The parotid region includes the parotid salivary gland and related structures. The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland, located below the ear and overlapping the ramus of the mandible and mastoid process. It has relations superiorly to the zygomatic arch, inferiorly to the angle of the mandible, and medially to structures in the neck. The parotid duct emerges from the gland's anterior border, passes over the masseter muscle, and opens into the mouth opposite the upper second molar. The parotid gland receives parasympathetic input from the otic ganglion and sympathetic input with the external carotid artery.
The surgical anatomy of major salivary glands has many significant applications in maxillofacial surgery. Understanding these important anatomic relations- variations enables surgeons to perform the surgical procedures safely. Knowledge of these concepts helps us to recognize the problems and complications as and when they occur and manage them accordingly.
The region on the lateral surface of the face that comprises the parotid gland & the structures immediately related to it
Largest of the salivary glands
Located subcutaneously, below and in front of the external auditory meatus
Occupies the deep hollow behind the ramus of the mandible
Wedge-shaped when viewed externally, with the base above & the apex behind the angle of the mandible
The surgical anatomy of major salivary glands has many significant applications in maxillofacial surgery. Understanding these important anatomic relations- variations enables surgeons to perform the surgical procedures safely. Knowledge of these concepts helps us to recognize the problems and complications as and when they occur and manage them accordingly.
The region on the lateral surface of the face that comprises the parotid gland & the structures immediately related to it
Largest of the salivary glands
Located subcutaneously, below and in front of the external auditory meatus
Occupies the deep hollow behind the ramus of the mandible
Wedge-shaped when viewed externally, with the base above & the apex behind the angle of the mandible
Detailed discussion on surgical anatomy of salivary glands with special focus on major glands. Relationship of facial nerve and its branhes to parotid gland is also discussed. Complications are also discussed. Surgical approaches are also discussed.
Detailed discussion on surgical anatomy of salivary glands with special focus on major glands. Relationship of facial nerve and its branhes to parotid gland is also discussed. Complications are also discussed. Surgical approaches are also discussed.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
4. THE PAROTID GLAND
• DEFINITION: It is the largest of the salivary glands
• SITE: It lies below the auricle, occupying the
region between ramus of mandible & mastoid
process
• EXTENT:
1. Superiorly: to zygomatic arch
2. Inferiorly: to angle of mandible
3. Anteriorly: to overlap posterior border of masseter
4. Posteriorly: to overlap anterior border of
sternomastoid
• SHAPE: Pyramidal
5. THE PAROTID GLAND
• SUBDIVISIONS:
1. Main gland
2. Accessory gland: above parotid duct
• CAPSULE:
1. Derived from deep fascia of neck (cervical fascia)
2. Its superficial layer is attached to zygomatic arch &
extends to cover masseter
3. Its deep layer is attached to mandible, styloid &
mastoid processes
4. A thickening of deep fascia extends from styloid
process to angle of mandible (stylomandibular
ligament) & separates the capsule of parotid from
that of submandibular gland
5. It is tense (swellings of parotid gland are painful)
7. THE PAROTID GLAND
• RELATIONS:
1. Superficial: skin, superficial fascia, great auricular
nerve, superficial parotid (preauricular) lymph
nodes
2. Anteromedial: posterior border of ramus of
mandible + muscles attached to ramus (masseter,
medial pteygoid)
3. Posteromedial: mastoid process + muscles
attached to it (sternomastoid, posterior belly of
digastric), styloid process + muscles attached to it
(stylohyoid, styloglossus, stylopharyngeus),
carotid sheath & its contents (internal jugular vein,
internal carotid artery, 9th, 10th, 11th & 12th cranial
nerves)
4. Medial: pharyngeal wall
8. STRUCTURES WITHIN THE
PAROTID GLAND
1. Termination of facial nerve & beginning of
its five terminal motor branches : most
superficial structures
2. Terminations of superficial temporal &
maxillary veins + the whole retromandibular
vein + beginning of its two divisions
(anterior & posterior)
3. Termination of external carotid artery &
beginning of its two terminal branches
(superficial temporal & maxillary): deepest
structures
4. Deep parotid lymph nodes: embedded
within substance of the gland
12. PAROTID DUCT
• LENGTH: Two inches
• COURSE & RELATIONS:
1. Emerges from anterior border of gland
2. Runs obliquely forwards, superficial to masseter &
below transverse facial artery & accessory parotid
• TERMINATION:
1. Pierces: buccal pad of fat, buccopharyngeal fascia,
buccinator muscle & buccal mucosa
2. Opens: into the vestibule of mouth, opposite the
crown of upper 2nd molar tooth
• APPLIED ANATOMY: The oblique passage of the
duct act as a valve-like mechanism & prevents
inflation of the duct during blowing
• SURFACE ANATOMY: It is represented by the middle
1/3 of a line extending from the tragus of the auricle
to a point midway between the ala of nose & upper
lip
13. NERVE SUPPLY
• PARASYMPATHETIC (SECRETORY):
1. Origin: inferior salivary nucleus (medulla)
2. Preganglionic fibers: run along the lesser petrosal
nerve (branch of tympanic of glossopharyngeal
(9th cranial)
3. Ganglion: fibers relay in the otic ganglion
(infratemporal fossa)
4. Postganglionic fibers: reach the parotid gland
along auriculotemporal nerve (branch of
mandibular of trigeminal)
• SYMPATHETIC: Postganglionic sympathetic fibers
reach the gland as a plexus around external
carotid artery
