The document provides guidelines and commentary for assessing the risk level of sex offenders under New York's Sex Offender Registration Act. It outlines a risk assessment instrument that assigns points for various risk factors to determine a presumptive risk level of 1, 2, or 3. There are also overrides that result in a presumptive level 3. The guidelines aim to predict recidivism risk while considering the potential harm of reoffense. Risk levels guide public notification procedures and registration requirements.
The document proposes establishing an Adult Pre-Arrest Diversion Program (APAD) in Pinellas County, Florida. The APAD program would provide an alternative to arrest for minor offenses like possession of small amounts of marijuana, petty theft under $300, and misdemeanor battery. Eligible individuals would be diverted to complete community service, restitution if needed, and education classes instead of facing criminal charges. The program aims to modify behavior, divert people from the criminal justice system, prevent unnecessary incarceration, and avoid a criminal record. It would be supported by all Pinellas County law enforcement and criminal justice stakeholders and operated through the Pinellas County Sheriff's Office starting on October 1, 2016 at a cost
This document outlines the racial profiling policy of the Houston Community College Police Department. It defines racial profiling and prohibits officers from engaging in it. It informs readers that they can file a complaint if they believe they were racially profiled, including contact information for the police department. It also summarizes state law requirements for law enforcement agencies to adopt a racial profiling policy, collect data on motor vehicle stops, and submit an annual report to oversight bodies. The purpose of the policy is to ensure unbiased, equitable policing and protect civil rights.
Sexual Assault Charges and Defenses in NebraskaTom Petersen
If you have been accused of sexual assault in Nebraska it is imperative that you take the accusation seriously. A conviction could negatively impact your life for years to come. Simply denying the accusation is not sufficient. Learn more about sexual assault charges and defenses in Nebraska in this presentation.
Clery compliance csa online training template march 2013dross2127
The document provides information about the Clery Act and the responsibilities of Campus Security Authorities (CSAs). It discusses how the Clery Act was established in 1990 requiring colleges to disclose crime statistics and security policies after Jeanne Clery was murdered in her dorm room. It outlines that CSAs, including those with significant responsibility for student activities, must report crimes brought to their attention to be included in annual security reports. It provides guidance on which criminal incidents on or near campus must be reported, including crimes motivated by bias. The presentation trains attendees on their CSA duties and the crime reporting form.
This scenario describes a sexual assault that occurred in a workplace. A chief rubbed her breasts against a sailor who was trying to move away, wedging him between a wall and desk. Witnesses were shocked or laughed. The victim was visibly shaken. When the chief saw a witness's horrified reaction, she laughed rather than showing concern for violating boundaries. This was clearly nonconsensual unwanted sexual contact that created a hostile environment.
I created this presentation for the Hickory City Council as they considered passing an ordinance regulating sex offenders\' access to public parks within the city.
Every reasonable effort should be made to protect youth sports participants from adults in the program who have a history of unacceptable criminal activity. It is estimated that 9.6% of all volunteers screened have a criminal record and 2.9% of would be coaches have had convictions involving sex offenses, violence, or other felonies. (Source: Southeastern Security Consultants, Inc.) For starters, volunteer screening including background checks is a critical part of an effective abuse & molestation risk management plan.
For more information and advice, kindly visit our Sports Insurance Website at http://sadlersports.com
The document proposes establishing an Adult Pre-Arrest Diversion Program (APAD) in Pinellas County, Florida. The APAD program would provide an alternative to arrest for minor offenses like possession of small amounts of marijuana, petty theft under $300, and misdemeanor battery. Eligible individuals would be diverted to complete community service, restitution if needed, and education classes instead of facing criminal charges. The program aims to modify behavior, divert people from the criminal justice system, prevent unnecessary incarceration, and avoid a criminal record. It would be supported by all Pinellas County law enforcement and criminal justice stakeholders and operated through the Pinellas County Sheriff's Office starting on October 1, 2016 at a cost
This document outlines the racial profiling policy of the Houston Community College Police Department. It defines racial profiling and prohibits officers from engaging in it. It informs readers that they can file a complaint if they believe they were racially profiled, including contact information for the police department. It also summarizes state law requirements for law enforcement agencies to adopt a racial profiling policy, collect data on motor vehicle stops, and submit an annual report to oversight bodies. The purpose of the policy is to ensure unbiased, equitable policing and protect civil rights.
Sexual Assault Charges and Defenses in NebraskaTom Petersen
If you have been accused of sexual assault in Nebraska it is imperative that you take the accusation seriously. A conviction could negatively impact your life for years to come. Simply denying the accusation is not sufficient. Learn more about sexual assault charges and defenses in Nebraska in this presentation.
Clery compliance csa online training template march 2013dross2127
The document provides information about the Clery Act and the responsibilities of Campus Security Authorities (CSAs). It discusses how the Clery Act was established in 1990 requiring colleges to disclose crime statistics and security policies after Jeanne Clery was murdered in her dorm room. It outlines that CSAs, including those with significant responsibility for student activities, must report crimes brought to their attention to be included in annual security reports. It provides guidance on which criminal incidents on or near campus must be reported, including crimes motivated by bias. The presentation trains attendees on their CSA duties and the crime reporting form.
This scenario describes a sexual assault that occurred in a workplace. A chief rubbed her breasts against a sailor who was trying to move away, wedging him between a wall and desk. Witnesses were shocked or laughed. The victim was visibly shaken. When the chief saw a witness's horrified reaction, she laughed rather than showing concern for violating boundaries. This was clearly nonconsensual unwanted sexual contact that created a hostile environment.
I created this presentation for the Hickory City Council as they considered passing an ordinance regulating sex offenders\' access to public parks within the city.
Every reasonable effort should be made to protect youth sports participants from adults in the program who have a history of unacceptable criminal activity. It is estimated that 9.6% of all volunteers screened have a criminal record and 2.9% of would be coaches have had convictions involving sex offenses, violence, or other felonies. (Source: Southeastern Security Consultants, Inc.) For starters, volunteer screening including background checks is a critical part of an effective abuse & molestation risk management plan.
For more information and advice, kindly visit our Sports Insurance Website at http://sadlersports.com
The 2012 annual report of the Cochise County-Sierra Vista Regional Domestic Violence Fatality Review Team summarizes their first case review from 2012. The review examined a domestic violence incident involving multiple calls to law enforcement over three years that ultimately resulted in a hostage situation and suicide. Key findings included a lack of communication between responding officers, no data sharing system between agencies, and a need for more officer training. Recommendations included appointing a lead officer for ongoing domestic violence cases, implementing a flagging system to alert officers, using lethality screens and safety plans, and providing regular domestic violence training to officers. Some recommendations like the lead officer program were already being tested and implemented by the Sierra Vista Police Department
The document summarizes several specialized dockets in the Stark County Court of Common Pleas, including Honor Court for veterans, Domestic Violence Court, H.O.P.E. Track for individuals with mental illness, Mental Health Intervention in Lieu Program, Chance Program (Drug Court), and Reentry Court. Each specialized docket provides judicial oversight and treatment programs as alternatives to incarceration for eligible individuals to help them successfully complete probation or transition back into the community. The document provides admission criteria and referral information for each specialized docket.
The document provides an overview of training for Campus Security Authorities (CSAs) on their responsibilities under the Clery Act, including requirements to report crimes to their university's police department in a timely manner so the university can comply with Clery Act mandates such as publishing annual security reports with crime statistics. CSAs are defined as university employees who have significant contact with students or responsibility for campus activities and programs.
The document introduces the scope of community corrections programs in Montgomery County. It discusses how the programs provide diversionary services for certain qualified felony offenders in lieu of incarceration. Offenders assessed as low or medium risk are eligible for referral to programs like drug court, pre-trial release, and domestic violence education. The community corrections department administers risk assessments and develops case plans for offenders. They must submit quarterly evaluation reports and annual plans for reimbursement from the state. Certain violent offenses automatically exclude offenders from eligibility, while other exclusions are based on criminal history factors like escape convictions or major disciplinary violations. Front-end referrals and probation violators may qualify but only some offenses are reimbursable by the state.
The document introduces the scope of community corrections programs in Montgomery County. It discusses how the programs provide diversionary services for certain qualified felony offenders in lieu of incarceration. Offenders assessed as low or medium risk are eligible for referral to programs like drug court, pre-trial release, and domestic violence education. The community corrections department administers risk assessments and develops case plans for offenders. They must submit quarterly evaluation reports and annual plans for reimbursement from the state. Certain violent offenses automatically exclude offenders from eligibility, while other exclusions are based on criminal history factors like escape convictions or drug trafficking. Front-end referrals and probation violators may qualify for programs but only some offenses are reimbursable by the state.
The document discusses domestic violence and provides several statistics:
- More than 2,000 infants and young children die from abuse each year in the US.
- Every 4 seconds a child is abused and every 7 minutes a child is killed from abuse in the US.
- Almost 73% of reported domestic violence victims are female.
- Less than 40% of domestic violence cases are reported to the police.
The document also discusses different forms of domestic violence including emotional/verbal abuse and profiles several victims who suffered domestic abuse but did not report it due to societal pressures. It outlines actions that can be taken to address domestic violence such as obtaining injunctions, educating the public, and volunteering with organizations
This session included information on the collaborative work being done between The Royal’s Sexual Behaviours Clinic (SBC) and Ottawa Police Service’s High Risk Offender Unit (HROU). Dr. Paul Fedoroff was the moderator and began the presentations with an overview of innovative work being done within the SBC and the common goals of the Clinic and the HROU. Staff Sargent Dana Reynolds and Det. Mark Horton discussed the role of their team in the community based management of high risk sexual offenders. More specifically they discussed the role of the Unit and common legal designations utilized for high risk sexual offenders. Lisa Murphy, M.C.A. provided an overview of sex offender registries (SORs) and public notification and made comparisons between the approaches used in Canada and the United States. A discussion period followed the panel presentations.
This document is a resume for Christopher A. French detailing his experience in law enforcement spanning from 1992 to present. His current role is as a Criminal Investigator for Jemez Pueblo where he manages the Sexual Offender Program and fills in as Chief of Police when needed. Prior to this he held roles as a State Trooper in Nevada, Police Officer in Rio Rancho NM, and Sergeant for the Sandoval County Sheriff's Office.
Virgin Islands police officers have used deadly force 100 times over the last 20 years, killing 28 people and using other forms of deadly force on 15 more. However, only 10 times have officers been prosecuted. The article examines 85 shootings by police and finds that in 65 cases (76%) the victims were unarmed. National experts are alarmed by these statistics and the lack of accountability. They believe Virgin Islands police are misusing deadly force with alarming frequency and escaping prosecution.
New Civil Orders to Protect Children Briefing 2Olivia Woodward
The UK introduced two new Civil Orders, the Sexual Harm Prevention Order (SHPO) and Sexual Risk Order (SRO), to replace previous orders and better protect the public, children, and vulnerable adults from sexual harm. The SHPO can be issued against individuals convicted of sexual or violent offenses and prohibits behavior that risks causing sexual harm. It lasts a minimum of five years. The SRO allows restrictions to be placed on those believed to pose a risk of sexual harm but who have not been convicted of a specific offense. Both aim to restrict an individual's activities if they threaten sexual harm to others.
Presentation by Stacey-Leigh Manoek, at the National Sex Work Symposium, in the third session of Day1; 'Creating an Enabling Environment' (Boksburg, 22 August 2012).
This document provides an overview of criminal charges, statutes of limitations, and procedures related to child abuse prosecutions in New York. It includes summaries of various assault, homicide, sex, abduction, endangering welfare, and other offenses under New York law. It also discusses reporting requirements, family court proceedings, grand jury procedures, victims' rights, sex offender registration, and trial evidence and procedures commonly encountered in child abuse cases. The document is intended to assist prosecutors in effectively prosecuting child abuse cases.
This document summarizes Republic Act 8353, also known as the Anti-Rape Law. It outlines key aspects of the law, including definitions of rape, circumstances that are punished by death or life imprisonment, and effects of pardon. The critique section then analyzes some problematic aspects of the law, such as inconsistent age distinctions, issues with mental disability provisions, and distinctions in definitions. Solutions are proposed, such as compacting age provisions, justifying mental illness considerations, and equalizing punishment for rape definitions. In conclusion, the critique calls for small revisions to laws to keep up with modern times.
My role as a peer educator in the Relationship and Sexual Violence Prevention organization at UGA granted me the opportunity to create this flyer for the It's On Us campaign week at UGA. Each day focused on a different aspect of sexual assault, and I designed this flyer to be distributed to students during tabling for the "Laws and Policies" theme day. My intention was to make sure students could more easily understand laws surrounding sexual assault and how they impact everyone. I conducted research concerning these laws and summarized them into this one-page document, also providing a potential impact statement below each law/policy.
More than one-quarter of residents in Canada's three territories reported being the victim of at least one crime in 2014, a decrease from 2009 but still higher than rates in provinces. Victimization rates were highest in Nunavut, while Yukon saw the largest declines since 2009. Rates of violent crimes and household crimes decreased in the territories from 2009, though theft rates remained stable. Victimization was more common in larger communities of 2,000 or more residents. Approximately one-third of territorial residents reported experiencing abuse as children.
The document summarizes barriers faced by survivors of domestic and sexual violence in accessing housing and public benefits. It discusses how the Violence Against Women Act aims to protect victims' safety and housing rights. Key housing programs and public benefits like TANF can provide exemptions and waivers to accommodate victims' situations per VAWA guidelines. Homeless women veterans face additional challenges due to military sexual trauma experiences.
Memorandum to maharashtra government about shakti billZahidManiyar
The document is a letter objecting to the proposed Maharashtra Shakti Bill, 2020 and the accompanying Special Courts and Machinery for the Implementation of the Shakti Bill, 2020. It raises several concerns about provisions in the bills, including that the presumption of consent negates the offense of rape, the death penalty will reduce conviction rates and deter reporting, and the short investigation and trial timeframes will compromise justice. It requests that the bills not be tabled without further consultation with women's rights experts and stakeholders.
The legal responsibility for every educatorDerek Ramdatt
This document summarizes several key pieces of legislation related to education and child protection in Trinidad and Tobago. It outlines sections from the Education Act, National Schools Code of Conduct, Children's Act, Sexual Offences Act, Dangerous Drugs Act, and Judges' Rules. The Acts establish definitions around minors, sexual offenses, misconduct, and mandatory reporting of suspected child abuse. The document also references several news stories about sexual abuse cases to illustrate how the laws are applied.
This document provides information about rape and sexual assault, including definitions, North Carolina laws, myths and facts, advice for victims, and legal options. It defines rape as forced sexual intercourse and notes other nonconsensual sexual acts are also felonies. Common myths are dispelled, such as that victims invite assault through their actions. Advice is given to support victims by believing them and ensuring their safety and medical needs. Legal reporting allows investigation but prosecution requires victim involvement. Victims may pursue criminal charges against rapists or civil charges to seek damages.
Task Magic 3 is an interactive whiteboard software that allows teachers to create educational games, activities, and worksheets for all subjects and ages. It has two programs - TaskMagicCreate to build templates by inputting text, images, or audio, and TaskMagicPlay for students to engage with automatically generated activities. Some example activity types it can make include matching, multiple choice, puzzles, and games to support independent learning and differentiation.
El documento presenta un gráfico que muestra las diferentes edades de la historia de la humanidad, incluyendo el Paleolítico, Neolítico, Edad Antigua, Edad de los Metales, Edad Media, Edad Moderna y Edad Contemporánea.
The 2012 annual report of the Cochise County-Sierra Vista Regional Domestic Violence Fatality Review Team summarizes their first case review from 2012. The review examined a domestic violence incident involving multiple calls to law enforcement over three years that ultimately resulted in a hostage situation and suicide. Key findings included a lack of communication between responding officers, no data sharing system between agencies, and a need for more officer training. Recommendations included appointing a lead officer for ongoing domestic violence cases, implementing a flagging system to alert officers, using lethality screens and safety plans, and providing regular domestic violence training to officers. Some recommendations like the lead officer program were already being tested and implemented by the Sierra Vista Police Department
The document summarizes several specialized dockets in the Stark County Court of Common Pleas, including Honor Court for veterans, Domestic Violence Court, H.O.P.E. Track for individuals with mental illness, Mental Health Intervention in Lieu Program, Chance Program (Drug Court), and Reentry Court. Each specialized docket provides judicial oversight and treatment programs as alternatives to incarceration for eligible individuals to help them successfully complete probation or transition back into the community. The document provides admission criteria and referral information for each specialized docket.
The document provides an overview of training for Campus Security Authorities (CSAs) on their responsibilities under the Clery Act, including requirements to report crimes to their university's police department in a timely manner so the university can comply with Clery Act mandates such as publishing annual security reports with crime statistics. CSAs are defined as university employees who have significant contact with students or responsibility for campus activities and programs.
The document introduces the scope of community corrections programs in Montgomery County. It discusses how the programs provide diversionary services for certain qualified felony offenders in lieu of incarceration. Offenders assessed as low or medium risk are eligible for referral to programs like drug court, pre-trial release, and domestic violence education. The community corrections department administers risk assessments and develops case plans for offenders. They must submit quarterly evaluation reports and annual plans for reimbursement from the state. Certain violent offenses automatically exclude offenders from eligibility, while other exclusions are based on criminal history factors like escape convictions or major disciplinary violations. Front-end referrals and probation violators may qualify but only some offenses are reimbursable by the state.
The document introduces the scope of community corrections programs in Montgomery County. It discusses how the programs provide diversionary services for certain qualified felony offenders in lieu of incarceration. Offenders assessed as low or medium risk are eligible for referral to programs like drug court, pre-trial release, and domestic violence education. The community corrections department administers risk assessments and develops case plans for offenders. They must submit quarterly evaluation reports and annual plans for reimbursement from the state. Certain violent offenses automatically exclude offenders from eligibility, while other exclusions are based on criminal history factors like escape convictions or drug trafficking. Front-end referrals and probation violators may qualify for programs but only some offenses are reimbursable by the state.
The document discusses domestic violence and provides several statistics:
- More than 2,000 infants and young children die from abuse each year in the US.
- Every 4 seconds a child is abused and every 7 minutes a child is killed from abuse in the US.
- Almost 73% of reported domestic violence victims are female.
- Less than 40% of domestic violence cases are reported to the police.
The document also discusses different forms of domestic violence including emotional/verbal abuse and profiles several victims who suffered domestic abuse but did not report it due to societal pressures. It outlines actions that can be taken to address domestic violence such as obtaining injunctions, educating the public, and volunteering with organizations
This session included information on the collaborative work being done between The Royal’s Sexual Behaviours Clinic (SBC) and Ottawa Police Service’s High Risk Offender Unit (HROU). Dr. Paul Fedoroff was the moderator and began the presentations with an overview of innovative work being done within the SBC and the common goals of the Clinic and the HROU. Staff Sargent Dana Reynolds and Det. Mark Horton discussed the role of their team in the community based management of high risk sexual offenders. More specifically they discussed the role of the Unit and common legal designations utilized for high risk sexual offenders. Lisa Murphy, M.C.A. provided an overview of sex offender registries (SORs) and public notification and made comparisons between the approaches used in Canada and the United States. A discussion period followed the panel presentations.
This document is a resume for Christopher A. French detailing his experience in law enforcement spanning from 1992 to present. His current role is as a Criminal Investigator for Jemez Pueblo where he manages the Sexual Offender Program and fills in as Chief of Police when needed. Prior to this he held roles as a State Trooper in Nevada, Police Officer in Rio Rancho NM, and Sergeant for the Sandoval County Sheriff's Office.
Virgin Islands police officers have used deadly force 100 times over the last 20 years, killing 28 people and using other forms of deadly force on 15 more. However, only 10 times have officers been prosecuted. The article examines 85 shootings by police and finds that in 65 cases (76%) the victims were unarmed. National experts are alarmed by these statistics and the lack of accountability. They believe Virgin Islands police are misusing deadly force with alarming frequency and escaping prosecution.
New Civil Orders to Protect Children Briefing 2Olivia Woodward
The UK introduced two new Civil Orders, the Sexual Harm Prevention Order (SHPO) and Sexual Risk Order (SRO), to replace previous orders and better protect the public, children, and vulnerable adults from sexual harm. The SHPO can be issued against individuals convicted of sexual or violent offenses and prohibits behavior that risks causing sexual harm. It lasts a minimum of five years. The SRO allows restrictions to be placed on those believed to pose a risk of sexual harm but who have not been convicted of a specific offense. Both aim to restrict an individual's activities if they threaten sexual harm to others.
Presentation by Stacey-Leigh Manoek, at the National Sex Work Symposium, in the third session of Day1; 'Creating an Enabling Environment' (Boksburg, 22 August 2012).
This document provides an overview of criminal charges, statutes of limitations, and procedures related to child abuse prosecutions in New York. It includes summaries of various assault, homicide, sex, abduction, endangering welfare, and other offenses under New York law. It also discusses reporting requirements, family court proceedings, grand jury procedures, victims' rights, sex offender registration, and trial evidence and procedures commonly encountered in child abuse cases. The document is intended to assist prosecutors in effectively prosecuting child abuse cases.
This document summarizes Republic Act 8353, also known as the Anti-Rape Law. It outlines key aspects of the law, including definitions of rape, circumstances that are punished by death or life imprisonment, and effects of pardon. The critique section then analyzes some problematic aspects of the law, such as inconsistent age distinctions, issues with mental disability provisions, and distinctions in definitions. Solutions are proposed, such as compacting age provisions, justifying mental illness considerations, and equalizing punishment for rape definitions. In conclusion, the critique calls for small revisions to laws to keep up with modern times.
My role as a peer educator in the Relationship and Sexual Violence Prevention organization at UGA granted me the opportunity to create this flyer for the It's On Us campaign week at UGA. Each day focused on a different aspect of sexual assault, and I designed this flyer to be distributed to students during tabling for the "Laws and Policies" theme day. My intention was to make sure students could more easily understand laws surrounding sexual assault and how they impact everyone. I conducted research concerning these laws and summarized them into this one-page document, also providing a potential impact statement below each law/policy.
More than one-quarter of residents in Canada's three territories reported being the victim of at least one crime in 2014, a decrease from 2009 but still higher than rates in provinces. Victimization rates were highest in Nunavut, while Yukon saw the largest declines since 2009. Rates of violent crimes and household crimes decreased in the territories from 2009, though theft rates remained stable. Victimization was more common in larger communities of 2,000 or more residents. Approximately one-third of territorial residents reported experiencing abuse as children.
The document summarizes barriers faced by survivors of domestic and sexual violence in accessing housing and public benefits. It discusses how the Violence Against Women Act aims to protect victims' safety and housing rights. Key housing programs and public benefits like TANF can provide exemptions and waivers to accommodate victims' situations per VAWA guidelines. Homeless women veterans face additional challenges due to military sexual trauma experiences.
Memorandum to maharashtra government about shakti billZahidManiyar
The document is a letter objecting to the proposed Maharashtra Shakti Bill, 2020 and the accompanying Special Courts and Machinery for the Implementation of the Shakti Bill, 2020. It raises several concerns about provisions in the bills, including that the presumption of consent negates the offense of rape, the death penalty will reduce conviction rates and deter reporting, and the short investigation and trial timeframes will compromise justice. It requests that the bills not be tabled without further consultation with women's rights experts and stakeholders.
The legal responsibility for every educatorDerek Ramdatt
This document summarizes several key pieces of legislation related to education and child protection in Trinidad and Tobago. It outlines sections from the Education Act, National Schools Code of Conduct, Children's Act, Sexual Offences Act, Dangerous Drugs Act, and Judges' Rules. The Acts establish definitions around minors, sexual offenses, misconduct, and mandatory reporting of suspected child abuse. The document also references several news stories about sexual abuse cases to illustrate how the laws are applied.
This document provides information about rape and sexual assault, including definitions, North Carolina laws, myths and facts, advice for victims, and legal options. It defines rape as forced sexual intercourse and notes other nonconsensual sexual acts are also felonies. Common myths are dispelled, such as that victims invite assault through their actions. Advice is given to support victims by believing them and ensuring their safety and medical needs. Legal reporting allows investigation but prosecution requires victim involvement. Victims may pursue criminal charges against rapists or civil charges to seek damages.
Task Magic 3 is an interactive whiteboard software that allows teachers to create educational games, activities, and worksheets for all subjects and ages. It has two programs - TaskMagicCreate to build templates by inputting text, images, or audio, and TaskMagicPlay for students to engage with automatically generated activities. Some example activity types it can make include matching, multiple choice, puzzles, and games to support independent learning and differentiation.
El documento presenta un gráfico que muestra las diferentes edades de la historia de la humanidad, incluyendo el Paleolítico, Neolítico, Edad Antigua, Edad de los Metales, Edad Media, Edad Moderna y Edad Contemporánea.
The document provides code snippets for creating programs in C to:
1. Restrict mouse pointer movement and display pointer position by accessing the interrupt table and using functions like int86().
2. Create simple viruses by writing programs that shutdown the system, open internet explorer infinitely, or delete IE files.
3. Create DOS commands by writing C programs that can be executed from the command line to list files or directories.
4. Switch to 256 color graphics mode and create directories by calling int86() and writing to registers.
5. Develop a basic paint brush program using graphics functions to draw shapes determined by brush properties when the mouse is clicked.
_____________________________
Date Issued: __________________________
Time Issued: __________________________
Location Issued: _______________________
5. CONDUCT THE TRAINING
- Date of training: ______________________
- Start time: ___________________________
- End time: ____________________________
- Number of soldiers trained: ______________
- Was the training conducted as planned: ____
- Were all objectives met: _________________
- Were all standards met: _________________
- Were soldiers evaluated: ________________
- Were soldiers given feedback: ____________
- Were soldiers retrained if needed: _________
- Were soldiers certified if standards met: ____
6. ASSESS
Presentation of Ronda Group, a professional Chinese battery manufacturer / supplier for Rechargeable Li-ion 18650, LiFePO4, NiCd and NiMH battery and packs.
Bio of Baba Iqbal Singh ji of The Kalgidhar Society, Baru SahibJIVO WELLNESS PVT LTD
Name: Baba Iqbal Singh
Parents: Sanwal Singh & Gulab Kaur
D.O.B.: 01 May 1926
Marital status: Never-married
Qualifications: M.Sc (Agriculture), retired Director Agriculture (Himachal Pradesh)
Taking over charge of the Kalgidhar Society in 1965 after his guide/mentor Sant Teja Singh (MA. LlB, A.M. Harvard) passed away, Baba Iqbal Singh after retiring in 1987 operationalised the mission of “combining modern education with faith to produce good global citizens”.
He started a 1 room school in 1986 with only 5 students which today is a chain of 129 CBSE affiliated English medium schools, 42courses/programs, 2 private universities benefitting around 60,000 rural students. These institutions are in deep rural hearts of North India “away from urbanisation” imparting value-based education to rural marginalised children who otherwise are exposed to the menace of drugs and alcohol abuse in rural north India.
Furthering the cause of women empowerment in rural areas by setting up educational institutions dedicated to women, teachers training programs and employment centres within the villages. Today more than 2000 rural girls have been imparted free teachers training and inducted into own schools as worthy Teachers.
With millions of beneficiaries/volunteers worldwide, Baba Iqbal Singh has been working relentlessly in the direction of imparting education in the rural marginalised areas of North India. He believes that rural children are getting pushed away from the mainstream and cannot really contribute much to the nation’s growth hence the drive to “educate-enshrine-empower” these large masses is the need of the hour.
So much so that in 2012, Baba ji was rated as the most powerful non-political Sikh in the world by the "Top Sikh 100" Organization in UK. In 2014 he was awarded a Citation from the New York State Assembly as an exceptional individual, one which is worthy of the esteem of USA and the great state of New York for fostering Tolerance for people of all races and cultures.
Now, above 88 years of age, he has undertaken the task of realizing the 10th master Sri Guru Gobind Singhji’s blessing of ‘Guru kiKashi’ for Damdama sahib by building the Akal University ‘Guru ki Kashi’ at Talwandi Sabo at a huge cost of Rs. 500 crores. And his message for all is “it is the duty of every Sikh to support Guru ki Kashi with his Tithe ‘Daswandh’”.
He is also vigorously working to achieve the short-term goal of 150 schools by 2016 and long term goal of 500 schools within the next decade.
Brian D. Bouldrey is a senior lecturer and distinguished professor in the Department of English at Northwestern University. He has over 20 years of experience teaching creative writing courses at the undergraduate and graduate level. His areas of expertise include fiction, creative nonfiction, and environmental literature. He has published several books, edited various anthologies, and written short stories and essays for literary journals.
UP302 is a novel tyrosinase inhibitor isolated from the plant Dianella ensifolia. It inhibits tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in melanin production, with much higher potency than the common inhibitor Kojic acid. In cell and tissue studies, UP302 strongly suppresses melanin formation in mouse melanoma cells and human melanocytes at low concentrations, without toxic effects. When applied topically to a reconstructed skin model, 0.1% UP302 significantly lightened the skin by decreasing melanin production, comparable to a higher concentration of Kojic acid, and did not affect cell viability or tissue morphology. UP302 shows potential as a safe and effective skin whitening agent.
This document discusses residual ridge resorption (RRR), which refers to the ongoing reduction in size of the residual alveolar ridge after tooth extractions. It provides information on the basic concepts of bone structure, the mechanisms of bone resorption, and the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of RRR. RRR is a normal process, but becomes pathological when the rate of resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation. The document outlines the anatomical and metabolic factors that contribute to RRR and the changes seen in the maxilla and mandible as a result of ongoing resorption.
This powerpoint reflects my idea of culture as “classification.” That is, I am interested in the process by which groups of people—large and small—name and categorize ideas and phenomena into coherent systems of meaning. Cultural analysis becomes, then, a matter of evaluating these systems: their logic, their interconnections, their contradictions and tensions, as well as their social manifestations. For a full development of this argument in a Chinese context, see Richard J. Smith, The Qing Dynasty and Traditional Chinese Culture (Rowman and Littlefield, 2015).
This document outlines several theories regarding the relationship between the mind and the physical brain/body:
1. Behaviourism views mental states as dispositions to behave in certain ways.
2. Identity Theory claims mental states are identical to specific brain states. Advances in neuroscience support this view.
3. Functionalism defines mental states as functional roles that relate inner states to behaviors, arguing this allows for the possibility of non-biological entities like aliens or AI having minds.
4. Eliminative Materialism takes the radical position that mental states do not exist at all and are merely illusions caused by habits of speech.
My Hotel Trip offers surplus hotel rooms that would otherwise be vacant at low prices to fill rooms and make both hotels and customers happy. Customers get great deals on rooms and hotels are able to fill rooms that would otherwise be empty.
El documento describe el proceso de instalación del sistema operativo Ubuntu de forma nativa y en una máquina virtual. Explica que Ubuntu es un sistema operativo libre y gratuito, que se puede instalar directamente en un ordenador o dentro de una máquina virtual emulada por software. Luego detalla los pasos para instalar Ubuntu de manera nativa, como descargar la imagen ISO, arrancar desde el CD, seleccionar el idioma y la zona horaria, y configurar particiones durante la instalación. Finalmente, resume cómo instalar Ubuntu en una máquina virtual, seleccion
FPGA Implementation of SubByte & Inverse SubByte for AES Algorithmijsrd.com
Advanced encryption standard was accepted as a Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) standard. In traditional look up table (LUT) approaches, the unbreakable delay is longer than the total delay of the rest of operations in each round. LUT approach consumes a large area. It is more efficient to apply composite field arithmetic in the SubBytes transformation of the AES algorithm. It not only reduces the complexity but also enables deep sub pipelining such that higher speed can be achieved. Isomorphic mapping can be employed to convert GF(28) to GF(22)2)2) ,so that multiplicative inverse can be easily obtained. SubBytes and InvSubBytes transformations are merged using composite field arithmetic. It is most important responsible for the implementation of low cost and high throughput AES architecture. As compared to the typical ROM based lookup table, the presented implementation is both capable of higher speeds since it can be pipelined and small in terms of area occupancy (137/1290 slices on a Spartan III XCS200-5FPGA).
Este álbum de fotografías documenta la vida de Denyse Antivo Mendoza a través de varias fotos familiares y de eventos importantes. Las imágenes capturan momentos felices como cumpleaños, vacaciones y reuniones con amigos y familiares a lo largo de los años. El álbum ofrece una mirada a los recuerdos y experiencias que han formado la vida de Denyse.
This document provides information and instructions for applying to be a facilitator for the Romanian Youth Leadership Forum (RYLF) taking place in December 2013. It outlines the application process which consists of submitting a CV, questionnaire, video, and session outline. The goals of RYLF are to help delegates explore leadership and discover themselves through interactions with others. Facilitators will guide small groups of delegates through discussions and activities related to leadership concepts over the 4-day conference. Prior training and facilitating experience are preferred for the facilitator role. The deadline to submit the completed application is October 1st, 2013.
The document discusses risk management of sexual offenders in communities. It covers topics like civil commitment laws, sex offender registries, community notification, and actuarial risk assessment tools. Specifically, it notes that civil commitment targets high risk individuals with treatable mental disorders to protect the public through least restrictive means. It also discusses how sex offender registries in Canada aim to provide police information to investigate sexual crimes by identifying possible suspects near offense sites. However, community notification laws may heighten fear and impede offender reintegration without public education. Actuarial tools also have limitations and error rates in accurately assessing risk.
In this module, you will learn about the controversies surrounding.docxjaggernaoma
In this module, you will learn about the controversies surrounding psychological testing and specialized evaluations.
There are times when the expertise of psychology professionals and mental health professionals is used to protect both clients and society. This use of expertise calls for sensitive evaluation procedures fraught with risk for psychology professionals and mental health evaluators. The risk arises because opinion may be mistaken for fact, and this can result in unfair sentencing or lawsuits against the evaluator if the sensitive information is misused or misinterpreted in any way by third parties.
In a forensic setting, recommendations are made to assess and determine dangerousness, risk for recidivism, and the potential for future violence. These specialized evaluations require appropriate training and the administration of psychological tests designed to measure specific traits. The instruments designed to measure violence and dangerousness are surrounded by controversy because of their limited ability to assess risks beyond reasonable certainty. While they are often useful in yielding information about specific personality traits, no test can conclusively predict how and when an individual will act in any given situation. Therefore, these instruments are often the center of controversy in courts, particularly among defense attorneys. Psychological evaluations are defensible only to a certain degree. No matter what types of or how many valid instruments psychology professionals or mental health professionals use in the forensic assessment, the results will likely be viewed as the opinion of the examiner in a court of law. This leaves room for holes to be punched into theories of both the defense and the prosecution. It also reinforces the fact that you must obtain expertise through experience and training if you plan to conduct evaluations for use in the court or the legal system. The instruments will not be subject to a cross-examination as much as the evaluators who use them.
An additional factor subject to scrutiny in the legal system is the appropriateness of tests used on clients fitting certain racial, cultural, ethnic, and sexual orientation demographics if they are not represented by the norms on which the psychological tests were developed. While increasing efforts have been made recently by most test publishers to establish norms better matching race, culture, ethnicity, and sexual orientation, most major psychological instruments are still interpreted using standard norms and outdated representative populations. In addition, there is a controversy concerning what parameters of intelligence and developmental disability should be admissible in court. For example, if someone with moderate mental retardation commits murder and knows right from wrong, it is argued that the low intelligence of the individual is irrelevant in the case and should not influence sentencing. These scenarios are difficult to address with psycho.
Overview and analysis on the economics model of crime by Becker (1968). Including a case study on the Three Strikes Law in California, USA, using differences in differences methodology
Predicting Violent Behavior The Psychology of Risk Assessment.docxharrisonhoward80223
Predicting Violent Behavior: The Psychology of Risk Assessment
Chapter 14
Leroy Hendricks and Sexually violent Offenders
Sexually Violent Predator Civil Commitment Law (SVP)
Civil commitment of potentially dangerous sexual offenders
Often in treatment facilities until cleared
In the DA’s custody
As of 2013, 20 states and federal government passed such laws
Includes Texas – exclusively community-based commitment
Nearly 4500 sex offender committed under SVP since 1990, and only 494 released by 2007
Leroy Hendricks: First to be held under SVP
Leroy Hendricks and Sexually Violent Offenders
SVP objectives
Police power to protect citizens
Parens patriae power to protect those not able to care for themselves
Predicting future criminal conduct
Psychologists and psychiatrists
Controversy regarding accuracy
Controversy regarding double jeopardy, ex post facto, substantive due process
SVP Laws in United States
Blue shading indicates states that have SVP laws. Gray shading indicates states that do not have SVP laws.
Figure 14.1
4
Sexually Violent Offenders
Why were the SVP laws enacted?
Re-offense rates not as large as widely believed, but did increase over time to 24% after 15 years.
Sex offenders were thought to be uncontrollable and only stopped through incapacitation
Actual rates may be inaccurate.
Many unreported sexual crimes
Researchers can only sample self-reports, arrests, and convictions
Sexual re-offenses also affected by
Group of offenders followed
Length of time followed
Sexually Violent Offenders
Kansas v. Hendricks (1997) (U.S. Supreme Court)
SPV laws did not violate double jeopardy and ex post constitutional concerns
Laws imposed civil rather than criminal punishment and constitutional restrictions on punishment only applied to criminal matters
Substantive due process was not violated
Risk Assessment and the Law
Involuntary civil commitment
Decision to place someone in a psychiatric facility against his or her will
Mental disorder affecting functioning
Danger to self or others
Tarasoff
Gravely disabled
Risk Assessment and the Law
Sexually Violent Predator civil commitment (SVP)
Protection of community
Hendricks v. Hendricks (1994)
Broadly defined sexual predator
Supreme Court determined parens patriae treatment largely unnecessary (1997)
Kansas v. Crane (2002) explained criteria to commit an individual under SVP laws
Suffer from mental illness
Pose a future danger to society
Have serious difficulty controlling his or her urges
See Table 14.1 for more information
8
Risk Assessment and the Law
DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder
Pervasive pattern of violation of rights of others since age 15 as demonstrated by three of seven criteria
Eighteen years of age
Conduct disorder with onset before 15 years
Antisocial behavior not exclusively to actions related to schizophrenia or manic episode
See Table 14.1 for more information
9
Risk Assessment and the Law
Challenges of risk assessment
Protect .
The document discusses sexual offenders after prison, including statistics, monitoring, and challenges. Some key points:
- Around 747,000 sexual offenders are registered in the US, with 5.3% reoffending sexually and 87% committing non-sexual crimes.
- Upon release, offenders must register with their state's sexual offender registry and provide personal details that are made public.
- Offenders are categorized into risk levels 1-3, with level 3 deemed highest risk. Monitoring includes GPS tracking for high risk offenders.
- Challenges include offenders failing to register, providing fake addresses, and disappearing. Revelation of offender details aims to empower public safety but also risks further victimization and vigilantism in communities
1
Week 8 Assignment Document Library
While your personal values and experiences are important, your report should be
based solely on information provided in this document
Table of Contents
Georgia Assault and Battery Laws .............................................................................................................. 2
Definitions of Georgia Assault and Battery Laws ....................................................................................... 4
Definition of Self-defense ......................................................................................................................... 12
2
Georgia Assault and Battery Laws
Code Sections
Simple Assault: O.C.G.A. §16-5-20
Aggravated Assault: O.C.G.A §16-5-21
Simple Battery: O.C.G.A §16-5-23
Aggravated Battery: O.C.G.A §16-5-24
What is Prohibited
Simple Assault: Attempting to commit a violent injury on
someone else or putting them in a situation where it’s
reasonable they can be injured in such a manner. No actual
physical touching is necessary to violate the law. Words can
be enough. For example, threatening to break someone's
neck, if done in a menacing manner, can be considered
simple assault.
Aggravated Assault: Assaulting someone:
(1) With intent to murder, to rape, or to rob;
(2) With a deadly weapon or with any object, device, or
instrument which, when used offensively against a person, is
likely to or actually does result in serious bodily injury; or
(3) Shooting a firearm from within a
motor vehicle toward a person or persons.
Simple Battery:
(1) Intentionally making physical contact of an insulting or
provoking nature with the person of
another; or
(2) Intentionally causing physical harm to another person.
Aggravated Battery: Intentionally and maliciously inflicting a
serious injury to the victim, such as loss of a limb, loss of use
of a limb, or serious disfigurement.
What is "Serious
Disfigurement?"
Any kind of physical alteration to another person's body, such
as a visible scar on someone’s face or other body part; or a
broken bone that alters one’s physical appearance
Penalty
Simple Assault: Misdemeanor: Up to 1 year in jail, fines
reaching $1,000, probation, and restitution. Can be elevated
to a "high" and "aggravated" misdemeanor with enhanced
penalties (up to 1 year in jail and $5,000 fines) if the assault
committed involved a firearm, public transportation, a
pregnant woman, a public school employee, a senior citizen,
or if it was a domestic assault (committed against a family
member).
Aggravated Assault: Felony: One to twenty years in prison,
fines, restitution.
http://codes.findlaw.com/ga/title-16-crimes-and-offenses/ga-code-sect-16-5-20.html
http://codes.findlaw.com/ga/title-16-crimes-and-offenses/ga-code-sect-16-5-21.html
http://codes.findlaw.com/ga/title-16-crimes-and-offenses/ga-code-sect-16-5-23.html
http://codes.findlaw.com/ga/title-16-crimes-and-offenses/ ...
1 Week 8 Assignment Document Library While your peAbbyWhyte974
1
Week 8 Assignment Document Library
While your personal values and experiences are important, your report should be
based solely on information provided in this document
Table of Contents
Georgia Assault and Battery Laws .............................................................................................................. 2
Definitions of Georgia Assault and Battery Laws ....................................................................................... 4
Definition of Self-defense ......................................................................................................................... 12
2
Georgia Assault and Battery Laws
Code Sections
Simple Assault: O.C.G.A. §16-5-20
Aggravated Assault: O.C.G.A §16-5-21
Simple Battery: O.C.G.A §16-5-23
Aggravated Battery: O.C.G.A §16-5-24
What is Prohibited
Simple Assault: Attempting to commit a violent injury on
someone else or putting them in a situation where it’s
reasonable they can be injured in such a manner. No actual
physical touching is necessary to violate the law. Words can
be enough. For example, threatening to break someone's
neck, if done in a menacing manner, can be considered
simple assault.
Aggravated Assault: Assaulting someone:
(1) With intent to murder, to rape, or to rob;
(2) With a deadly weapon or with any object, device, or
instrument which, when used offensively against a person, is
likely to or actually does result in serious bodily injury; or
(3) Shooting a firearm from within a
motor vehicle toward a person or persons.
Simple Battery:
(1) Intentionally making physical contact of an insulting or
provoking nature with the person of
another; or
(2) Intentionally causing physical harm to another person.
Aggravated Battery: Intentionally and maliciously inflicting a
serious injury to the victim, such as loss of a limb, loss of use
of a limb, or serious disfigurement.
What is "Serious
Disfigurement?"
Any kind of physical alteration to another person's body, such
as a visible scar on someone’s face or other body part; or a
broken bone that alters one’s physical appearance
Penalty
Simple Assault: Misdemeanor: Up to 1 year in jail, fines
reaching $1,000, probation, and restitution. Can be elevated
to a "high" and "aggravated" misdemeanor with enhanced
penalties (up to 1 year in jail and $5,000 fines) if the assault
committed involved a firearm, public transportation, a
pregnant woman, a public school employee, a senior citizen,
or if it was a domestic assault (committed against a family
member).
Aggravated Assault: Felony: One to twenty years in prison,
fines, restitution.
http://codes.findlaw.com/ga/title-16-crimes-and-offenses/ga-code-sect-16-5-20.html
http://codes.findlaw.com/ga/title-16-crimes-and-offenses/ga-code-sect-16-5-21.html
http://codes.findlaw.com/ga/title-16-crimes-and-offenses/ga-code-sect-16-5-23.html
http://codes.findlaw.com/ga/title-16-crimes-and-offenses/ ...
1 week 8 assignment document library while your pejasmin849794
This document provides definitions and information about assault and battery laws in Georgia. It defines simple assault, aggravated assault, simple battery, and aggravated battery. For each crime, it describes what actions are prohibited and potential penalties if convicted, including imprisonment and fines. Aggravated offenses generally carry longer imprisonment than simple offenses. The document also discusses hate crimes, self-defense, and which government entities prosecute these crimes in Georgia.
The document discusses the Violence Against Persons Prohibition (VAPP) Act in Nigeria as an advocacy tool to curb gender-based violence. Some key points:
- The VAPP Bill was passed in 2013-2015 and signed into law by the president in May 2015 to prohibit all forms of violence.
- The VAPP Act provides maximum protection and remedies for victims, and punishment for offenders. It addresses gaps in previous laws and criminalizes domestic violence.
- The law establishes roles for institutions like the police in handling reports and prosecutions. It also enables protection orders to prevent further abuse.
- The VAPP Act recognizes the right to a life free from violence as a basic human right.
This document discusses prevalence rates and characteristics of sex offenders. It notes that according to statistics, 40 million Americans visit internet porn sites monthly and over 60% of internet visits are for sexual purposes. Juvenile sex offenders comprise 25.8% of sexual offenses and commonly have histories of abuse, domestic violence exposure, learning disabilities and social deficits. The document contrasts old paradigms of sex offender treatment with new perspectives, and provides an overview of insanity defenses, competence evaluations, and other general legal rules regarding criminal responsibility.
What constitutes as sexual assault? And what are the charges laden on it? Probe this presentation from Atty. Ross Goodman to know! You can also read the blog version here: https://goo.gl/CPB2SZ
This document defines substantive and procedural criminal law and outlines the history and sources of criminal law. It discusses different types of crimes like homicide, assault, sexual assault, and theft. It also covers criminal law concepts such as mens rea, defenses, standards of proof, and differences between criminal and civil law.
1 Sexual Offenses and OffendersThere are few groups of indiv.docxvickeryr87
1 Sexual Offenses and Offenders
There are few groups of individuals who are more reviled than sexual offenders. Though this has been true for more than a century, the past two decades have brought forth intense scrutiny from the public, politicians, and policymakers. Several emotionally-charged cases of child sexual abuse were highly publicized in the 1980s and 1990s, reigniting public intolerance for sexual offenders. And although the incidence of sexual offenses has been decreasing, sanctions for sex offenders have been constantly increasing over the last two decades. Unfortunately, empirical research does not show that such sanctions significantly deter offenders or reduce recidivism, and yet this legislation creates significant financial strain for local jurisdictions and states that must implement the policies (Zgoba et al., 2008). Despite the questionable efficacy of these laws, there is no sign of reducing the sanctions for this group.
This is not the first time historically that society has exhibited a “moral panic” about the dangers of sexual abuse. This panic has waned and ebbed throughout the last century. Jenkins (1998, p. 4) explains that the perception of sex offenders is the effect of “socially constructed realities” influenced by existing social and political ideologies. The public desire to incapacitate sex offenders today is similar to social attitudes in the 1930s, when sexual psychopathy laws emerged to incapacitate those considered to be “unfortunate but dangerous wretches” (Robson, 1999, p. 2). So although empirical research has consistently shown that sex offenders constitute a heterogeneous population of individuals for whom a one-size-fits-all policy will not be effective, such policies regarding the supervision, monitoring, and incapacitation of sexual offenders have gone full circle since the beginning of the century.
The purpose of this text is to provide the reader with a general understanding of sex offenders and the societal responses to them. Historically, sex offender research has focused on why sex offenders commit such offenses, and the characteristics of different types of offenders. Sex offender research today is centered around three general topic areas: (1) the factors associated with sexual offending, including personal characteristics as well as situational variables; (2) sex offenders' risk of recidivism; and (3) the efficacy of policies and programs for sex offenders. Before addressing the issue of why people commit sexual offenses and how best to prevent them, however, it is necessary to understand the nature and scope of sex crimes in the United States today.
WHAT IS A SEXUAL OFFENSE?
More than 100 years ago, Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1886/1965, p. 241) made the following observation about sexual behavior:
· Nothing is so prone to contaminate—under certain circumstances, even to exhaust—the source of all noble and ideal sentiments, which arise from a normally developed sexual instinct, as the.
1 Sexual Offenses and Offenders There are few groups of individual.docxjeremylockett77
1 Sexual Offenses and Offenders There are few groups of individuals who are more reviled than sexual offenders. Though this has been true for more than a century, the past two decades have brought forth intense scrutiny from the public, politicians, and policymakers. Several emotionally-charged cases of child sexual abuse were highly publicized in the 1980s and 1990s, reigniting public intolerance for sexual offenders. And although the incidence of sexual offenses has been decreasing, sanctions for sex offenders have been constantly increasing over the last two decades. Unfortunately, empirical research does not show that such sanctions significantly deter offenders or reduce recidivism, and yet this legislation creates significant financial strain for local jurisdictions and states that must implement the policies (Zgoba et al., 2008). Despite the questionable efficacy of these laws, there is no sign of reducing the sanctions for this group. This is not the first time historically that society has exhibited a “moral panic” about the dangers of sexual abuse. This panic has waned and ebbed throughout the last century. Jenkins (1998, p. 4) explains that the perception of sex offenders is the effect of “socially constructed realities” influenced by existing social and political ideologies. The public desire to incapacitate sex offenders today is similar to social attitudes in the 1930s, when sexual psychopathy laws emerged to incapacitate those considered to be “unfortunate but dangerous wretches” (Robson, 1999, p. 2). So although empirical research has consistently shown that sex offenders constitute a heterogeneous population of individuals for whom a one-size-fits-all policy will not be effective, such policies regarding the supervision, monitoring, and incapacitation of sexual offenders have gone full circle since the beginning of the century. The purpose of this text is to provide the reader with a general understanding of sex offenders and the societal responses to them. Historically, sex offender research has focused on why sex offenders commit such offenses, and the characteristics of different types of offenders. Sex offender research today is centered around three general topic areas: (1) the factors associated with sexual offending, including personal characteristics as well as situational variables; (2) sex offenders' risk of recidivism; and (3) the efficacy of policies and programs for sex offenders. Before addressing the issue of why people commit sexual offenses and how best to prevent them, however, it is necessary to understand the nature and scope of sex crimes in the United States today. WHAT IS A SEXUAL OFFENSE? More than 100 years ago, Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1886/1965, p. 241) made the following observation about sexual behavior: Nothing is so prone to contaminate—under certain circumstances, even to exhaust—the source of all noble and ideal sentiments, which arise from a normally developed sexual instinct, as the p ...
Submission on online violence against women for ohchr by rayznewsShreedeep Rayamajhi
This report is submitted to the OHCHR the Special Rapporteur Ms. Dubravka Šimonović the Special Rapporteur on violence against women addressing new challenges brought by online violence against women to prevention, protection, prosecution and redress for such acts. decided to address in her thematic work new challenges brought by online violence against women to prevention, protection, prosecution and redress for such acts.
Sexual abuse can take many forms and definitions vary by location. Common types of sexual offenses include rape, unlawful sexual intercourse with a minor, indecent assault, indecent exposure, indecency with children, incest, and certain homosexual acts. Sexual abuse has serious physical and psychological impacts on victims. Forensic evidence collection and treatment of any injuries or sexually transmitted infections is important. Ongoing counseling and support is also needed to help victims process the trauma over time.
This document discusses guidelines for conducting medico-legal examinations in cases of sexual violence and other crimes. It outlines the importance of thorough documentation, including identifying information, examination findings, and evidence collection. It also reviews theories of rape, high-risk groups, consequences of sexual assault, and management of victims, including history, physical exam, investigations, treatment and prophylaxis. Strangulation is distinguished from choking and types of strangulation are defined.
The aims of sentencing are punishment, reduction of crime, reform and rehabilitation of offenders, protection of the public, and reparation for victims. When sentencing, courts consider the nature of the offense, the offender's background and culpability, and any aggravating or mitigating factors. For Jade, who was convicted of robbery with a history of theft convictions, the main considerations would be the seriousness of robbery and protecting the public, since past non-custodial sentences did not deter her criminal behavior. A harsher punishment like prison may be necessary to specifically and generally deter further crime.
This document is a petition in support of a writ of habeas corpus seeking a reduction in bail for Anna Gristina. It summarizes that Gristina was arrested and charged with a single count of promoting prostitution in the third degree, a class D non-violent felony, and bail was set at $2 million bond or $1 million cash. It argues that this bail amount is excessive and violates constitutional standards given that Gristina has no criminal record, strong community ties, and faces a non-incarceratory sentence if convicted. It requests that the court grant the writ and issue an order setting reasonable bail.
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Online version black and white motion practice in criminal trials power point...jjohnsebastianattorney
J John Sebastian Attorney Lawyer J John Sebastian Attorney Lawyer J John Sebastian Attorney Lawyer J John Sebastian Attorney Lawyer J John Sebastian Attorney Lawyer J John Sebastian Attorney Lawyer J John Sebastian Attorney Lawyer
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This document is a Request for Judicial Intervention regarding a legal case. It provides information such as the court and index number, the plaintiff(s) and defendant(s), and the nature of the judicial intervention being requested, which is for a preliminary conference. It also indicates the nature of the action/proceeding, which is a products liability case. Additional details provided include whether the action seeks equitable relief, personal injury recovery, or property damage recovery.
The defense attorney for Christian J. Nykian submitted a request for a Bill of Particulars to the Genesee County District Attorney regarding indictment number 5608 against their client. The request asks the prosecution to specify whether they intend to prove that Mr. Nykian acted as a principal, accomplice, or both in relation to all charges. It also asks the prosecution to provide more specificity about the nature and location of the alleged incident to help the defense prepare for trial. The defense attorney requests that any refusal to provide the requested information be made in writing within 15 days.
This document is a petition in support of a writ of habeas corpus seeking a reduction in bail for Anna Gristina. It summarizes that Gristina was arrested and charged with a single count of promoting prostitution in the third degree, a class D non-violent felony, and bail was set at $2 million bond or $1 million cash. It argues the bail is excessive given Gristina has no criminal record, strong community ties, and faces a non-custodial sentence if convicted. It requests the court grant the writ and set reasonable bail.
This document contains a proposed verdict sheet for a medical malpractice case involving multiple defendants. The verdict sheet contains 6 questions for the jury with sub-parts for each defendant. The questions address issues of negligence, causation, percentage of fault, and damages for past and future injuries. If certain questions are answered "yes", the jury is directed to proceed to subsequent questions, and signatures are required to show juror agreement for each answer.
Online version black and white motion practice in criminal trials power point...jjohnsebastianattorney
This document provides guidance on various pre-trial motions in criminal cases, including omnibus motions, motions to dismiss or reduce charges, and motions to suppress evidence. It discusses the timeline and requirements for filing pre-trial motions under the Criminal Procedure Law. The document also provides sample motion templates and analyses of key cases related to ineffective assistance of counsel during the plea bargaining process.
This document is a plaintiff's partial exhibit list for a medical malpractice case in the Supreme Court of New York County. It lists 18 potential exhibits plaintiffs may introduce, including the infant's medical records from birth through treatment, hospital protocols, and demonstrative exhibits. The exhibits document the labor and delivery, fetal heart monitoring, birth, initial care of the newborn, medical imaging and bills for the infant plaintiff's treatment.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
This document is a summons and verified complaint filed in the Supreme Court of [Insert County] by plaintiff [Insert Plaintiff's Name] against defendant [Insert Defendant's Name]. It alleges that on [Insert Date] in [Insert City/Town], the defendant negligently operated their vehicle causing a collision that injured the plaintiff. The plaintiff is seeking monetary damages up to [Insert Amount] for serious injuries suffered in excess of basic economic loss as defined by New York insurance law. The attorney for the plaintiff has verified the facts in the complaint are true except those stated to be on information and belief.
This verified complaint alleges medical malpractice and wrongful death on behalf of parents against a hospital and doctor. It alleges the infant plaintiff received negligent medical care and treatment from defendants that caused injuries and death. The complaint brings four causes of action: 1) medical malpractice, 2) wrongful death, 3) lack of informed consent, and 4) loss of services as parents. It seeks monetary damages exceeding the jurisdiction of lower courts for each cause of action.
The document is a motion filed by the defense attorney Ralph Megna on behalf of their client, who has been indicted on drug and paraphernalia charges. The motion requests several forms of relief from the court, including inspection of grand jury minutes, dismissal of indictment, a Huntley hearing on statements made by the defendant, a Wade hearing on identification procedures, disclosure of Brady material, a Sandoval hearing, and leave to make further motions. The attorney provides supporting arguments for each request.
This document is a memorandum of law in support of a motion to suppress evidence filed on behalf of defendant Meshiha Boatwright. It argues that Boatwright was illegally seized by police officers in violation of the Fourth Amendment. Specifically, it contends that the officers lacked reasonable suspicion to stop Boatwright as he entered an apartment building where he was an invited guest. The memorandum aims to contradict the police report describing the events and provide Boatwright's version of facts, asserting he did nothing suspicious to justify being detained. If the court finds the initial seizure unlawful, the memorandum argues all evidence obtained as a result must be suppressed.
This judicial subpoena duces tecum orders the recipient to provide records by a specified deadline. It commands the recipient to make available or deliver copies of certain documents that are described. The subpoena notes that non-compliance is punishable as contempt of court. It was issued by a judge and signed by an attorney representing one of the parties in a court case.
मद्रास उच्च न्यायालय के सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश और केंद्र और राज्य सरकार के नौकरशाहों सहित आठ अन्य लोगों की अध्यक्षता वाली एक उच्च स्तरीय समिति ने 2021 में NEET परीक्षा को खत्म करने की सिफारिश की थी। महत्वपूर्ण बात यह है कि रिपोर्ट में 2010-11 में ग्रामीण पृष्ठभूमि से तमिल छात्रों की संख्या में 61.5% की भारी गिरावट को दर्शाया गया है। इसके बजाय मेट्रो छात्रों में वृद्धि दर्ज की गई है।
Why We Chose ScyllaDB over DynamoDB for "User Watch Status"ScyllaDB
Yichen Wei and Adam Drennan share the architecture and technical requirements behind "user watch status" for a major global media streaming service, what that meant for their database, the pros and cons of the many options they considered for replacing DynamoDB, why they ultimately chose ScyllaDB, and their lessons learned so far.
20062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
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Christian persecution in Islamic countries has intensified, with alarming incidents of violence, discrimination, and intolerance. This article highlights recent attacks in Nigeria, Pakistan, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq, exposing the multifaceted challenges faced by Christian communities. Despite the severity of these atrocities, the Western world's response remains muted due to political, economic, and social considerations. The urgent need for international intervention is underscored, emphasizing that without substantial support, the future of Christianity in these regions is at grave risk.
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Apna Punjab Media is a Punjabi newspaper that covers local and global news, cultural updates, and community events. It's a trusted source for Punjabi-speaking communities, offering a mix of traditional values and modern insights into Punjab's vibrant life and heritage.
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La defensa del expresidente Juan Orlando Hernández, declarado culpable por narcotráfico en EE. UU., solicitó este viernes al juez Kevin Castel que imponga una condena mínima de 40 años de prisión.
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विवादास्पद फिल्म के ट्रेलर से गाली-गलौज वाले दृश्य हटा दिए गए हैं, और जुर्माना लगाया गया है। सुप्रीम कोर्ट और बॉम्बे हाई कोर्ट दोनों ने फिल्म की रिलीज पर रोक लगा दी है और उसे निलंबित कर दिया है। पहले यह फिल्म 7 जून और फिर 14 जून को रिलीज होने वाली थी, लेकिन अब यह 21 जून को रिलीज हो रही है।
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Discover the power of staying updated on the latest political events at Mecella! Our dedicated Politics section offers comprehensive coverage, insightful analysis, and expert commentary. Stay informed with recent political events, breaking news and in-depth articles on worldwide political developments. Join us in understanding the world of politics!
19 जून को बॉम्बे हाई कोर्ट ने विवादित फिल्म ‘हमारे बारह’ को 21 जून को थिएटर में रिलीज करने का रास्ता साफ कर दिया, हालांकि यह सुनिश्चित करने के बाद कि फिल्म निर्माता कुछ आपत्तिजनक अंशों को हटा दें।
La defensa del expresidente Juan Orlando Hernández, declarado culpable por narcotráfico en EE. UU., solicitó este viernes al juez Kevin Castel que imponga una condena mínima de 40 años de prisión.
JOH pide al juez Castel 40 años como sentencia mínima
06 sora guidelines
1. 02/20/2007 11:15 518-457-4152 NYSBOE PAGE 02/30
SEX OFFENDER REGISTRATION ACT
RiskAssessment Guidelines
and Commentary
2006
2. 3: The offender engagedin sexual intercourse, oral sexual conduct, anal sexual
conduct, or aggravated sexual abuse with the victim (25 pts)
The offender engagedin a continuing course of sexualmisconduct with at least one
victim (20 pts)
The victim suffered from a mental disability, mental incapacity, or physical helplessness
(20 pts)
PAGE 03/30NYSBOE
SEXOFFENDER GUIDELINES
518-457-4~52
2: The offenderinflictedphysical injury (15 pts)
3: The offenderwasarmed with a dangerous instrument (30pts)
1: The offenderused forcible compulsion(10 pts)
1: The Offender/Victim contactwas over clothing (5 pts)
2: The Offender/Victim contact was under clothing (10 pts)
1: Therewere two, victims (20 pts)
1: Thevictim was 11 through 16 years ofage (20 pts)
2: The victim was 10years old or less, or 63 years ofage or more (30 pts)
2: There were three or more victims (30 pts)
I. CURRENT OFFENSE(S)
Factor 1: Use ofViolence (Choose only one)
Factor 2: Sexual Contact with Victim
Factor 4: Duration ofOffense Conduct with Victim
Factor 5: Age of Victim
Factor 3: Number of Victims
Factor 6: Other Victim Characteristics
2007 11:15
3. 02/20/2007 11:16 518-457-4152 NYSBOE PAGE 04/30
Factor 7: Relationship Between Offender RDd Victim·
The offender's crime (i) was directedat a stranger or a person with whom a relationship
had been established or promotedfor the primary purpose of victimization Or (ii) arosein
the contextofa professionalor avocational relationship between the offender and the
victim and was an abuse ofthat relationship (20 pts)
II. CRIMINAL mSTORY
Factor 8: Age at First Sex Crime
Theoffendercommitted a sex offense, that subsequentlyresulted in an adjudication or
conviction for a sex crime, at age 20 or less (10 pts)
Factor 9: Number and Nature ofPrior Crimes
1: The offenderhas a prior criminalhistorybut no convictions or adjudications for a
sex crime or felony(5 pta)
2: Theoffenderhas a prior criminal historythat includes a felony convictionor
adjudicationbut not for a violentfelonyor sex crime (15pts)
3: The offenderhas a prior criminalhistorythat includesa conviction or adjudication.
for the class Afelonies of Murder,Kidnaping or Arson, a violent felony, a
misdemeanorsex crime,or endangering the welfareofa child,or any adjudication
for a sex offense (30 pts). Pleasenote that when an offender has a prior felony
sexcrime conviction, it is an automatic overrideto a level 3 risk. Inthe past,
when a case was an override, the instrumentwas not scored. However, pursuant
to People v. Sanchez (20 A.D.3r 693 [2005]), a companion score is now
provided. Because there is no mechanism in the instrument to score adequately a
prior felony sex offenseconvictionand it is consideredto be an automatic level 3
risk, a prior felony sex: offense convictionisscored conservativelyat only30
points. However, in all caseswherethere is a prior felony sex offenseconviction,
the companionscore is overriden bythe Board and the Board recommendation is
an automatic overrideto risk level 3. unlessthere is some cause for departure
from that level.
Factor 10: Recency ofPrior Felony or Sex Criine
The offenderhas a prior convictionor adjudication for a felony or sex crimethat occurred
lessthan three yearsbefore the instantoffense (10 pts) .
Faetor 11; Drug or Alcohol Abuse
The offender has a historyof drugor alcohol abuse (15 pts)
4. 02/20/2007 11:15 518-457-4152 NYSBOE PAGE 05/30
III. POST-OFFENSE BEHAVIOR
Factor 12: Acceptance ofResponsibility
1: The offender has not accepted responsibility for his sexual misconduct (10 pts)
2: The offender has refused or been expelled from treatment subsequent to
sentencing (15 pts)
Factor 13: Conduct While Con:fmed or Under Supervision
,
1: The offender's adjustment to confmement or supervision has been unsatisfactory
(10pts)
2: The offender's adjustment to confinement orsupervision has been unsatisfactory
and has included inappropriate sexual conduct (20 pts)
IV. RELEASE ENVIRONMENT
Factor 14: Supervision
1: The offender will be released under the supervision ofa probation, parole or
mental health professional whospecializes in the management ofsexual offenders
or oversees a sex offendercaseload (0 pts)
2: The offender will be released under the supervision ofa probation, parole or
.'mental health professional, but not one whospecializes in the management of
sexualoffenders or oversees a sex offender caseload (5 pts)
3: The offender willbe released with no official supervision (15 pts)
Factor 15: Living or Employment Situation
The offender's living or employment situation is inappropriate (l0 pts)
V. OVERRIDES
1: Prior sex felony conviction
The offenderhas a prior felony conviction for 'a sex crime
2: Serious Physical Injury or Death
The offender inflicted serious physical injuryor caused deathto the victim
5. 02/20/2007 11:15 518-457-4152 NYSBOE PAGE 05/30
3: Recent Threat
The offender has made a recent threat that he will reoffend by committing a sexual
or violentcrime
4: Mental Abnormality
Therehas been a clinical assessment that the offender has a psychological,
physical, or organic abnormality thatdecreases his ability to control impulsive
sexualbehavior
6. 02/20/2007 11:15 518-457-4152 NYSBOE PAGE 07/30
SEXOFFENDER GUIDELINES: COMMENTARY
The Sex OffenderRegistrationAct ("Act"),set forth in; CorrectionLaw Article 6-C,
requires the Board ofExaminersofSex Offenders ("Board") to "develop guidelinesand
procedures to assess the risk ofa repeat offenseby [a] sexoffender and the threat posedto public
safety." CorrectionLaw §168-1(5). There are three levelsofrisk depending upon the offender's
dangerto the community: level I (lowrisk), level 2 (moderate risk), and level 3 (high risk). The
offender's risk level determines the amount ofinformation that canbe disseminated abouthim to
the public underthe Act's notificationprocedures.' In addition, an offenderreceives a
designation as a Sexually Violent Offender, Predicate. Sex Offender,Sexual Predator or no such
designation. A designation, in combinationwith the risk level, determinesthe length of an
offender's registration.
This commentarydiscussesthe generalprinciplesthat underliethe guidelines and
explainsthe specificfactors included in them. As set forth in the appendix,the guidelines were
developed with the assistanceofa groupofexperts with diverse experienceindealing with sex
offenders. With their aid, the Board soughtto establishguidelines that would bring academic
knowledge and practical acumento the difficulttask of predictingwhether a person convictedof
a sex crimeis likelyto reoffend. No one should attemptto assess a sex offender's level of risk
withoutfirst carefullystudyingthis commentary.
The 2006 revisions do not changethe scoringofthe instrumentbut, rather, simply
includeupdatedstatutorylanguage and clarification. Furtherinformationregardingthe Act can
be found at IDYW.criminaliustice.state.ny.us.
1 The guidelines and commentary use the masculine pronoun (he or him) to refer to a sex
offender. Most sex offendersare males,and the masculine is thereforeused for convenience, as
it is in the Act. '
7. 02/20/2007 11:16 518-457-4162 NVSBOE
A. GeneralPrinciples
PAGE 08/30
~2~
In developing the guidelines, the Board adheredto the following general principles:
1. As the Act makes clear, the threat posed by a sex offender depends upon two
factors: (i) the offender'slikelihood ofreoffense and (ii) the harmthat would be inflicted ifhe did
reoffend. Someoffenders repeatedlyreoffend, but the harm they inflict, while not insubstantial,
is less grave. Others may pose a lesser likelihoodof recidivism, especiallyifproperly
supervised, but the harm would be great were theyto reoffend. The sex offender whose modus
operandi is to rub himselfagainst women in a crowdedsubway car generally falls into the former
category'; the child molester into the latter. The guidelinesseek to capture both these elements-~
the probabilityof reoffense and the harm therefrom-- in determining an offender'srisk level. It
is importantto note that the risk level seeksto capturenot only an offender's risk of reoffensebut
alsotheharmposed by a particularoffendershould he reoffend. .
2. What is somewhat less clearis whetheroffenders who are convicted of certain
violentsex: crimes (~first-degree rape) shouldautomaticallybe designated level 3, regardless
ofthe facts ofthe particular case or the offender's prior history. A careful reading ofthe statute
supportsthe conclusionthat the guidelines shouldeschewpm: ~ rules and that risk shouldbe
assessedon the basis of a review of all pertinentfactors (see Correction Law §168-1[5]&[6]).
Such anindividualizedapproach is also mandatedby thefederal Violent Crime
:2 This is not to suggestthat offenderswho commit "lesser" sex crimes do not also commit
offenses that cause greater harm. An offender who engagesin public lewdness by exposing
himself also may commit crimes that involvedirect "handson" contactwith a victim (McGrath
1991; Abel et al. 1988;Romero &"Williams 1985),
8. 02/20/2007 11:16 518-457-4162 NVSBOE PAGE 09/30
-3-
Control andLawEnforcement Act of 1994(:;ee, 42 U.S.C. §14071), with which the Legislature
intended the Boardcomply.'
3. Aftermuch discussion, the Hoard opted to create an objective assessmentinstrument
thatwouldprovidea risk levelcombining risk of reoffense and dangerposed by a sex offender."
Asrequired by theAct, the instrument includes factors relatedto the offender's currentoffense,
hiscriminal history, his post-offense behavior(~his conductwhileconfinedfor the offense),
andhis plannedrelease environment (Correction Law §168-1[5]). It assignsnumericalvaluesto
each risk factor--~, 20 points if there weretwo victims; 30 points ifthere werethree or more
victims. Thepresumptive risk levelis then calculated by addingthe points that the offender
scores in eachcategory.' If the total score is 70 pointsor less. the offenderis presumptively level
1;ifmorethan 70 but less than 110, he is presumptively level 2; if 110or more, he is
presumptively level3.
4. The guidelines contain four "overrides" that automatically result in a presumptive
risk assessment oflevel 3: (i) a prior felony conviction for a sex crime; (ii) the infliction of
serious physical injuryor the causing of death; (iii) a recent threatto reoffendby committing a
3 Thelegislative purposesectionofthe Act statesthat its enactmentwill bring "thestate into
compliance with the federal crimecontrolact." Federa1law eschews~ se rules and requires a
court to makean individualized determination that a personis ahigh risk offender(see, 42
U.S.C. §1407-l[a][2]).
4 New Jerseyhas also adopted an objective risk assessment scaleto implementits "Megan's
Law" (see,New JerseySex: Offender Risk Assessment ScaleManual, [dated 9/14/95]). That.
scale wasdesigned "to providean objective standard on whichto base the community
notification decision '"++and to insure that the notification law is appliedin a uniformmanner
throughout the state." (id). As discussed in the appendix, the New Jerseyscale was the starting
pointforthe development of New York's assessment instrument,
5 Where the category does not apply to the offender, he shouldbe scored 0 points. For
example, ifhis crime involved onevictim, that factorshouldbe scored0; ifthere was not a
continuing course ofsexualmisconduct with the victim. that fRr.tnT ~l11n IOlhnnlil 101", ct'nr.. rf n
9. 02/20/2007 11:15 518-457-4152 NVSBOE PAGE 10/30
-4-
sexual or violentcrime; or (iv),a clinicalassessment that the offenderhas a psychological,
physical, or organic abnormality that decreases his abilityto control impulsive sexualbehavior.
If any ofthese factors exist, the offenderis presumptively level 3. The Board decidedto treat
thesefactors as overrides(ratherthan scoringthem heavily) becauseeach provides compelling
evidence that an offenderposes a serious riskto public safety(Quinsey, et at 1995;Rice &
Harris 1995; Schram& MUlroy 1995;Serin 1994; Quinsey1992; Rice, Harris & Cormier 1992;
Romero & Williams1985). As notedpreviouslyin Part II ofthe Guidelines (Criminal History)
Factor9, the fact that the offenderhas a prior felony sex crime conviction automatically resultsin
a presumptive risk assessmentof level3.
5. The risk level calculatedfrom aggregating the risk factors and from applying the
overrides is "presumptive" becausethe Board or courtmay depart from it if special
circumstances warrant. The abilityto departis premisedon a recognitionthat an objective
instrument, no matter how well designed, willnot fully capturethe nuancesof every case. Not to
allowfor departures would, therefore, deprivetheBoard or a court ofthe abilityto exercise
soundjudgmentand to apply its expertise to the offender. Of course, ifthere was to be a
departure in everycase,the objectiveinstrumentwouldbe.of minimal value. The expectation is
that the instrument willresult in the proper classification in most cases so that departures will be
the exception -- not the rule.
6. Generally, the Boardor a courtmaynot depart from the presumptiverisk level
unless it concludes that there exists an aggravating or mitigatingfactor of a kind, or to a degree,
that is otherwise not adequatelytaken into account by the guidelines(ff., 18U.S.C. §3553
[federal sentencing guidelinesdepartureprovision]). Circumstances that may warrant a departure
cannot. bytheirvery nature. be comprehensively listedin advance. Departuresmay beupward
10. 02/20/2007 11:15 518-457-4152 NYSBOE PAGE 11/30
-5-
(~, from level 1 to 2) or downward (~, fromlevel 3 to 2). Forexample, if an offender's
presumptive risk level is 3 but he suffers from a physical condition that minimizes his risk of
reoffense, suchas advanced age or debilitating illness, a downward departure may be warranted.
7. Completing the risk assessment instrument will often requite the Board or a court
to review the case file to determine what occurred. Points should not be assessed for a factor --
~, the use ofa dangerous instrument -- unless there is clearaad convincing evidence ofthe
existence ofthat factor. This evidence can be derived fromthe sex offender's admissions; the
victim's statements; the evaluative reports ofthe supervising probation officer, parole officeror
corrections counselor; or from anyother reliable source. Notably, the Board is not limited to the
crime of conviction but may consider the above in determining an offender's risk level.
Similarly, the fact that an offender was arrested or indicted for an offense is not, by itself,
evidence that the offense occurred. By contrast, the fact that an offender was not indicted for an
offense may be strong evidence that the offense did not occur. For example, where a defendant is
indicted for rape in thefirst degree on the theorythat his victim was less than 11 (penal Law
§130.35[3]),but not on the theory that he used forcible compulsion (Penal Law §130.35[1]),the
Board or court should be reluctant to conclude that the offender's conduct involved forcible
compulsion.
8. The risk assessment instrument is divided intofour parts: CurrentOffense[s];
CriminalHistory; Post-Offense Behavior; and Release Erivironment. The Current Offense[s]
section should be completed on the basis of all of the crimes that were part of the instant
disposition. For example, ifthe offender pleaded guiltyto two indictments in two different
counties, both indictments should be considered in scoring the section. Ifone indictment
involvedone victim and the other involved two victims and ifthere is clear and convincing
11. assessment instrument,
For an offender who has been sentenced to an incarcerative sentence, the Post-Offense
9. In scoring the categories in the Current Offense[s] sectionofthe instrument, the
-6-
PAGE 12/NYSBOE518-457-4152
10. The CriminalHistorysection ofthe instrument asks for information aboutthe
Release Enviromnent sectionwill involveanassessment of the offender's plannedwork and
dangerous instrument (fromcrime #1) and 30 points for victimizing a person underthe age of 11
(from crime #2). The.offender's willingness to use a weapon and to attack a young child are each
Behavior section will usuallyinvolve an assessment of hisconductwhile in custody. The
in category 3.
Board or court should lookto the most serious wrongdoing in each category. For example, if the
evidence thatall three were abused, the offender shouldreceive 30 points (threeor morevictims)
and. canreadily change, the Boardchosenot to weighthis sectionas heavily as othersin the
livingarrangements upon his release fromcustody. Because those arrangements are prospective
offender's priorcrimes. As used therein, the term "crime" includes criminal convictions, youthful
assessing an offender's likelihood ofreoffense and danger to public safety." Convictions for
factors that addto the risk level,even iftheydidnot occur together in anyone criminal incident.
6Although an adjudication as a youthful offender is not a conviction, it constitutes a reliable
determination that an offender committed the underlying criminalconduct~eo~ v, Compton.
38 A.D. 2d 788 [4thDept., 1972])~ g. Peo,ple v. Cook. 37 N.Y. 2d 591 [1975][a person canbe
questioned asto conductunderlying a youthful offender adjudication for purposesofimpeaching
credibilitvl).
determinations arereliable indicators of wrongdoing and, therefore, should be considered in
offender committed two crimes, a knifepoint rapeof a 21-year-old woman and a rape of a 1o~
offender adjudications andjuvenile delinquency findings. The Boardconcluded that these
year-Old girlin whichno weapon wasused,he should be assessed 30 points for using a
2007 11: 15
12. 1212/2121/21211217 11:15 518-457-4152 NYSBOE PAGE 13/30
-7-
PenalLawoffensesand unclassifiedmisdemeanors should be considered. Where an offender has
admitted committing an act of sexualmisconductfor whichthere has been no suchjudicial
determination, it shouldIW1 be used in scoringhis criminalhistory. It may, however,form the
basis for an upward departureif there is clear and convincing evidence that the conduct occurred.
II. The guidelinesassumethat the Boardor a courtwill generallyapplytraditional
principles ofaccessorial liabilityin calculating an offender's presumptiverisk level (~ Penal
Law§20). That means that if an offenderheld the victim down while his co-defendanthad
sexual intercourse With her, the offender should receive 25 points in the categoryfor sexual
contactwith the victim. The Boardor court, however, may chooseto depart from the risk level
so calculated ifit determinesthat this point score resultsin an over-assessment ofthe offender's
risk to public safety.
B. SpecificGuidelines
Factor 1: Use ofViolence
Researchon sex offenders showsthat an offender's use ofviolenceis positively correlated
withhislikelihood of reoffending (Quinsey et aL 1995; Limandri& Sheridan 1995; Riceet al.
1991). It is, of course,also a factorstrongly associatedwith how dangerous an offenderis to the
community. A sex offenderwho rapes at knifepointor inflictsphysicalinjury.to the victimposes
afar greater threat to public safetythan onewho rubshimself against another on a crowded
subway (see,p.2,n.2, supra). The guidelinesreflectthis fact byassessingan offender 30 points
ifhe was armed with a dangerous instrument; 15 points if he inflictedphysical injury; and 10
points ifhe used forcible compulsion. There is an override ifthe offender caused serious
physical injury or death, so thathe is presumptively level 3. See infra p. 17.
13. 02/20/2007 11:16 518-457-4162 NYSBOE PAGE 14/30
-8-
To avoid ambiguity, the guidelinesuse terms that are defined in the Penal Law. Forcible
compulsion means to compel by either" (a) use ofphysicalforce or (b) a threat, express or
implied, whichplaces a person in fear ofimmediatedeath or physical injury to himself,herself or
anotherperson,or in fear that he, she or anotherperson will immediately be kidnappedt"?"
(penalLaw §130.00[8)]. As the New York State CourtofAppeals has observed,"the point ***
is not whatthe'defendants would have done, but rather what the victim observingtheir conduct,
feared they *** might do if she did not complywith their demands." (People v. Coleman. 42
N.Y.2d 500,505 [1977]). Discrepancies in age, size, or strength are relevant factors in ,
determining whether there was such compulsion(~People v. Yeaden, 156A.D.2d 208 [1st
Dept., 1989] [forcible compulsion shown "byevidenceof defendant'sdominating his smallerand
weakerdaughterand preventing her from leavinghim'T). The victim's age, by itself, however,is
not a sufficient. basis for a finding offorcible compulsion.
. Dangerous instrument means "anyinstrument,article or substance, which, underthe
circumstances in which it is used, attemptedto be used or threatened to be used, is readily
capable of causing death or other seriousphysicalinjury" (penal Law §10.00[13]). Physical
injurymeans"impairment ofphysicalconditionor substantialpain."(penal Law §10.00[9]). It
doesnot includepetty slaps, shoves, kicks and the like. (see, ~ Matter gf~ As.. 49 N.Y.2d
198 [1980] [twopunches to the face causingred marks, crying, and unspecified degree of pain
was insufficient to prove physical injury];People v. Tabachnik, 131 A.D.2d 611 [2d Dept, 1987]
[testimony about "verysore" upper thigh did not establishphysical injury],
14. 02/20/2007 11:15 518-457-4152 NYSBClE PAGE 15/30
-9-
Factor2: Sexual Contact with Victim
This factor is also associatedwith the offender'sdanger to the community. The
guidelines distinguishamong offenderswhose contactwith their victims was touchingover the
clothing(5 points), touching underthe clothing(10 points), or sexual intercourse,oral sexual
conduct, anal sexual conduct or aggravated sexual abuse (25 points) as defined in Penal Law
Article 130.
The Board or a court may choose to depart downwardin an appropriate case andin those
instances where (i) the victim's lack ofconsentis due only to inabilityto consent by virtue of age
and{ii) scoring2Spoints in thiscategoryresults in an over-assessment ofthe offender'sriskto
public safety.
Considerationwas givento modifyingthis categoryso that an offender who intendedto
have sexualintercourse with his victim but whose attemptwas prevented by some factor other
thanhis own change of mind (e.g., police intervention)would still receive a significantnumber .
of points. Such a mens rea-based approach, however, was rejected in favor ofa more workable
guideline that focusesupon the offender'sconduct.
Thus, if there wasno sexual contact,the offender shouldreceive 0 points in this
category even ifhis intentwas to have forced sexual intercoursewith his victim. In such
instances, whereit is evident thatan offender intended to rape his victim, the Board or a court
maychoosean upward departureifit concludesthat the lack of points in this categoryresults in
an under-assessment ofthe offender'sactual risk to public safety.
15. 02/20/2007 11:15 518-457-4152 NYSBOE PAGE 15/30
-10-
Factor3: Number9f.Victims
This categoryfocuses upon the numberofpeoplewhom the offendervictimizedin the
case (or cases)that ultimatelyresultedin the instantconviction. Clear and convincing evidence
of sexualconduct by the actor againstvictimsmaybe taken into consideration. The existence of
multiplevictimsis indicativeof compulsive behavior and is, therefore, a significantfactorin
assessing the offender'srisk of reoffense and dangerousness (Rice & Harris 1995; Abelet a1.
1993; Toch& Adams 1989; Abel et~. 1987). The guidelines assess' 20 points ifthereweretwo
victims, and 30 pointsifthere were three or more victims.
Factor4: DurationofOffense Conductwith Victim
This categOlY is designedto reflectthe fact that some offenders,particularlythosewho
preyonyoungchildren, manifesttheir compulsive behaviorby engagingin a continuing course
of sexualcontactwith the samevictim, The offender who sexuallyabuses his girlfriend's young
daughter overa period of severalweeksfalls intothis 20-pointcategory,
The Boardopted for a definitionof continuing course of sexual contact that includes both
the natureand lengthofthe offender's conduct. For purposesof these guidelinesan offender has
engaged in a continuingcourse of sexualcontactwhenhe engagesin either (i) two or moreacts
of sexual contact, at least one ofwhich is an act of sexualintercourse,oral sexual conduct, anal
sexual conduct, or aggravated sexualcontact, which actsare separatedin time by at least24
hours,or (ii)threeor more acts of sexualcontactover a period of at least two weeks.'
7Since the issuanceofthe originalguidelines in January 1996,the Legislature has enacted a
continuing courseof sexual misconductcrime,whichaddressesconduct occurringover a period
of morethanthree months. See Penal Law §§130.75, 130.80. The Legislativehistoryof this law
makes clearthat the three-monthperiod was selected for reasons related to the law of pleadings
and narticulars -- i.e.. because court rler.isinns had marie .ir difficult to nrosermte !ilP'Y C'.rlmp.!il
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Factor 5: Age ofVictim
Offenders who target young children as their victims are more likely to reoffend (Abel et
aI. 1993; Weinrott & Saylor 1991). Moreover, such offenders pose a heightened risk to public
safety since young children lack the physical strength to resist and can be more easily lured into
dangerous situations than adults. The guidelines therefore assess 20 points ifthe victim was 11
through 16 years old and 30 points ifthe victim was 10 years old or younger. These ages are
adopted from the Penal Law (see, Y.:., Penal Law §§130.05[3][a]; 130.35[3]; 130.50[3]). An
offender who preys on an elderly person, defined as a person 63 years old or more, is treated the
same as one who chooses a young child as his victim.
Factor 6: Other Victim Characteristics
For much the same reason as in Factor 5, the guidelines assess 20 points ifthe victim
suffered from a mental disability, mental incapacity or physical helplessness. The terms mental
disability, mental incapacity and physical helplessness have their same meaning as in the Penal
Law (~Penal Law §130.00 [5],[6],[7] and Penal Law §130.05[3][b], [c], [dD. Offenders who
prey upon such victims consciously choose people who cannot protect themselves or effectively
report their abuse (McGrath 1991). Such offenders pose a greater risk to public safety since their
crimes are more difficult to detect and prosecute. Absent extraordinary circumstances, an
offender who has been assessed points for the age ofhis victim (factor 5) should not be assessed
points in this category in order to avoid double-counting.
occurring over a period in excess ofthree months when the child victim could not specify the
precise dates on which the crimes occurred. The history does not suggest that the legislature
believed that repeated crimes occurring over a shorter period -- Y:.. two weeks -- were not a
sound basis for finding an offender to be compulsive in his misconduct. Hence, the Board has
determined not to modifv this guideline. ...
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Factor7: Relationshipbetween Offenderand Victim
The guidelinesassess 20 points if the offender'scrime (i) was directed at a strangeror a
personwithwhom a relationship hadbeen established or promoted for the primary purposeof
victimization or (ii) arose in the context of a professionalor avocational relationship betweenthe
offenderand the victim and was anabuse ofsuch relationship. Each of these situationsis one in
whichthereis a heightened concern for public safetyand need for communitynotification.
(Schwartz1995;McGrath 1991).8
As used herein, the term "stranger" includesanyonewho is not an actual acquaintance of
the victim. It can include a person living in the same apartment building ifthe relationship
between the offenderand victim is limited to their passing in the hallway or sharing an elevator.
The phrase"establishedor promoted for the primarypurpose ofvictimization" is adoptedfrom
the Act itself (CorrectionLaw §168-a[9]). An uncle who offends against his niece generally
wouldnot fall into this category. A scout leader who chooses his profession or vocationto gain
accessto victimsand "grooms"his victims before sexuallyabusing them would qualify, The
final category -- the abuse of a professionalrelationship-- reaches health care providersand
otherswho exploit a professional relationshipin order to victimize those who reposetrust in
them. A dentistwho sexually abuses his patientwhile the patient is anesthetized wouldfall
squarely withinthis category.
8 This, ofcourse, is not meant to minimizethe seriousnessofcases where the relationship is
otherthan that of stranger or professional-- ~ familial. The need for communitynotification,
however, is generally greater when the offenderstrikesat persons who do not know him well or
whohave soughtout his professionalcare,
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Factor8: Age at First Sex Crime
The offender'sage at the commissionof his first sex crime,which includes his age at the
time of the commissionofthe instantoffense,is a factorassociatedwith recidivism: those who
offendat a youngage are more proneto reoffend(Schwartz 1995;Barbaree,st&.. 1993~
McConaghy, et al. 1989;Groth & Lorendo 1987). For this reason,the guidelinesassess 10
pointsif an offender'sfirst sex crime,whether a felonyor misdemeanor, was at age 20 or less.
Asdiscussedabove,criminalconvictions, youthfuloffenderadjudications andjuvenile
delinquency fmdings are to be consideredin scoringthis category, as well as categories9 and 10
~,p.6,~.
Factor9: Number and Nature ofPrior Crimes
An offender's prior criminalhistoryis significantly related to his likelihood ofsexual
recidivism, particularlywhenhis past includesviolent crimesor sex offenses (QuinseysaID·
1995; McGrath 1991;Quinsey1990;Romero & Williams 1985;Longo & Groth 1983;Groth,
Longo & McFadin 1982). This categoryincorporates this researchby assessing an offender30
pointsifhe has a prior £Onviction or adjudication for a ClassA felonyofMurder, Kidnaping, or
Arson, a violent felony, a misdemeanor sex crime, or endangering the welfare of a child, or any
adjudication for a sex offense; 15points if he has a priorfelony convictionor adjudicationfor a
crimeotherthan a ClassA felonyof Murder,Kidnaping, or Arson, a violent felony,or a sex
offense ~, drug dealing);and 5 points ifhe has anycriminalhistoryother than a felonyor sex
crime. As noted previouslyin Factor9, underPan II ofthe Guidelines (CriminalHistory), the
factthat the offenderhas a prior felonysex crimeconvictionautomatically results in a
presumptive risk assessmentoflevel3. Ifan offenderhas a convictionfor a felonysex crime,
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thereis an override, and he is presumptivelylevel3 (seep. 17, infra). Theterm'violentfelony,
as used in the guideline;has the samemeaningas in the Penal Law (:;lee Penal Law §70.02[1]).
TheBoarddecidedto treat endangering the welfareof a child as if it were a sex crimebecauseit
generally involves sexual misconduct,especially whenit is part of a plea bargaineddisposition.
Where a reviewof the record indicatesthat therewasno such misconduct, a departuremaybe
warranted.
Notably, this categorylooks to anoffender's prior criminal history. However, somesex
offenders haveconcurrentor subsequentoffenses not scored in this category. Althoughsuch
concurrent or subsequentcriminalhistoryis not coveredby this particular category, it maybe the
basisfor anupward departure if it is indicative that the offenderposes an increasedrisk to public
safety.
.Factor 10:Recencyof Prior Felon~ or SexCrime
In weighing an offender'scriminalhistory, the nature ofhis prior crime is not the only
important factor; the recencyofthose crimesmattersas well. To capture this factor, the
guidelines assess 10points if an offenderhas a priorfelonyor sex crime within threeyearsof the
instantoffense. This three-yearperiod shouldbe measuredwithout regard to the timeduring
whichthe offenderwas incarceratedor civillycommitted. It is anoffender's behaviorduringhis
timeat liberty that is relevant in assessinghis likelihood to reoffend. In other words,this
category measures the time from whenthe offenderis releasedinto the communityuntilthe date
he commits the instant offense.
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Factor 11: Drug or Alcohol Abuse
Alcohol and drug abuse are highly associated with sex offending (Lightfoot and Barbaree
1993; Langevin & Lang1990; Crowe & George 1989;Rada 1976). The literature indicates that
use ofthese substances does not cause deviate behavior; rather, it serves as a disinhibitor and
thereforeis a precursorto offending (Green 1995). The guidelinesreflect this fact by adding 15
points if anoffender has a substanceabuse history or was abusing drugs and or alcohol at the
time of the offense.. The category focuses on the offender'shistory ofabuse and the
circumstances at the time of the offense. it is not meant to include occasional social drinking. In
instanceswhere the offender abused drugs and/or alcohol in the distant past, but his more recent
historyis one of prolonged abstinence, the Board or court may choose to score zero points in this
category. An offenderneed not be abusing alcohol or drugs at the time ofthe instant offenseto
receivepointsin this category.
Factor 12: AcceptanceofResponsibility
An offenderwho does not acceptresponsibilityfor his conduct or minimizes what
occurredis a poor prospect for rehabilitation (Strate et al. 1995; Byrum & Rogers 1993;Simkins
et al. 1989). Such acknowledgementis critical,since an offender's ability to identify and modify
the thoughtsand behaviors that are proximal to his sexual misconduct is often a prerequisite to
stoppingthat misconduct (McGrath 1991). The guidelines assess 10points to an offender who
has not acceptedresponsibilityfor his conduct and 15points are assessedto an offender who has
refusedor been expelled from a sex offender program. In scoring this category, the Boardor
courtshouldexamine the offender'smost recent credible statements and should seek evidenceof
genuine acceptanceofresponsibility. An offenderwho pleads guilty but tells his pre-sentence
21. 02/20/2007 11:16 518-457-4162 NVSBOE PAGE 22/30
-16-
investigator thathe did so onlyto escapea Stateprisonsentencehas not acceptedresponsibility.
The guidelines add five points if the offender has refused or been expelledfrom treatment since
suchconduct is powerfulevidenceofthe offender's continueddenial andhis unwillingness to
alterhis behavior. Ifanoffenderwho has historically not accepted responsibility and historically
hasrefused sex offendertreatmentbut, subsequently participates in such programming, the Board
or courtshould-seek to examinewhether thereis evidence of a genuineacceptance of
responsibility.
Factor 13: Conduct While Confined or Under Supervision
Thisfactor looks to the offender's conduct while in custodyor under supervision as a
predictor offuture behavior. For example, anoffender who hasnumerouscitationsfor
disciplinary violations or who accrues disciplinary dispositions ofa seriousnatureor who
receives dispositions for behaviorsuchas attempting to contactthe victim may be assessed
points in this category. An offenderwho has incurred seriousdisciplinaryviolations in prison
poses a heightened risk of recidivism: his misconduct bodesill for his retumto the streets. An
offender's adjustment to confinement in prisonalso is unsatisfactory ifhe has a recentTierThree
disciplinary violation," His adjustment on probation or paroleis unsatisfactory ifhe has violated
a condition of hisrelease. The guidelines assess the offender10points for unsatisfactory
adjustment.
Evenmoretroublingare instances where theoffender, while in custodyor under
supervision, has beeninvolvedin inappropriate sexualbehavior or receivesdispositions for
9 Tier3 disciplinary violations are the mostserious infractions under DOCS' three-Tier
disoinlinarv svstem ~l1r:h vinlAtinn.Q r.An rP-Qll1t in rhe ln~!: nf annit t;mp. r.Tprt;t~ f"r ,:n inm':fP!
22. 02/20/2007 11:15 518-457-4152 NYSBDE PAGE 23/30
-17-
behaviorsuch as possessingpornographyor any factorrelatedto his sexual acting out. In such
instances, the guidelinesassessthe offender20 points.
Factor 14: Supervision
Strict supervisionis essentialwhen a sex offenderis released into the community.
(Englishet al. 1995). This categoryis premised on the theorythat a sex offender shouldbe
.. supervised by a probation or parole officer who overseesa sex offender caseload or who
otherwisespecializesin the managementofsuch offenders. Sex offender caseloads generally
permit more intensivesupervisionand provide for the offender'senrollment in a treatment
program. An offenderwho is released without such intensivesupervision is assessedpoints in
this category. The Board initiallyconsideredhavinga separatecategoryfor whether the offender
was in a treatmentprogram. Becausethe efficacyofsex offendertreatment is open to
question, this approachwas rejected (Kau11993;Marshall,Laws & Barbaree 1990). An
offender's response to treatment,ifexceptional,can be the basis for a downward departure.
There are cases receivedby the Board in whichthe offenderwas convicted in a
jurisdictionother than New York and subsequentlyrelocatesto New York. Ifsuch an offender
satisfactorily completedthe terms of that jurisdiction's communitysupervision,he will be scored
opoints in this category.
Factor15: Living or EmploymentSituation
Manysex offendersare opportunisticcriminalswhoselikelihood ofreoffending increases
whentheir release environmentgivesthem accessto victims or a reducedprobability of detection
(Pettettand Weinnan 1995). An exampleofan offenderin an inappropriatework situationis a
23. 02/20/2007 11:15 518-457-4152 NYSBOE PAGE 24/30
-18-
child molester employed in an arcade or as a school bus driver. Ifthe same offender were to live
nearanelementary school playground. hislivingenvironment wouldbe inappropriate. An
offender is assessed 10pointsin this category ifeitherhis workor livingenvironment is
inappropriate.
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A Note on Overrides
As indicatedabove, the guidelinescontainfour overridesthat automaticallyresult in a
presumptive riskassessment of level 3: (i) a prior felonyconviction for a sex crime; (ii) the
inflictionofseriousphysical injuryor the causingof death; (iii) a recentthreat to reoffend by
committing a sexual or violent crime; or (iv)a clinical assessmentthatthe offender has a
psychological, physical,or organic abnormality that decreaseshis abilityto control impulsive
sexualbehavior. 1bree matters require some explanation. First, the term serious physicalinjury
has its PenalLaw meaning: "physical injury which createsa substantial risk ofdeath, or which
causesdeath or serious and protracted disfigurement, protracted impairment ofhealth, or
protracted loss or impairment of the function of anybodily organ" (PenalLaw §lO.OO[lO]).
Second, the Board initiallyconsidereda requirementthat the threat to reoffend must have
occurredwithin the previous year. It decided,however,not to impose such a rigid time limit;if
the threat-is recent enoughthat there is causeto believe that the offender may act upon it, an
override is warranted. Finally,the Board choseto require a clinical assessment of an abnormality
so that looselanguagein a pre-sentencereport would not become the basis for an override.
Examples.of a clinical assessmentthat would support an override are pedophilia and sexual
sadism(Schwartz1995;Rice & Harris 1995; Andrews & Bonta 1994; Serin 1994).
25. 02/20/2007 11:15 518-457-4152 NYSBOE PAGE 25/30
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SEXOFFENDER GUIDELINES BffiLIOGRAPHY
Abel, G.~ Osborne, C. & Twiggs, D.~ "Sexual assault through the lifespan: Adult offenderswith
juvenile histories." In H.E. Barbaree, W.L. Marshall, S.M.Hudson(eds.), TheJuvenile Sex
Offender, (NewYork: The GuilfordPress, 1993).
Abel, G., et al.,"Multiple paraphillic diagnoses among sex offenders, " Bulletin oftheAmerican
Academy ofPsychiatry and the Law, 16, 153-168 (1988).
Abel, G., Becker,J., Mittleman, M., Cunningham-Rathner, J.~ Rouleau,J. Murphy, W., "Self-
reported sexcrimes ofnonincarcerated paraphilacs," Journal ofInterpersonalViolence, 2,3-25
(1987). '
Andrews, D.A. & Bonta, J., "Exceptional offenders,"in The Psychology ofCriminal Conduct
(Cincinnati, Ohio: Anderson Publishing Co., 1994).
Barbaree, H.E., Hudson, S.M., and Seto, M.e., "Sexual assault in society: the role. ofthe juvenile
offender." InH.E.Barbaree, W.L. Marshall, S.M. Hudson(eds.), The JuvenileSex Offender,
(NewYork: The GuilfordPress, 1993).
Byrum, L., & S. Rogers, "Offender denial," (Distributedbythe NationalInstitute of Corrections:
National Institute of Corrections Academy at the seminar, "Sex OffenderTreatment Skills for
Professionals," Longmont, Colorado, September 1, 1993).
Crowe; L. & George W., "Alcohol and human sexuality:review and integration," Psychological
Bulletin; 105,374-386 (1989).
English, K., Pullen, S., Jones, 1., and Krauth,B.,(In press), "The model process: A containment
approach." In K. English,S. Pullen,& L. Jones (eds.), ManagingAdult Sex Offenders: A
Containment Approach) (Alexandria, VA: AmericanProbationand Parole Association, 1995)
(DRAFT Version provided by the Colorado Division of Criminal Justice).
Green, Randy, "Comprehensive treatmentplanning for sex offenders." In B.K. Schwartz andH.
R. Celleni(eds.),The Sex Offender: Corrections, Treatment and Legal Practice,(New Jersey:
Civic R-esearch Institute, 1995).
Groth, N. & Lorendo, C.M., "Juvenile sexual offenders; guidelinesfor assessment,"
Psychological Bulletin. 25, (1), 31-32 (1987).
Groth,N., Longo,R., & McFadin, J" "Undetectedrecidivism among rapists and child molesters,
Crime andDelinquency, 450-458 (1982).
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-21-
Kaul, A., «Sex offenders - cure or management"," Medical Science Law, Vol. 33, No.3, 207-212
(1993).
Langevin, R. & Lang, R., "Substance abuse among sex offenders," Annals ofSex Research. 3,
397-424(1990).
Lightfoot. L.O, & Barbaree,H.E. "The relationship between substance use and abuse and sexual
offendingin adolescents." In Barbaree, HoE., Marshall, W.L. andHudson, S.M. (eds.), The
Juvenile SexOffender (New York: The Guilford Press, 1993).
Limandri,B. J., & Sheridan, D. J., "Prediction ofintentionalinterpersonal violence: An
introduction." In J.C. Campbell (ed.), Assessing Dangerousness: Violence by SexualOffenders,
Batterers, and cut«Abusers(Thousand Oaks, CA:-Sage, 1995).
Longo, R. & Groth, N., "Juvenile sexual offensesin the histories ofadult rapists and child
molesters," International Journal ofOffender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 27 (2),
150-155 (1983).
Marshall. W.L. Laws,D.R. & Barbaree, H.E., "Presentstatus andfuture directions." In W.L.
Marshall, H.R. Laws, andH.E.Barbaree (eds.), Handbook a/Sexual Assault(New York: Plenum
Press, 1990).
McConaghy, N., Blaszczynksi, A., Armstrong, M., and Kidson, W.,"Resistance to treatmentof
adolescentsex offenders."Archives ofSexual Behavior, 18, 97-107 (1989).
McGrath, R, "Sex-Offender Risk Assessment and Disposition Planning: A Review ofEmpirical
andClinical Findings," International Journal ofOffenderTherapy and Comparative
Criminology, 35 (4),335-336 (1991).
"New JerseySex Offender Risk Assessment ScaleManual." Released by the New Jersey Office
ofthe Attorney General, (September, 1995).
Pettett, J. and Weirman, D., On press), "Monitoring with surveillance officers." In K. English. S.
Pullen,& L. Jones (eds.), Managing AdultSex Offenders: A Containment Approach, .
(Alexandria, VA: American Probation and ParoleAssociation, 1995),(DRAFT Version provided
bythe Colorado DivisionofCriminal Justice). .
Quinsey, V.•Lalumiere, M., Rice, M., & Harris, G., "Predicting sexual offenses." In le.
Campbell (ed.), AssessingDangerousness: .Violence by Sexual Offenders, Batterers, andChild
Abusers (California: SagePublications, 1995).
Quinsey, v., "Review ofsexual predatorprogram: communityprotection research project" 8,
Anpendix 1 (Predictingsexual recidivism), (Olympia, WA: Washington State Institute for Public
Policy, 1992).
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-22-
Quinsey, V.,"A follow-up of rapists assessed in'a maximum security psychiatric facility, "
Journal ofInterpersonal Violence, 5, 435-448 (1990).
Rada, R., "Alcoholism and the child molester," Annals of New YorkAcademy ofSciences, 273,
492·496.(1976).
Rice, M.,&Harris, G., "Cross-validation and extension of an actuarial instrumentforthe
prediction of recidivism amongsex offenders," Penetanguishene Mental Health Centre Research
Report, XII (2) (1995).
Rice, M.,Quinsey, V.,&Harris, G., "Sexualrecidivism amongchildmolesters released from a
maximum security psychiatric.institution," JournalofConsulting andClinicalPsychology, 59,
381·386 (1991).
Rice, M., Harris, G., & Cormier, C., "An evaluation ofa maximum security therapeutic
community-fer psycopaths and othermentallydisordered individuals," Law and Human
Behavior. 16(4) 399-412(1992).
Romero, J. & Williams, L., "Recidivism among convicted sex offenders: A 10-year follow-up
study," Federal Probation, 49. 58-64 (1985).
Schram, D., & Millroy, c., "Community notification: A studyof offender characteristic and
recidivism," ii, 13, and Appendix C-3 (Offender Characteristics and Recidiviml) (Olympia:
WA: TheUrbanPolicyInstitute, for,the Washington StateInstitute for PublicPolicy, 1995).
Schwartz, R, "Characteristicsand typologies of sex offenders."In B.K. Schwartz and H. R.
Celleni (eds.), The Sex Offender: Corrections, Treatment aridLegal Practice.(New Jersey: Civic
~se~chlnstitute, 1995). .
Serin..R, Malcolm, P., Khanna,A., and Barabaree, H., "Psychopathy and deviantsexual arousal
in incarcerated sexual offenders, " Journal ofInterpersonal Violence, 9 (1), 3-11 (March, 1994).
Simkins et al, "The multiphasic sexinventory: diagnosis andprediction of treatment response in
childsexabusers," Annalsa/Sex Research, 2,205-226 (1989).
Strate, D.,Jones, L., Pullen,1., English, K., Crouch,1., Colling-Chadwick, So, & Patzman, J., (In
press), "Criminal justicepoliciesandsex offender denial." In K. English, S. Pullen, & L.Jones
(eds.), Managing Adult Sex Offenders: A Containment Approach (Alexandria,VA:American
Probation andParoleAssociation, 1995), (DRAFT Version providedby the Colorado Division
of Criminal Justice).
Toch,H. & Adams, K., TheDisturbed Violent Offender, (NewHaven: YaleUniversity Press,
1989).
Weinrott, M.,& Saylor, M.,"Self-report of crimes committed by sex offenders," Journal of
Interpersonal Violence, 6(3)287, 291-292, (1991).
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APPENDIX:Developmentof'the Guidelines
The Sex OffenderGuidelineswere developed with the assistance ofKim. English, the
Directorof the Office ofResearchand Statisticsfor the ColoradoDivision of CriminalJustice.
Ms. Englishis the author of Adult Sex Offenderson Probation and Parole: A National Survey
(December 1995), prepared for the United States Departmentof Justice. Drawing on guidelines
in use in New Jerseyand applyingthe factors enumeratedinNew York's Act, Ms. English
prepareda workingdraft forNew York's guidelines. The draft incorporated risk assessment
criteriathat find support in the academic literatureand are commonlyused by sex offender
experts.
Thereafter, with Ms. English'scontinuedassistance,the Board modified the.draft
assessment instrumentin an effortto make it as objectiveas possible. The Board recognized that
the instrumentwould be used by courts throughoutthe State andthat unnecessary complexity
wouldfrustrate uniform results. The review process lastedtwo months; it included testingthe
guidelines againsta large sample ofcases to insure that accurate'resultswere produced.
Afterthe Board was satisfiedthat the guidelines were workable, it invited a panel of
expertsto reviewthem and propose improvements. The panel was comprised ofeight
professionals with diverse experiencerelated to the behaviorand treatment of sex offenders:
LindaFairstein,Chief, Sex CrimesProsecution Unit, New York County District Attorney's
Office; MarjorieFischer, Bureau Chief, SpecialVictims Bureau, Queens County District
Attorney's Office; Kenneth Cullen, Clinical Directorof c.A.P. Behavior Associates and former
coordinator ofthe Sex OffenderTreatmentprogram at Bronx-Lebanon ~ospital (1983-1993);
CaptainTimothyMcAuliffe,New York State Police; Dr: David Barry,University ofRochester
School of Medicine;Judith Cox. Acting Director, Bureau of Forensic Services, New YorkState
29. 02/20/2007 11:15 518-457-4152 NVSBClE PAGE 30/30
Officeof Mental Health; Ed Varela, Probation Officer, Westchester County; and Michael
Rossetti, DeputyAttorney General for LegalPolicy.
The panelists met for two days, carefullyreviewed the guidelines, and applied them to 20
cases. Basedupon the concerns expressed duringthose sessions.the Board modified the
guidelines in several ways. For example, the panelists noted that the guidelines, as then
proposed,failedto assess points if an. offenderhadexploited a professional relationshipto abuse
his victim. The panelists emphasizedthat where such exploitation had occurred., there was a
heightened need for community notification. Factor 7 was modified to incorporate this concern.
The panelistsalso suggested that an offender'shistoryofviolence or sex offending should be
weighted more heavily. This was accomplishedby modifyingthe scoring system for Factor 9
and by creatingan override for a prior sex felony. Finally,the panelists encouragedskepticism
toward treatment, recommending that an offender's participation in a treatment program,by
Itself.should not reduce his risk level. The Board acceptedthis recommendation as well.