Download to read offline
More Related Content
Similar to Salivary Glands AR.pptx
Salivary Glands AR.pptx
- 1. 1 DEPARTMENT OF ORAL& MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY PRESENTED BY DR ANKITA RAJ(PROFESSOR) DEPT OF ORAL & MAXILLOFACIAL SRGERY
- 2. CONTENTS • Introduction • Embryology •Microstructure • Classification • Surgical anatomy of major & minor salivary glands • References 2
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Salivary glandsare exocrine glands that secrete saliva into oral cavity. • Saliva normally ranges between 800 and 1500 ml/day. • Proper understanding of surgical anatomy, various diseases & their nature is must. • Accurate diagnosis & treatment of these conditions should be addressed. 3
- 4. FUNCTIONS OF SALIVA SALIVA Protection & Lubrication Buffering Tooth integrity Anti microbial Tissue repair Digestion Taste 4 Bicarbonate phosphateions Proteins, glycoproteins, mucins Calcium, phosphate ions, acidic proline- rich proteins and statherin Lysozyme, lactoferrin, peroxidase, and Ig A Amylase, lipase Growth factors, trefoil proteins, regeneration Water and lipocalins
- 5. EMBRYOLOGY • The salivaryglands originate by oral ectodermal epithelial buds invading the underlying mesenchyme. 5 Initial bud formation Epithelial cell cord elongation Branching morphogenesis Development of a lumen Terminal buds differentiation
- 6. • Autonomic innervationof the parenchymal cells is a key event in development. – parasympathetic nerve stimulation – overall gland growth – Sympathetic nerve stimulation - Acinar differentiation 6 GLAND ORIGIN I.U. LIFE Parotid Corners of the stomodeum 6th week Submandibular Floor of the mouth End of 6th week Sublingual Lateral to the submandibula r primordium 8th week Minor salivary glands buccal epithelium 12th week
- 7. MICROSTRUCTURE • Salivary glandshave numerous lobes composed of smaller lobules separated by dense connective tissue which contains excretory duct, blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerve fibre • Each lobule has single duct whose branches terminates at secretory end piece • The secretory end piece are of 2 types – serous (spherical) and mucous (Tubular) • Myoepithelial cells are contractile cells associated with SEP & intercalated duct 7
- 8. • Secretion producedby SEP passes first through intercalated duct • Several intercalated ducts form striated duct • Striated duct is the main ductal component located within the lobules of gland • From striated duct saliva drain into excretory duct which is located in connective tissue. • Then excretory duct transport saliva to the main duct which opens into mucosa surface of the oral cavity 8 In secretory end pieces, canaliculi are present which are extensions of lumen of the end piece that serve to increase the luminal surface for secretion.
- 9.
- 10. CLASSIFICATION Salivary glands Major (Paired)Minor 10 According to nature of secretion Serous watery in consistency Mucous viscous in consistency Mixed
- 11. PAROTID GLAND • Theparotid is the largest of the salivary glands. • It weighs about 25 g, • Situation : Below the external acoustic meatus, between the ramus of the mandible and the sternocleidomastoid. • The gland also overlaps the masseter muscle. A part of this forward extension is often detached, and is known as the Accessory Parotid. 11 (Para = around; otic = ear)
- 12. • Each parotidgland is divided by the facial nerve into a Superficial lobe Deep lobe. • SUPERFICIAL LOBE – overlying the lateral surface of the masseter, is defined as the part of the gland lateral to the facial nerve. • DEEP LOBE – medial to the facial nerve and is located between the mastoid process of the temporal bone and ramus of the mandible. 12
- 13. PAROTID CAPSULE: • Theinvesting layer of deep cervical fascia forms a capsule for the gland. • The fascia splits between the angle of the mandible and the mastoid process to enclose the gland. • Superficial lamina – Thick and adherent Attached above to zygomatic arch • Deep lamina – Thin Attached to the styloid process, the mandible and the tympanic plate. 13
- 14. FEATURES :- • Thegland resembles a three sided pyramid. • Apex of pyramid is directed downwards. • The gland has four surfaces : a)superior. b)superficial c)anteromedial d)posteromedial. • The surfaces are seperated by three borders : a)anterior b)posterior c)medial 14
- 15. SURFACES :- Superior surface: Related to a)Cartilagenous part of external acoustic meatus. b)Posterior surface of temporomandibular joint. c)Superficial temporal vessels. d)Auriculo temporal nerve. 15
- 16. Superficial surface : a)Skin •b)Superficial fascia containing the anterior branches of the great auricular nerve, the preauricular or superficial parotid lymph nodes and the posterior fibres of the platysma and risorius; c)Parotid fascia d)A few deep parotid lymphnodes. 16
- 17. ANTEROMEDIAL SURFACE :-Related to a)Masseter b)Lateral surface of temporomandibular joint. c)Posterior border of ramus of mandible d)Medial pterygoid. e)Emerging branches of facial nerve. 17
- 18. POSTEROMEDIAL SURFACE :-Related to a)Mastoid process, sternocleidomastoid, posterior belly of the digastric b)Styloid process c)External carotid artery enters the gland through this surface and internal carotid artery lies deep to the styloid process. 18
- 19. BORDERS :- Anterior border: seperates the superficial surface from the anteromedial surface. Posterior border : seperates the superficial surface from the posteromedial surface. Medial border : seperates the anteromedial surface from the posteromedial surface. 19
- 20. PAROTID DUCT :- •Emerges from the middle of the anterior border of the gland. Runs forwards and slightly downwards on masseter. RELATIONS :- Superiorly : a)accessory parotid b)transverse facial vessels. c)upper buccal branch of the facial nerve. Inferiorly : Lower buccal branch of the facial nerve. 20
- 21. • At theanterior border of the masseter, the parotid duct turns medially and pierces – buccal pad of fat, buccopharyngeal facia, buccinator Finally, the duct turns medially and opens into the vestibule of the mouth (gingivo-buccal vestibule) opposite the crown of the upper second molar tooth. 21
- 22. STRUCTURES WITHIN THE PAROTIDGLAND ARTERIES : External carotid artery. Maxillary artery Superficial temporal artery. Veins : Retromandibular vein 22
- 23.
- 24. Blood supply : Externalcarotid artery and its branches. Venous drainage: Retromandibular vein which drain into the external jugular vein. Lymphatic drainage Lymph nodes occur in the skin overlying the parotid gland (preauricular nodes) and in the substance of the gland. Lymph from the parotid gland drains to the upper deep cervical lymph nodes. 24
- 25. 1. Pregangliionic fibres from ISN of medulla otic ganglion post ganglionic fibres through auriculotemporal nerve gland 2. Fibres from plexus around the ECA which convey post ganglionic fibres from superior cervical ganglion of sympathetic trunk 25 INNERVATION
- 26. APPLIED ANATOMY • 1.Acute inflammation of the parotid gland (acute sialadenitis) are very painful in the preauricular region due to the unyielding nature of the parotid fascia and stimulation of the great auricular nerve. • 2.Mumps is an non suppurative infectious disease of the salivary glands (usually the parotid) caused by a paramyovirus virus. Its complications are orchitis arid pancreatitis. • 3.A parotid abscess maybe caused by spread of infection from the mouth cavity. An abscess may also form due to suppuration of the parotid lymph nodes draining an infected area. It is best drained by horizontal incisions known as Hilton's method. 26
- 27. NEOPLASMS OF SALIVARYGLAND • 65% occur in the parotid glands. 75% of tumor are benign of these 80% are pleomorphic adenomas. • 8% of salivary gland tumors occur in submandibular glands, of these 50% are benign and 50% are malignant. • 27 of salivary gland tumors occur in sublingual and minor salivary glands of these 80 % are malignant. 27
- 28. • Mixed parotidtumour is a slowly growing lobulated painless tumour without any involvement of the facial nerve. Malignant change of such a tumour is indicated by pain, rapid growth, fixity with hardness, involvement of the facial nerve, and enlargement of cervical lymph nodes. • Deep lobe tumours: When a parotid tumour, either benign or malignant, occurs in the deep ‘lobe', the mass presents as a swelling in the lateral wall of the pharynx and not as a facial swelling, which means that it is important to examine the oropharynx when following-up a patient who has undergone parotid surgery for the removal of a tumour. • During surgical removal of the parotid gland or parotidectomy, the facial nerve is preserved by removing the gland in two parts, superficial and deep separately. The plane of cleavage is defined by tracing the nerve from behind forwards. 28
- 29. INCISIONS • A Preauricularincision starts infront of tragus of pinna, vertically descends downwards, curves around the ear lobule upto the mastoid process and is carried downwards in the neck ( Lazy ‘S’ incision). Commonly indicated in superficial parotidectomy cases. • An Incision runs from the superior attachment of the pinna downwards, turns anteriorly and the angle of the mandible and stops at the hyoid bone. A second incision, which may be made posterior to the pinna, join the first at the inferior margin of the pinna. The ear is retracted from the operating field and the skin flap is developed on the cheek side of the incision. Usually employed to remove the tumors of the lower lode of the parotid. 29
- 30. FREY’S SYNDROME • Alsocalled as auriculotemporal nerve syndrome or gustatory sweating • Causes: Surgery or injury of the parotid gland • Clinical features: Sweating and erythema at the site of parotid surgery by smell and taste of the food. • It is thought to be the result damage to auriculotemporal nerve, post ganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibres from otic ganglion becomes united to sympathetic fibres arising from superior cervical ganglion going to supply sweat glands. 30
- 31. • Investigations: Strachiodine test – During mastication the area turns blue in colour coated with starch and iodine. • Prevention: Sternomastoid muscle flap, temporalis facial flap and Artifical membrane – Forms barrier between skin and parotid bed to minimise inappropriate regeneration of autonomic nerve fibres • Treatment: Mostly recover in 6 months, use Antiperspirants, Denervation of tympanic neurectomy, Injection of botulinum toxin into affected skin. 31
- 32. SEVERED PAROTID DUCTS •Facial lacerations in the region of the parotid gland occasionally sever the parotid duct. • Direct anastomosis has to be done at the time of wound closure to prevent the formation of an external salivary fistula. • If both ends of the duct are visible, direct anastomosis of the severed ends is possible. A metal probe or polyethylene catheter is placed into the lumen of the duct, bridging across the severed portion. • The duct is then repaired by suture over this probe or catheter, followed by closure of the remaining portions of the external wound. 32
- 33. • The probeor catheter is removed in approximately 3 days and the flow of saliva stimulated. • Once salivary flow has started through the repaired duct, danger of stricture or stoppage of salivary flow is minimal. 33
- 34. SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND 34 Thesubmandibular gland is irregular in shape and about the size of a walnut. It consists of a larger superficial and a smaller deep part, continuous with each other around the posterior border of mylohyoid. It is a seromucous (but predominantly serous) gland. The superficial part of the gland is situated in the digastric triangle where it reaches forward to the anterior belly of digastric and back to the stylomandibular ligament, by which it is separated from the parotid gland. Above, it extends medial to the body of the mandible. Below, it usually overlaps the intermediate tendon of digastric and the insertion of stylohyoid.
- 35. • It has(a) inferior; (b) lateral; and (c) medial surfaces and is partially enclosed between two layers of deep cervical fascia that extend from the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. • The superficial layer is attached to the lower border of the mandible and covers the inferior surface of the gland. • The deep layer is attached to the mylohyoid line on the medial surface of the mandible and covers the medial surface of the gland. 35
- 36. • Inferior- coveredby • Skin, Superficial fascia containing platysma and cervical branches of facial N • Deep Fascia • Facial Vein, Submandibular Nodes 36
- 37. Lateral surface isrelated to the • Submandibular fossa on the medial surface of the body of the mandible and • The mandibular attachment of medial pterygoid. • The facial artery grooves its posterosuperior part 37
- 38. Medial surface isrelated • Anterior part is related to mylohyoid muscle, nerve and vessels • Middle part - Hyoglossus, styloglossus, lingual nerve, submandibular ganglion, hypoglossal nerve and deep lingual vein. • Posterior Part - Styloglossus, stylohvoid ligament,9th nerve and wall of pharynx 38
- 39. • Deep part •The deep part of the gland extends forwards to the posterior end of the sublingual gland. It lies between mylohyoid inferolaterally, hyoglossus and styloglossus medially, the lingual nerve superiorly, and the hypoglossal nerve and deep lingual vein inferiorly 39
- 40. SUBMANDIBULAR DUCT • Whartonsduct 5cmlong • Emerges at the anterior end of deep part of the gland • Runs forwards on hyoglossus b/w lingual and hypoglossal N • At the ant. Border of hyoglossus it is crossed by lingual nerve • Opens in the floor of mouth at the side of frenulum of tongue 40
- 41. Blood supply • Bybranches of facial & lingual arteries • Veins corresponds to arteries & drains into IJV Lymphatics • Drains into SML & finally into jugulodigastric group Nerve supply By both parasympathetic & sympathetic nerves Parasympathetic from SSN in the pons Sympathetic from plexus around the facial artery 41
- 42. APPLIED ANATOMY • Excisionof the submandibular gland for calculus or tumour is done by an incision below the angle of the jaw. • Since the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve passes posteroinferior to the angle of the jaw before crossing it, the incision must be placed more than 2.5 cm below the angle to preserve the nerve. 42
- 43. • The chordatympani supplying secretomotor fibres to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands lies medial to the spine of sphenoid. The auriculotemporal nerve supplying secretomotor fibres to the parotid gland is related to lateral aspect of spine of sphenoid. Injury to spine may involve both these nerves with loss of secretion from all three salivary glands. 43
- 44. SUBLINGUAL SALIVARY GLAND •The sublingual gland is the smallest salivary glands: each gland is narrow, flat, shaped like an almond, and weighs approximately 4 g. • The sublingual gland lies on mylohyoid, and is covered by the mucosa of the floor of the mouth, which is raised as a sublingual fold . • The sublingual glands are seromucous, but predominantly mucous. 44
- 45. Relations Above • Mucosa oforal floor, raised as sublingual fold Below • Mvelohvoid Infront • Anterior end of its fellow Behind • Deep part of Submandibular gland Lateral • Mandible above the anterior part of mylohyoid line Medial • Genioglossus and separated from it by lingual nerve and submandibular duct 45
- 46. Sublingual ducts • Thesublingual gland has 8–20 excretory ducts open, usually separately, from the posterior part of the gland onto the summit of the sublingual fold • Small rami from the anterior part of the gland sometimes form a major sublingual duct (Bartholin's duct), which opens with, or near to, the orifice of the submandibular duct. 46
- 47. Blood supply By sublingual& submental arteries Lymphatics Drains into submental & submandibular nodes Nerve supply By both parasympathetic & sympathetic nerves Parasympathetic from SSN in the pons Sympathetic from plexus around the facial artery 47
- 48. MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS •The minor salivary glands of the mouth include the labial, buccal, palatoglossal, palatal and lingual glands. • The labial and buccal glands contain both mucous and serous elements. • The palatoglossal glands are mucous glands and are located around the pharyngeal isthmus. • The palatal glands are mucous glands and occur in both the soft and hard palates. 48
- 49. • The anteriorand posterior lingual glands are mainly mucous. The anterior glands are embedded within muscle near the ventral surface of the tongue and open by means of four or five ducts near the lingual frenulum and the posterior glands are located in the root of the tongue. The deep posterior lingual glands are predominantly serous. • Serous glands (of von Ebner) occur around the circumvallate papillae, their secretion is watery, and they probably assist in gustation by spreading taste stimuli over the taste buds and then washing them away. 49
- 50. APPLIED ANATOMY Sublingual andMinor salivary gland • The structures at risk during dissection of the gland are submandibular duct and lingual nerve. • The duct lies superficially in the floor of the mouth medial to the sublingual fold and crossed inferiorly by the nerve then enters the tongue. • The sublingual artery and vein also lies on the medial aspect of the gland closed to the submandibular duct and lingual nerve. • So vertical incision should be placed on lateral aspect of the submandibular duct. 50
- 51. MUCOCELE • Mucocele isthe most common cystic lesion of the minor salivary gland. A vertical incision over the lesion with underlying minor salivary gland removal is the treatment of the choice for mucocele. 51
- 52. RANULA • Presents asa blue dome shaped swelling in the floor of mouth (FOM). • They tend to be larger than mucoceles & can fill the FOM & elevate tongue. • Marsupialization has fallen into disfavor due to the excessive recurrence rate of 60-90% • Sublingual gland removal via intraoral approach Baurmash HD. Mucoceles and Ranulas. J Oral Maxillo Surg. 2003, vol 61, 369
- 53. REFERENCES • Gray’s Anatomy– 40th Edition • Human Anatomy – Head, Neck and Brain Vol-3 – BD Chaurasia • Ten Cate’s Oral Histology – Development, Structure and Function, 6th Edition, 2004. • Orban’s Oral Histology and Embryology - 11th Edition. • Salivary Glands – Diseases, Disorders and Surgery - 1st Edition - John E DeB Norman • Peterson’s principles of oral and Maxillofacial surgery – 2nd Edition • Operative Maxillofacial Surgery. 1st Edition - J D Langdon • Netter’s Head and Neck Anatomy – 2nd Edition • Fonseca – Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery – vol –II • Text book of oral and maxillofacial surgery - Kruger – 5th edition 53
- 54.
Editor's Notes
- #5 0.5 milliliter of saliva, almost entirely of the mucous type, is secreted each minute, The pH of saliva from resting glands is slightly less than 7.0 The fluid nature of saliva provides a washing action that flushes away nonadherent bacteria and other debris. mucins and other glycoproteins provide lubrication and barrier against noxious stimuli, microbial toxins, and minor trauma. The bicarbonate and phosphate, ions in saliva provide a buffering action that helps to protect the teeth from demineralization caused by bacterial acids produced during sugar metabolism. Calcium, phosphate ions, acidic proline-rich proteins and statherin helps in Enamel maturation & repair Lysozyme, lactoferrin, peroxidase, and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor have antimicrobial activity along with Ig A Growth factors and proteins promote tissue growth & differentiation and wound healing Enzymes such as amylase and lipase begin the digestive process allow the formation and swallowing of a food bolus. Amylase Converts starch into maltose, Lingual lipase Converts triglycerides of milk fat into fatty acids and diacylglycerol Saliva produced by minor glands in the vicinity of the circumvallate papillae contains proteins that are believed to bind taste substances and present them to the taste receptors. Vasoactive intestinal peptide Control of Salivary Secretion Salivary secretion is under neural control. The salivary glands are controlled mainly by parasympathetic nervous signals all the way from the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei in the brain stem. Stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve supply causes profuse secretion of watery saliva with a relatively low content of organic material. Associated with this secretion is a pronounced vasodilation in the gland, which appears to be due to the local release of VIP. This polypeptide is a cotransmitter with acetylcholine in some of the postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. Atropine and other cholinergic blocking agents reduce salivary secretion. The sympathetic nerves originate from the superior cervical ganglia and travel along the surfaces of the blood vessel walls to the salivary glands. Sympathetic stimulation can also increase salivation a slight amount, much less so than does parasympathetic stimulation saliva rich in organic constituents
- #6 Parenchymal tissue (secretory) of the glands arises from the proliferation of oral epithelium which is either ectodermal (for the major glands) or endodermal (for the lingual glands) in origin. The stroma (capsule and septae) of the glands originates from mesenchyme that may be mesodermal or neural crest in origin. The epithelial buds of each gland enlarge, elongate to form the main duct primordium and initiation of branching in terminal part of Epithelial cell cord forming solid structures. Continuation of this process called Branching morphogenesis Each branch terminates in one or two solid end bulbs. Elongation of the end bulb follows and lumina appears in their centers, transforming the end bulbs into terminal tubules. These tubules join the canalizing ducts to the peripheral acini. Canalization results from mitotic activity of the outer layers of the cord outpacing that of the inner cell layers Canalization is complete by 6th month post conception. At around the 7-8th month in utero, secretory cells (acini) begin to develop around the ductal system. Development of the lumen in the terminal buds, the epithelium consists of two layers of cells. outer layer form the contractile myoepithelial cells & inner layer differentiate into the secretory cells
- #7 The parotid gland buds appear, at the 6th week after conception. On the inner cheek near the angles of the mouth and then grow back towards the ear. The maxillary and mandibular prominences merge, displacing the opening of the duct on the inside of the cheek to some distance from the corner of the mouth. In the “par-otid” or ear region, the epithelial cord of cells branches between the divisions of the facial nerve and canalizes to provide the acini and ducts of the gland. The ductal and acinar system is embedded in a mesenchymal stroma that is organized into lobules, and the whole gland becomes encapsulated by fibrous connective tissue. The parotid gland duct, repositioned upward, traces the path of the embryonic epithelial cord in the adult. The parotid ducts are canalized at 10 weeks post conception, the terminal buds are canalized at 16 weeks, and secretions commence at 18 weeks. The submandibular salivary gland buds appear late in the 6th week as a grouped series, forming epithelial outgrowths on either side of the midline in the linguogingival groove of the floor of the mouth at the sites of the future papillae. An epithelial cord proliferates dorsally into the mesenchyme beneath the developing mylohyoid muscle, turning ventrally while branching and canalizing, to form the acini and duct of the submandibular gland. Differentiation of the acini starts at 12 weeks; serous secretory activity starts at 16 weeks, increases until the 28th week, and then diminishes. The serous secretions during the 16th to 28th weeks contribute to the amniotic fluid and contain amylase and possibly nerve and epidermal growth factors. Growth of the submandibular gland continues postnatally with the formation of mucous acini. The mesenchymal stroma separates off the parenchymal lobules and provides the capsule of the gland. The sublingual glands arise in the 8th week post conception as a series of about 10 epithelial buds just lateral to the submandibular gland anlagen. These branch and canalize to provide a number of ducts that open independently beneath the tongue. A great number of smaller salivary glands arise from the oral ectodermal and endodermal epithelium and remain as discrete acini and ducts scattered throughout the mouth. Labial salivary glands (on the inner aspect of the lips) arise during the 9th week post conception and are morphologically mature by the 25th week.
- #8 Salivary gland secretory unit Composed of terminal acini, Intercalated, striated and excretory ducts, Myoepithelial cells
- #13 Deep Lobe The remaining 20% extends medially through the stylomandibular tunnel, which is formed ventrally by the posterior edge of the ramus dorsally by the anterior border of the SCM & posterior digastric muscle deeply and dorsally by the stylomandibular ligament. (Silvers AR, Som PM. Head and Neck Imaging: the Salivary Glands. 1998, 36:941)
- #14 The stylomandibular ligament (portion of the DCF) separates the parotid and submandibular gland.
- #20 It extends from the anterior part of the superior surface to the apex. The following structures emerge at this border: (a) The parotid duct; (b) most of the terminal branches of the facial nerve; and (c) the transverse facial vessels. In addition, the accessory parotid gland lies on the parotid duct close to this border It overlaps the sternocleidomastoid It is related to the lateral wall of the pharynx
- #23 The external carotid artery, retromandibular vein and facial nerve, either in part or in whole, traverse the gland and branch within it. The external carotid artery enters the posteromedial surface, and divides into the maxillary artery, which emerges from the anteromedial surface, and the superficial temporal artery, which gives off its transverse facial branch in the gland and ascends to leave its upper limit. The posterior auricular artery may also branch from the external carotid artery within the gland, leaving by its posteromedial surface. The retromandibular vein, formed by the union of the maxillary and superficial temporal veins (which enter near the points of exit of the corresponding arteries), is superficial to the external carotid artery. It descends in the parotid gland and emerges behind the apex of the gland, where it usually divides into an anterior branch, which passes forwards to join the facial vein, and a posterior branch, which joins the posterior auricular vein to form the external jugular vein. Occasionally it is not connected to the external jugular vein, which is then small, and the anterior jugular vein is enlarged.
- #24 There are usually 10 lymph nodes present in the gland, the majority lie in the superficial part of the gland above the plane related to the facial nerve.
- #27 Acute inflammation of the parotid gland (acute sialadenitis) may cause exquisite pain in the preauricular region as a result of stretching of the capsule and stimulation of the great auricular nerve. The pain is usually exacerbated at mealtimes when the gustatory stimulus to the gland results in further turgor within the capsule. Causes of acute sialadenitis include parotid duct obstruction (calculus, mucus plug and duct stricture) and mumps.
- #38 The lateral surface is related to the submandibular fossa on the medial surface of the body of the mandible and the mandibular attachment of medial pterygoid. The facial artery grooves its posterosuperior part, lies at first deep to the gland and then emerges between its lateral surface and the mandibular attachment of the medial pterygoid to reach the lower border of the mandible.
- #39 The medial surface is related anteriorly to mylohyoid, from which it is separated by the mylohyoid nerve and vessels and branches of the submental vessels. More posteriorly, it is related to styloglossus, the stylohyoid ligament and the glossopharyngeal nerve, which separate it from the pharynx. In its intermediate part the medial surface is related to hyoglossus, from which it is separated by styloglossus, the lingual nerve, submandibular ganglion, hypoglossal nerve and deep lingual vein (sequentially from above down). Below, the medial surface is related to the stylohyoid muscle and the posterior belly of digastric.
- #41 Submandibular duct The submandibular duct is usually 5 cm long and has a thinner wall than the parotid duct. It begins from numerous tributaries in the superficial part of the gland and emerges from the medial surface of this part of the gland behind the posterior border of mylohyoid. It traverses the deep part of the gland, and then passes at first up and slightly back for approximately 5 mm, this sharp bend over the free edge of mylohyoid being known as the genu of the duct. It then runs forwards between mylohyoid and hyoglossus passing between the sublingual gland and genioglossus to open in the floor of the mouth on the summit of the sublingual papilla at the side of the frenulum of the tongue (Figs 30.4, 30.10). It lies between the lingual and hypoglossal nerves on hyoglossus, but, at the anterior border of the muscle, it is crossed laterally by the lingual nerve, terminal branches of which ascend on its medial side. As the duct traverses the deep part of the gland it receives small tributaries draining this part of the gland. It has been suggested previously that the genu of the duct predisposes to the stasis of saliva and thereby encourages salivary stone (sialolith) formation, but this is somewhat controversial and largely unproven.
- #47 This duct may be visualized occasionally in a submandibular sialogram