (23.28%). The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the oil was determined by disc diffusion method. Results showed that the oil exhibited mild antimicrobial activity.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
In vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the various e...Akhil Gupta
The present study was designed to investigate antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of pet ether, chloroform and methanol extracts of Ganoderma lucidum available in Bangladesh.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study was conducted to detect the presence of some active compounds in the extract of Alhagi maurorum plant, which was extracted by soxhlet using methanol as a solvent. The chemical survey showed the presence of glycosides, tannins, alkaloids and phenolic in the studied plant.The anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extract had been studied in vitro by two methods , albumin denaturation inhibition test and hemolysis stimulated by heating test and results showed the effectiveness of the Alhagi maurorum plant extract with compared to standard medicine (Aspirin) and negative control groups.
Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Nigella Sativa L. Oil Seed C...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Qualitative Evaluation and Wound Healing Potential of Selected Medicinal Plan...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: The aim of the paper was to assess the wound healing potential of three medicinal plants using the excision wound healing model on albino rat. Materials and Methods: Soxhlet extraction method was utilized for the partition of the constituent of interest. Qualitative analysis and phytochemical screening were performed for the detection of tannins, alkaloids, resins, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, proteins, carbohydrates, and amino acids. Three plants extract used for the ointment formulation and prepared by the addition of extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus, Murraya koenigii, and Punica granatum in polyethylene glycol ointment base. Three ointment formulations and six extracts with 5% and 10% extract concentration have been used. Excision wound rat model utilized for the wound healing potential. Results and Conclusion: All three plants, including A. heterophyllus Lam., M. koenigii Linn., and P. granatum Linn. extracted for the active constituent. The pharmacological evaluation on the excision wound healing model suggested that Group-I animals showed 52.09% of healing, whereas povidone-iodine treated animals showed 100.00% healing. On the other hand, the ointment formulation treated F-1 showed 96.47% of wound healing, F-2 showed 97.68% healing, and F-3 showed 99.11% healing. The overall healing results can be represented as following: Control <MKL5 <MKL10 <PGB5 <PGB10 <AHP5 <AHP10 <F-1 <F-2 <F-3 <Standard. F3 ointment formulation is better than the F2 and F1 formulation in wound healing potential as compared to others. Discussion: These studies have indicated that ointment formulations of A. heterophyllus, M. koenigii, P. granatum have been utilized for wound healing potential and it is safer for topical application. Excision wound healing model suggested that the three individual plant extract has shown the wound healing potential, although the prepared ointment formulations F3 have best and synergistic action than the individual. The ointment formulations containing plant extracts in 10% amount have better wound healing potential.
Phytochemical Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity of Holarrhena pubescens Wal...BRNSS Publication Hub
The selected medicinal plant Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don belongs to the family Apocynaceae, and it was collected in hillock of Muthu Malai hill in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. In the present study, preliminary phytochemical screening of H. pubescens a medicinal plant was carried out. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of these plants confirms the presence of various secondary metabolites such as steroids, tannins, alkaloids, and phenols. The results suggest that the phytochemical properties for curing various ailments possess potential anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant and leads to the isolation of new and novel compounds. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed the existence of various compounds with different chemical structures. The presence of various bioactive compounds confirms the application of H. pubescens for various ailments by traditional practitioners. However, isolation of individual phytochemical constituents may proceed to find a novel drug. Extracts from H. pubescens showed varying antioxidant (free radical scavenging) activities when compared to Vitamin C, and the results suggest that the antioxidant activity of H. pubecens may contribute to their claimed medicinal property.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF OILS AND THEIR UNSAPONIFIABLE F...EDITOR IJCRCPS
The main objective of the study was to assess the in vitro antifungal potency of the unsaponifiable fraction extracted
from coat and bark seeds oils of Citrullus colocynthis L against pathogenic fungal strains namely Aspergillus flavus,
Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium expansum and Fusarium oxysporum. In terms of the physico-chemical
characterization, oils under study showed evidence of quality standards relating to vegetable oils. Unsaponifiable
matter yield recorded was approximately 0.93% and 1.03%, for the seed coat oil and bark seed oil respectively.
Antifungal activity carried out by radial growth on solid medium (Potatoes Dextrose Agar acidified) revealed that the
oils and the corresponding unsaponifiable fractions exhibited complete inhibition of fungal growth. Maximal antifungal
index inhibition (IAF=100%) were recorded at 5% and 2.5% dilutions of each fraction tested. The results provided
evidence that the unsaponifiable oils fractions might indeed be potential sources of natural antifungal agents and
deserve further studies to characterize the biological compounds included in these fractions.
Keywords: Citrullus colocynthis seeds, seed coat, bark, oils, unsaponifiable fraction, antifungal activity.
Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of fractions of the l...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Studies on Bambusa arundinacea a...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
This study was formulated to check the phytochemical, antioxidant, antibacterial potential of
Bambusa arundinacea (Bamboo) and Mangifera indica (Mango) trees. Aqueous, ethanolic and
methanolic extracts were prepared from leaves of former and stem bark of later. The phytochemical
screening of the extracts showed the presence of various bioactive compounds such as
carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins and proteins in B. arundinacea, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins,
saponins, steroids and cardiac glycosides in M. indica. Total phenolic concentration and
percentage of free radical scavenging activity was more in ethanolic extracts of B. arundinacea and
M. indica followed by methanolic extracts and aqueous extracts. Highest percentage of ferric
reducing antioxidant power was found in ethanolic extracts and lowest in aqueous extracts indicates
that ethanolic extracts has more antioxidant potential than the other two extracts. Ethanolic extracts
of both plants had higher inhibition on the tested Gram positive (B. subtilis & S. aureus) as well as
Gram negative (E.coli & P. aeruginosa) bacteria evidenced from the zones of inhibition. M. indica
showed more therapeutic potential as compared to B. arundinacea and ethanolic as well as
methanolic extracts of both the tested plants were more effective than aqueous extracts due to better
extraction power of organic solvents. Overall study indicates that B. arundinacea and M. indica are
potential source of natural antioxidants, phytochemicals and antibacterials that can be used for the
development of novel drugs and may represent new source of antimicrobials with stable, biologically
active components that can establish a scientific base for further use in modern medicines.
Gc-Ms Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of Senecio Peduncu...IOSR Journals
The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Senecio pedunculatus collected from the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand, was analyzed by GC-MS. The major constituent was found out to be caryophyllene oxide (23.28%). The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the oil was determined by disc diffusion method. Results showed that the oil exhibited mild antimicrobial activity.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
In vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the various e...Akhil Gupta
The present study was designed to investigate antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of pet ether, chloroform and methanol extracts of Ganoderma lucidum available in Bangladesh.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study was conducted to detect the presence of some active compounds in the extract of Alhagi maurorum plant, which was extracted by soxhlet using methanol as a solvent. The chemical survey showed the presence of glycosides, tannins, alkaloids and phenolic in the studied plant.The anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extract had been studied in vitro by two methods , albumin denaturation inhibition test and hemolysis stimulated by heating test and results showed the effectiveness of the Alhagi maurorum plant extract with compared to standard medicine (Aspirin) and negative control groups.
Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Nigella Sativa L. Oil Seed C...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Qualitative Evaluation and Wound Healing Potential of Selected Medicinal Plan...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: The aim of the paper was to assess the wound healing potential of three medicinal plants using the excision wound healing model on albino rat. Materials and Methods: Soxhlet extraction method was utilized for the partition of the constituent of interest. Qualitative analysis and phytochemical screening were performed for the detection of tannins, alkaloids, resins, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, proteins, carbohydrates, and amino acids. Three plants extract used for the ointment formulation and prepared by the addition of extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus, Murraya koenigii, and Punica granatum in polyethylene glycol ointment base. Three ointment formulations and six extracts with 5% and 10% extract concentration have been used. Excision wound rat model utilized for the wound healing potential. Results and Conclusion: All three plants, including A. heterophyllus Lam., M. koenigii Linn., and P. granatum Linn. extracted for the active constituent. The pharmacological evaluation on the excision wound healing model suggested that Group-I animals showed 52.09% of healing, whereas povidone-iodine treated animals showed 100.00% healing. On the other hand, the ointment formulation treated F-1 showed 96.47% of wound healing, F-2 showed 97.68% healing, and F-3 showed 99.11% healing. The overall healing results can be represented as following: Control <MKL5 <MKL10 <PGB5 <PGB10 <AHP5 <AHP10 <F-1 <F-2 <F-3 <Standard. F3 ointment formulation is better than the F2 and F1 formulation in wound healing potential as compared to others. Discussion: These studies have indicated that ointment formulations of A. heterophyllus, M. koenigii, P. granatum have been utilized for wound healing potential and it is safer for topical application. Excision wound healing model suggested that the three individual plant extract has shown the wound healing potential, although the prepared ointment formulations F3 have best and synergistic action than the individual. The ointment formulations containing plant extracts in 10% amount have better wound healing potential.
Phytochemical Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity of Holarrhena pubescens Wal...BRNSS Publication Hub
The selected medicinal plant Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don belongs to the family Apocynaceae, and it was collected in hillock of Muthu Malai hill in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. In the present study, preliminary phytochemical screening of H. pubescens a medicinal plant was carried out. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of these plants confirms the presence of various secondary metabolites such as steroids, tannins, alkaloids, and phenols. The results suggest that the phytochemical properties for curing various ailments possess potential anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant and leads to the isolation of new and novel compounds. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed the existence of various compounds with different chemical structures. The presence of various bioactive compounds confirms the application of H. pubescens for various ailments by traditional practitioners. However, isolation of individual phytochemical constituents may proceed to find a novel drug. Extracts from H. pubescens showed varying antioxidant (free radical scavenging) activities when compared to Vitamin C, and the results suggest that the antioxidant activity of H. pubecens may contribute to their claimed medicinal property.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF OILS AND THEIR UNSAPONIFIABLE F...EDITOR IJCRCPS
The main objective of the study was to assess the in vitro antifungal potency of the unsaponifiable fraction extracted
from coat and bark seeds oils of Citrullus colocynthis L against pathogenic fungal strains namely Aspergillus flavus,
Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium expansum and Fusarium oxysporum. In terms of the physico-chemical
characterization, oils under study showed evidence of quality standards relating to vegetable oils. Unsaponifiable
matter yield recorded was approximately 0.93% and 1.03%, for the seed coat oil and bark seed oil respectively.
Antifungal activity carried out by radial growth on solid medium (Potatoes Dextrose Agar acidified) revealed that the
oils and the corresponding unsaponifiable fractions exhibited complete inhibition of fungal growth. Maximal antifungal
index inhibition (IAF=100%) were recorded at 5% and 2.5% dilutions of each fraction tested. The results provided
evidence that the unsaponifiable oils fractions might indeed be potential sources of natural antifungal agents and
deserve further studies to characterize the biological compounds included in these fractions.
Keywords: Citrullus colocynthis seeds, seed coat, bark, oils, unsaponifiable fraction, antifungal activity.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. Kumar, et al.: Anti-inflammatory potential of selected medicinal plants
IJPBA/Jan-Mar-2020/Vol 11/Issue 1 57
endothelial and inflamed cells. Many steroids,
specifically glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoid
reduce swelling by binding to corticoid receptors.
Long-term uses have several severe side effects, for
example, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, diabetes
mellitus, osteoporosis, and anxiety effects.[7]
Natural ingredients that extracted from plant
resource are the rich sources of terpenes, catechin,
alkaloid, glycosides, phenols, and anthoxanthin and
shown the potential candidates against inflammation
and arthritis. Plant resources contains the phyto-
constituentsincludesalkaloid(Thalicsiline,cycleanine
and tetranidrine, trilobine and isotrilobine),[8,9]
Terpenoids (Aescin (β-amyrin, chiisanosides, lupine,
dysobinin, boswellic acid),[10]
Favonoids (Quercetin-
3-orhamnoglucoside, kaempferol, hedychinone,
marmin coumarin),[11]
Saponin and sapogenins
(Phytolaccoside B, misaponins, saikogenin,
glycyrrhytinic and glycyrrhizinic acids) and all these
have shown the anti-inflammatory as well as wound
healing potential.[12]
From moment in ancient time, plants are used as
medicine in universe and natural resources based
remedy have been the mainstay of traditional
societies in dealing with health problems. The
WHO stated that about 80% of earth population
based on usual remedy for their primary strength
and rehabilitation is focused on natural ingredients
and their active principles. Various plant drugs may
produce their anti-inflammatory actions by various
proposed mechanisms as follows, reticence of
cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX I and II), reticence
of leukocyte migration to the site of inflammation,
arachidonic acid synthesis, and block the release of
histamine from mast cells.
The objective of the research paper is to assessment
of anti-inflammatory potential of three medicinal
plants includes Artocarpus heterophyllus (AH)
Linn., Murraya koenigii (MK) Linn., and Punica
granatum (PG) Linn. All these plant has also
shown the wound heal potential.[13]
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant material collection and authentication
The pulp of AH, whole plant of MK and bark
of PG was collected and procured from Vidisha
district, Madhya Pradesh. The plants sample was
composed and recognized as pulp of AH, bark of
PG, MK, and authenticated by Dr. Zia ul Hassan,
Department of Botany, Saifia Science College,
Bhopal. The appension no. for the specimen is 498/
BS/saifia/NI_MK_PG_AH/04/16/07 and has been
preserved for future identification. The specimen
was dried at room temperature.
AH is recognized as jackfruit belong to
Moraceae family.[14]
The AH [Figure 1] contains
various chemical constituents, i.e., artocarpin,
artocarpetin, norartocarpetin, atropine,
cycloartinone morin, dihydromorin, cynomycin,
and artocarpanone.[15]
The AH may contains albumin 1.7%, cellulose
59.0%, lipid 1.7%, moisture 6.7%, and glycosides
38.0%,[16,17]
root contains β-sitosterol, ursolic acid,
betulinic acid, and cycloartenone,[18]
and latex is
used as an anti-inflammatory agent.[19]
MK is identified as curry leaf [Figure
2]. The
oil obtained from the leaves used as antioxidant,
anthelmintic,[20]
and antibacterial properties,[21]
increase digestive secretions; relieve nausea,
indigestion, and vomiting and used internally in
treating constipation, colic, antimicrobial,[22]
and
diarrhea.[23]
PG is known in Hindi as Anardana [Figure
3],
basis of the many nutrients and many agrochemical
applications. This fruit contains the sub-acid
flavor juice and a high sources of the protein, fat,
and carbohydrate.[24,25]
The flowers used for the
treatment of dysentery, stomach ache, and cough.
PG is also used as antidiabetic,[26]
antioxidant, anti-
inflammatory, and antiproliferation.[27,28]
Figure 1: Fruit of Artocarpus heterophyllus (Kathal)
3. Kumar, et al.: Anti-inflammatory potential of selected medicinal plants
IJPBA/Jan-Mar-2020/Vol 11/Issue 1 58
Extraction
The pulp of AH, bark of PG, and leaves of MK
were separated from the fresh and dried at room
temperature. The shade-dried, coarsely powdered
materials (300 g) were defatted by petroleum ether
(43°C). The extract was obtained using Soxhlet
extraction. The extracts were dried under reduced
pressure at low temperature to have different
mixture of constituents.
Quantitative analysis
Determination of total phenol content
Folin–Ciocalteu method has been utilized for the
determination of phenol content. Standard curve
of the gallic acid was prepared using different
dilution (0.8, 1.6, 3.12, 6.23, 12.3, and 23 µg/ml).
The absorbance was recorded after 90 min at
760 nm UV/visible spectrophotometer. The phenol
content was calculated as gallic acid equivalents
(mgGAE/g).All process were repeated in duplicate
and regression equation used to calculate total
phenole content of the extracts.[17]
Determination of total flavonoid content
The standard curve of quercetin was prepared by
taken 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 µg/ml concentrations
and 1 M sodium hydroxide was added sequentially.
The absorbance was recorded at 310 nm on
UV-spectrophotometer. The similar process
was repeated and total flavonoid content was
calculated as quercetin equivalents (mgQE/g).
All experimental were performed in duplicate and
expressed as average of two analysis.
Preparation of ointment formulations
The extracts of three plants have been taken and
ointment formulation was formulated and prepared
by their ease of preparation and cleaning after
application.
Ointment formulation
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) mixture of PEG 4000
and 600 has utilized for ointment formulation, with
concentration of 10% (w/w) of all plants extracts.
Ointment was formulated by fusion method.[29]
The
prepared ointment was then evaluated by various
parameters, for example, consistency, and
stability.[27,30,31]
The plants extract utilized for the ointment
preparation is depicted in Table 1.
Evaluation of formulation
1. Color and Odor: Physical parameters such
as color and odor were examined by visual
examination.
2. pH: pH of ointment formulation was measured
by digital pH meter. The solution of ointment
was prepared using 100 ml of distilled water
and set aside for 2 h. pH was determined in
triplicate and average value was calculated.
3.
Spreadability: The spreadability was
determined using two slides to get uniform
Figure 2: Leaf of Murraya koenigii (curry leaf)
Figure 3: Fruit of Punica granatum (Anardana)
4. Kumar, et al.: Anti-inflammatory potential of selected medicinal plants
IJPBA/Jan-Mar-2020/Vol 11/Issue 1 59
thickness by placing a definite weight for
definite time. The time required to separate
the two slides was measured as spreadability.
The better spreadability counts when
slightly less time taken for separation of the
sides.[32]
Spreadability was calculated by
following formula: S = M×L/T; Where, S =
Spreadability, M = Weight tide to the upper
slide, L = Length of glass slide, and T = Time
taken to separate the slides.
4. Extrudability: The extrudability was evaluated,
as reported by Sawant and Tajane, 2016.[29]
5. Diffusion study:Agar nutrient medium was make
the most of the diffusion study. The time taken by
ointment to get diffused through was noted.
6. Loss on drying (LOD): LOD was determined
using Petri dish and dried for the temperature
103°C.
7. Solubility:The solubility of formulation checked
in boiling water, alcohol, ether, and chloroform.
8. Washability: Ointment formulation was applied
on skin and washed with water an ease was
checked.
9. Non irritancy test: Ointment applied to the skin
and observed for the effect.
10. Stabilitystudy:Stabilitytestoftheointmentwas
carried out for 28 days at various temperature
conditions.[33,34]
Pharmacological screening
Anti-inflammatory activity
The various extracts and ointment formulation F1,
F2, and F3 were taken for the pharmacological
screening to identify fractions responsible for
anti-inflammatory activity. Screening carried
out by two animal models, i.e., (1) carrageenan
persuade paw edema in rats; and (2) histamine
persuade paw edema in rats.[35]
Determination of LD50
value and acute toxicity
Rats in groups of 12 were administered
intraperitonealy with different doses of the fractions
fromthethreedrugsbythestaircasemethod,starting
from 10 mg/kg, and increasing dose with factor 2.0,
if there was no mortality and decreasing subsequent
dose with factor 0.7[36]
in case there was mortality.
Least and most tolerated were determined by hit
and trial method for various extracts and fractions.
Corrections for 0% and 100% mortality were done
by the formulas: 100 (0.25/n); for 0% mortality:
and, 100 (n − 0.025/ n); for 100% mortality. S.E. of
LD50
= Log dose with highest mortality−Log dose
with lowest mortality/n.
Doses were selected among two and any mortality
experimental for 24 h and the number of deaths
noted.Acurve of log dose versus probit assessment
was plotted to get dose for probit value 5 which
was taken to be LD50
. Dose range well below LD50
was selected for study.
Screening for anti-inflammatory
Inhibition of carrageenan induced, paw edema in
rats
Rats were divided in the groups of six each, total
12 groups are created (120–150 g):
(1) Saline treated control, (2) untreated diseased
animals, (3) reference group (indomethacin) before
carrageenan, and (4) experimental groups.
Control Group I was given saline, 1 h earlier than
the carrageenan infusion. Experimental groups
were given doses of different portions in 0.5 ml of
ordinary saline, infused intraperitonealy 1 h before
infusion of 0.1 ml of 1% carrageenan arrangement
in the right rear paw under the plantar aponeurosis
(s.c) for affectation of edema. The quantity of paw
edema was controlled by Plethysmometer and a
measurement reaction relationship was built for
both oral and i.p. dosage[37]
and a connection built
between i.p., furthermore, oral dosages delivering
most extreme mitigating impact. Reference
gathering was given indomethacin 2.5 mg/kg 1 h
preceding the carrageenan infusion. Rate restraint
of edema in respect to a control gathering was
ascertained.
Table 1: Ointment formulation based on three plant extract
S. No. Content Formulation
code
1 Murraya koenigii whole plant extract (MK)
(10%) + Ointment base
F1
2 Punica granatum bark extract (10%) (PG) +
Ointment base
F2
3 Artocarpus heterophyllus pulp extract (10%)
(AH) + Ointment base
F3
5. Kumar, et al.: Anti-inflammatory potential of selected medicinal plants
IJPBA/Jan-Mar-2020/Vol 11/Issue 1 60
Inhibition of histamine paw edema in rats
In this experiment, histamine (0.1 ml of 1 mg/ml)
was used as phlogistic agents.[38]
The extract and
ointmentwithvariousfractions,standardpyrilamine,
and control vehicle (2.5%, DMSO, and Tween
20) were regulated intraperitonealy 1 h earlier
than the infusion of incendiary arbiters in their
particular gatherings. Various doses of concentrate
or fractions were infused intraperitonealy in
vehicle to find out dosage reaction relationship.[39]
Histamine (1 mg/ml) was infused and reaction
noted 60 min for histamine bunches. Pyrilamine
maleate (1 mg/kg) was utilized as the reference
of histamine and as a standard medication in the
reference bunch. The quantity of paw edema was
dictated by plethysmometer.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Extraction
The extraction was done by continuous hot
percolation method, i.e., Soxhlet apparatus. The
dried and pulverized drug was utilized with
petroleum ether. Procured marc was then extracted
with 70% solution. The extract was dried by rota
vacuum evaporator. The percentage yield of the
extract from different plants is tabulated in Table 2.
Quantitative analysis
Determination of total phenol content
Spectrophotometric method with Folin-Ciocalteu
reagent utilized for the determination of total
phenol in various plant extracts. The concentration
of total phenols in different plant extracts is in the
following ascending order: MK AH PG.
The extract of PG Linn. has shown that high
concentration of total phenol content (64.167 mg
GAE/g) as compared to the extract of AH Linn.,
(53.889 mg GAE/g) and hydroalcoholic extract
of MK Linn., MK (22.50 mg GAE/g) has shown
the least phenolic content. The total phenol was
significantly more in the hydroalcoholic extract of
PGB and AHP as compared to MKL. The extract
from pulp of AH Linn has also more phenol about
more than 2.4 times than the whole plant extract of
MK Linn. It is evident from the data that the bark
and fruit whole plant has more phenol content than
the leaves in the extracts.
Determination of total flavonoid content
The concentration of flavonoids in various
extracts of plants parts was determined UV
spectrophotometric method with aluminum
chloride. The concentration of flavonoids in
different plant extracts is in the following
ascending order: MK AH PG. The
hydroalcoholic extract of the bark of PG Linn.
has shown high concentration of total flavonoid
content (775.76 mgQE/g) as compared to others.
Concentration dependent flavanoidal content
variation has validated the analytical methodology,
for example, UV/visible spectroscopy. The total
flavanoidal content was more in the hydroalcoholic
extract of PG (775.76 mgQE/g) when compared
AH (617.87 mgQE/g) and MG (722.27 mgQE/g).
Preparation and characterization of ointment
formulations
Ointment formulation F1, F2, and F3 contains of
MK Linn extract, PG Linn. Extract, and AH Lam,
respectively. The herbal extracts of MK Linn
extract, PG Linn., and AH Lam were obtained
from continuous hot percolation extraction
method in good yield. PEG ointment base, blend
of PEG 600 and 4000 utilized for ointment
formulation by taken 10% (w/w) concentration
of extracts. The ointment was estimated for
various physicochemical parameters and is
presented in Table 3. This ointment estimated for
a period of 3 months and result indicated that no
sign of any deviation was observed in physical
appearance, pH, and rheological properties.
These formulations also tested for the irritant
Table 2: Percentage yield of the extracts from plants
S. No. Part Extract color Yield (in g)
1 AH Yellowish 8.24
2 PG Dark brown 8.97
3 MK Greenish brown 20.76
Initially 80 g of crude drug was taken. Where AH – Hydroalcoholic extract of
Artocarpus heterophyllus pulp, PG – Hydroalcoholic extract of PG Linn. Bark, and
MK – Hydroalcoholic extract of Murraya koenigii Linn. whole plant
6. Kumar, et al.: Anti-inflammatory potential of selected medicinal plants
IJPBA/Jan-Mar-2020/Vol 11/Issue 1 61
effect and concluded that these formulations have
free from irritation. The ointment formulations
depicted the absence of redness, inflammation,
and edema.
Anti-inflammatory activity
Various extracts were subjected to detailed
pharmacological investigations for anti-
inflammatory activity along with determination of
toxicity.
Inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema
in rats
It is reported that carrageenan induce the
inflammation by escalating PE2 release and
leukocytes migration. It is moreover increase
the COX-2 appearance in skeletal muscle
and epidermis suggests the production of
prostaglandin E2. Inflammation induced through
carrageenan engross three continuous phases of
the discharge of the mediator; as well as serotonin
and histamine in the primary phase (0–2 h); kinin
released in secondary (3 h); and PG in the 3rd
phase (4 h). The separated extract and ointment
formulation from the three plants were evaluated
for capacity to inhibit carrageenan induced
edema at different doses given intraperitonealy.
The observed inhibitions are tabulated in Table 4.
The ointment formulation F3 has shown
maximum inhibition (80.95%) at 50 mg/kg dose
of carrageenan-induced edema [Table
4] and
83.33% inhibition at 100 mg/kg dose [Table
4],
followed by MK5 and MK10 from MK (38.09
and 47.61% approximately) (P 0.001 for all)
[Tables
4]. The PG5 and PG10 from PG Linn.
extract were shown 50% and 57.14% of inhibition
at 100 mg/kg dose but in case of 50 mg/kg dose
it inhibits only 47.61% and 54.76%, respectively.
The F1 and F2 ointment formulation has shown
76.19% and 80.95% of inhibition at 100 mg/kg
dose but in case of 50mg/kg dose it inhibits only
73.80% and 76.1%, respectively. The AH5 and
AH10 from AH Lam extract were shown 64.28%
and 71.42% of inhibition at 100 mg/kg dose but in
case of 50 mg/kg dose it inhibits only 59.62% and
64.28%, respectively.
Inhibition of histamine-induced paw edema in
rats
The separated fractions from the three plants were
evaluated to inhibit histamine-induced edema
Table 3: Ointment formulation with their physicochemical characterization
S. No. Parameters Formulations
F1 F2 F3
1 Color Yellowish brown Dark yellowish brown Yellowish brown
2 Odor Characteristic Characteristic Characteristic
3 Consistency Smooth Smooth Smooth
4 pH 5.9±0.1 6.4±0.1 6.1±0.1
5 Spreadability (s) 7.2±0.38 8.6±0.25 6.5±0.24
6 Extrudability (g) 0.41±0.06 0.47±0.11 0.39±0.04
7 Diffusion study (after
60 min)
0.70±0.04 0.65±0.05 0.65±0.02
8 Loss on drying (%) 30.24±1.20 30.73±1.31 29.14±1.11
9 Solubility Soluble in boiling water, miscible
with ethanol, ether, chloroform
Soluble in boiling water miscible with
ethanol, ether, chloroform
Soluble in boiling water miscible
with ethanol, ether, chloroform
10 Washability Good Good Good
11 Non-irritancy Non-irritant (Absence of redness,
rashes, edema)
Non-irritant (Absence of redness, rashes,
edema)
Non-irritant (Absence of redness,
rashes, edema)
12 Stability studies Stable Stable Stable
Whereas F1 (MK extract (10%) + Ointment base); F2 (PG extract (10%) + Ointment base); F3 (AH extract (10%) + Ointment base). MK Linn. extract, PG Linn. and AH Lam.
7. Kumar, et al.: Anti-inflammatory potential of selected medicinal plants
IJPBA/Jan-Mar-2020/Vol 11/Issue 1 62
at different doses given intraperitonealy. The
observed inhibitions are tabulated in Table 5.
The ointment formulation F3 has shown
maximum inhibition (78.57%) at 50 mg/kg dose of
histamine-induced edema and 83.33% inhibition
at 100 mg/kg dose. The MK5 and MK10 from
MK extract were shown 30.95% and 28.57%
of inhibition at 100 mg/kg dose [Table 5] but in
case of 50 mg/kg dose it inhibits only 23.80%
and 28.57%, respectively (P 0.001 for all). The
PG5 and PG10 from PG Linn. extract were shown
35.71% and 45.23% of inhibition at 100 mg/kg
dose but in case of 50 mg/kg dose it inhibits only
33.33% and 40.47%, respectively. The F1 and
F2 ointment formulation has shown 71.42% and
76.19% of inhibition at 100 mg/kg dose [Table 5]
but in case of 50 mg/kg dose it inhibits only
64.28% and 71.42%, respectively. The AH5 and
AH10 from AH Lam. extract were shown 50.00%
and 57.14% of inhibition at 100 mg/kg dose
[Table 5] but in case of 50 mg/kg dose it inhibits
only 45.23% and 52.38% [Table 5], respectively.
In that case, standard pyrilamine has shown the
88.09% of inhibition at 1 mg/kg dose.
Table 4: Inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats at 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg dose
Group Isolated
fraction
Dose (mg/kg i.p.) MEV and
SEM
Percent inhibition Dose (mg/kg i.p.) MEV and
SEM
Percent inhibition
I Normal Normal saline 0.42±0.02 ---------- Normal saline 0.42±0.02 --------
II F-1 50 0.11±0.04 73.80 100 0.10±0.04*** 76.19
III F-2 50 0.10±0.03 76.19 100 0.08±0.03*** 80.95
IV F-3 50 0.08±0.03 80.95 100 0.07±0.03 83.33
V MK5 50 0.28±0.02 33.38 100 0.26±0.02 38.09
VI MK10 50 0.25±0.02 40.47 100 0.22±0.02 47.61
VII PG5 50 0.22±0.02 47.61 100 0.21±0.02 50.00
VIII PG10 50 0.19±0.02 54.76 100 0.18±0.02*** 57.14
IX AH5 50 0.17±0.02 59.52 100 0.15±0.02*** 64.28
X AH10 50 0.15±0.02 64.28 100 0.12±0.02*** 71.42
XI Indomethacin (2.5 mg) 0.05±0.02 88.09 2.5 mg 0.05±0.02 88.09
MEV: Mean edema volume; values represent Mean±SEM; and PI: Percentage inhibition; Group I – (Saline) Edema control; Group II – F-1; Group III – F-2; Group IV – F-3;
Group V – MKL5; Group VI – MKL10; Group VII – PGB5; Group VIII – PGB10; Group IX - AHP5; Group X – AHP10; Group XI standard drug indomethacin at the dose
of 2.5 mg/kg body weight; *P0.05; **P0.01; ***P0.001, as compared with arthritic control. whereas F1 (Murraya koenigii extract (10%) + Ointment base); F2 (Punica
granatum extract (10%) + Ointment base); F3 (Artocarpus heterophyllus extract (10%) + Ointment base), MK: Murraya koenigii Linn. extract, PG: Punica granatum Linn.
extract, AH: Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. extract
Table 5: Inhibition of paw edema, induced through histamine in rats at 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg dose
Group Isolated
fraction
Dose
(mg/kg i.p.)
Histamine Dose (mg/kg i.p.)
MEV Percent Inhibition MEV Percent inhibition
I Normal Normal saline 0.42±0.02 -------- 0.42±0.02 -------- Normal saline
II F-1 50 0.15±0.04*** 64.28 0.12±0.04*** 71.42 100
III F-2 50 0.12±0.03*** 71.42 0.10±0.03*** 76.19 100
IV F-3 50 0.09±0.03 78.57 0.08±0.03 80.95 100
V MK5 50 0.32±0.02 23.80 0.30±0.02 30.95 100
VI MK10 50 0.30±0.02 28.57 0.29±0.02 28.57 100
VII PG5 50 0.28±0.02 33.33 0.27±0.02 35.71 100
VIII PG10 50 0.25±0.02*** 40.47 0.23±0.02*** 45.23 100
IX AH5 50 0.23±0.02*** 45.23 0.21±0.02*** 50.00 100
X AH10 50 0.20±0.02*** 52.38 0.18±0.02*** 57.14 100
XI Pyrilamine 01 mg 0.05±0.02 88.09 0.05±0.02 88.09 1 mg
MEV: Mean edema volume, MK: Murraya koenigii, PG: Punica granatum, AH: Artocarpus heterophyllus. ***P0.001, as compared with arthritic control.
8. Kumar, et al.: Anti-inflammatory potential of selected medicinal plants
IJPBA/Jan-Mar-2020/Vol 11/Issue 1 63
CONCLUSION
All three plants including AH Lam., MK Linn.,
and PG Linn. extracted for the active component
and have shown the Gallic acid and Quercetin
as active constituents for flavonoid and phenolic
content and additional used for anti-inflammatory
activity of carrageenan- and histamine-induced
paw edema in rat. The ointment formulations (F1,
F2, and F3) were screened for physicochemical
properties. These plant extracts and ointment were
carried and evaluated for irritancy test. F3 ointment
formulation is better than the F2 and F1 formulation
in inhibition and in all phases showing its inhibition
of kinins as well as arachidonic acid. MK showed
prominent inhibition after the 2 h and their effect
gradually decreased showing that their effect was
due to inhibition of histamine in the first phase as
well as partly due to inhibition of kinins. The order
on inhibition in carrageenan induce paw edema is
NormalMKL5MKL10PGB5PGB10AHP5
AHP10 F1 F2 F-3 Standard (Indomethacin).
The ointment formulation F3 showed significant
inhibition (P 0.001) as compared with standard
drug. The order of inhibition in histamine induce
paw edema is normal MKL5 MKL10 PGB5
PGB10 AHP5 AHP10 F1 F2 F-3
Standard (Pyrilamine).
REFERENCES
1. Lin TK, Zhong L, Santiago JL. Anti-Inflammatory and
skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some
plant oils. Int J Mol Sci 2017;19:70.
2. Wei BL, Weng JR, Chiu PH, Hung CF, Wang JP,
Lin CN. Antiinflammatory flavonoids from Artocarpus
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