Manzoor alam studying aat uet peshawar

1. 1
Fundamental C++ Types
Arithmetic

2. 2
 C++ has a large number of fundamental or built-in types
 The fundamental types fall into one of three categories
 Integer
 Floating-point
 Character
Integer type
 The basic integer type is int
 The size of an int depends on the machine and the compiler
 On PCs it is normally 16 or 32 bits
 Other integers types
 short: typically uses less bits (often 2 bytes)
 long: typically uses more bits (often 4 bytes)
 Different types allow programmers to use resources more efficiently
 Standard arithmetic and relational operations are available for these
types
Fundamental C++ Types

3. 3
Integer constants
 Integer constants are positive or negative whole numbers
 Integer constant forms
 Decimal
 Digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
 Octal (base 8)
 Digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
 Hexadecimal (base 16)
 Digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, a , b, c, d, e, f, A, B, C, D, E, F
 Consider
31 oct and 25 dec
Decimal Constants
 Examples
 97
 40000
 50000
 23a (illegal)
 The type of the constant depends on its size, unless the type is
specified

4. 4
Character type
 Char is for specifying character data
 char variable may hold only a single lowercase letter, a single
upper case letter, a single digit, or a single special character
like a $, 7, *, etc.
 case sensitive, i.e. a and A are not same.
 ASCII is the dominant encoding scheme
 Examples
 ' ' encoded as 32 '+' encoded as 43
 'A' encoded as 65 'Z' encoded as 90
 'a' encoded as 97 'z' encoded as 122

5. 5
Character type
 Explicit (literal) characters within single quotes
 'a','D','*‘
Special characters - delineated by a backslash
 Two character sequences (escape codes)
 Some important special escape codes
 t denotes a tab n denotes a new line
 denotes a backslash ' denotes a single quote
 " denotes a double quote
 't' is the explicit tab character, 'n' is the explicit
new line character, and so on

6. 6
Floating-point type
 Floating-point type represent real numbers
 Integer part
 Fractional part
 The number 108.1517 breaks down into the following parts
 108 - integer part
 1517 - fractional part
 C++ provides three floating-point types
 Float
 (often 4 bytes) Declares floating point numbers with up to 7 significant digits
 Double
 long double
 (often 10 bytes) Declares floating point numbers with up to 19 significant digits.

7. 7
Memory Concepts
 Variable
 Variables are names of memory locations
 Correspond to actual locations in computer's memory
 Every variable has name, type, size and value
 When new value placed into variable, overwrites previous value
 Reading variables from memory is nondestructive
cin >> integer1;
 Assume user entered 45
cin >> integer2;
 Assume user entered 72
sum = integer1 + integer2;
integer1 45
integer2 72
integer1 45
sum 117
integer2 72
integer1 45

8. 8
Names (naming entities)
 Used to denote program values or components
 A valid name is a sequence of
 Letters (upper and lowercase)
 A name cannot start with a digit
 Names are case sensitive
 MyObject is a different name than MYOBJECT
 There are two kinds of names
 Keywords
 Identifiers

9. 9
Keywords
 Keywords are words reserved as part of the language
 int, return, float, double
 They cannot be used by the programmer to name things
 They consist of lowercase letters only
 They have special meaning to the compiler

10. 10
C++ key words
C++ Keywords
Keywords common to the
C and C++ programming
languages
auto break case char const
continue default do double else
enum extern float for goto
if int long register return
short signed sizeof static struct
switch typedef union unsigned void
volatile while
C++ only keywords
asm bool catch class const_cast
delete dynamic_cast explicit false friend
inline mutable namespace new operator
private protected public reinterpret_cast
static_cast template this throw true
try typeid typename using virtual
wchar_t

11. 11
Identifiers
 Identifiers are used to name entities in c++
 It consists of letters, digits or underscore
 Starts with a letter or underscore
 Can not start with a digit
 Identifiers should be
 Short enough to be reasonable to type
 Standard abbreviations are fine (but only standard abbreviations)
 Long enough to be understandable
 When using multiple word identifiers capitalize the first letter of each
word
 Examples
 Grade
 Temperature
 CameraAngle
 IntegerValue

12. 12
Definitions/declaration
 All objects (or variable)
that are used in a program
must be defined (declared)
 An object definition specifies
 Type
 Identifier
 General definition form
Type Id, Id, ..., Id;
Known
type
List of one or
more identifiers
(Value of an object is whatever is in
its assigned memory location)
Examples
Char Response;
int MinElement;
float Score;
float Temperature;
int i;
int n;
char c;
float x;
Location in memory
where a value can
be stored for
program use

13. 13
Type compatibilities
 Rule is to store the values in variables of the same type
 This is a type mismatch:
int int_variable;
int_variable = 2.99;
 If your compiler allows this, int variable will
most likely contain the value 2, not 2.99

14. 14
Stream extraction and assignment operator
 >> (stream extraction operator)
 When used with cin, waits for the user to input a value and
stores the value in the variable to the right of the operator
 The user types a value, then presses the Enter (Return) key to
send the data to the computer
 Example:
int myVariable;
cin >> myVariable;
 Waits for user input, then stores input in myVariable
 = (assignment operator)
 Assigns value to a variable
 Binary operator (has two operands)
 Example:
sum = variable1 + variable2;

15. 15
A simple program to add two numbers
1 //example
2 // program to add two numbers
3 #include <iostream.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 int integer1, integer2, sum; // declaration
8
9 cout << "Enter first integern"; // prompt
10 cin >> integer1; // read an integer
11 cout << "Enter second integern"; // prompt
12 cin >> integer2; // read an integer
13 sum = integer1 + integer2; // assignment of sum
14 cout << "Sum is " << sum << endl; // print sum
15
16 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
17 }
•Notice how cin is used to get user input.
General form is cin>>identifier;
•Cin is an I stream object
•streams input from standard input
•uses the >> (input operator)
•Note that data entered from the keyboard
must be compatible with the data type of the
variable
endl flushes the buffer and prints a
newline.
•Variables can be output using cout << variableName.
•Generl form is cout<<expression;
•An expression is any c++ expression(string constant,
identifier, formula or function call)
•Cout is an o stream object
•streams output to standard output
•uses the << (output) operator
Calculations can be performed in output statements: alternative for
lines 13 and 14:
cout << "Sum is " << integer1 + integer2 << std::endl;
Use stream extraction
operator with standard input
stream to obtain user input.
Concatenating, chaining or
cascading stream insertion
operations.

16. 16
Output of program

17. 17
program to find the area of rectangle
Tells the compiler to use names
in iostream in a “standard” way

18. 18
output

19. 19
Program to find total number of students in all sections
1. //example
2. //to find the total number of students in all sections.
3. # include <iostream> //preprocessor directive
4. int main()
5. {
6. int number_of_sections, students_per_section; //declaration
7. int total_students;
8. cout<<"enter the number of sectionsn"; //prompt to enter total number of
sections
9. cin>>number_of_sections; //reading number of sections
10. cout<<"enter the number of students per sectionn"; //prompt to enter number
11. // of students per section
12. cin>>students_per_section; //reading students per section
13.
14. total_students = number_of_sections * students_per_section; //assignment to total
students
15. cout<<"total number of students in all the sections isn"; //prompt
16. cout<<total_students; // show the number of
total students
17. return 0;
18. }

20. 20
output

21. 21
Arithmetic
 Arithmetic is performed with operators.
 Arithmetic operators are listed in following table
 Modulus operator returns the remainder of integer division
7 % 5 evaluates to 2
 Integer division truncates remainder
7 / 5 evaluates to 1
C++ operation Arithmetic
operator
Algebraic
expression
C++ expression
Addition + f + 7 f + 7
Subtraction - p – c p - c
Multiplication * bm b * m
Division / x / y x / y
Modulus % r mod s r % s

22. 22
Results of Arithmetic operators
 Arithmetic operators can be used with any numeric type.
 An operand is a number or variable used by the operator e.g.
 integer1 + integer2
 + is operator
 integer1 and integer2 are operands
 Result of an operator depends on the types of operands
 If both operands are int, the result is int
 If one or both operands are double, the result is double

23. 23

24. 24
Examples comparing mathematical and C++ expressions

25. 25
Operator precedence
 Some arithmetic operators act before others
(e.g., multiplication before addition)
 Be sure to use parenthesis when needed
 Example: Find the average of three variables
a, b and c
 Do not use: a + b + c / 3 (incorrect)
 Use: (a + b + c ) / 3 (correct)

26. 26
Rules of operator precedence
Operator(s) Operation(s) Order of evaluation (precedence)
() Parentheses Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested,
the expression in the innermost pair is evaluated
first. If there are several pairs of parentheses “on
the same level” (i.e., not nested), they are
evaluated left to right.
*, /, or % Multiplication Division
Modulus
Evaluated second. If there are several, they are
evaluated left to right.
+ or - Addition
Subtraction
Evaluated last. If there are several,
they are evaluated left to right.

27. 27
Operator Precedence
An example to understand operator precedence.
20 - 4 / 5 * 2 + 3 * 5 % 4
(4 / 5)
((4 / 5) * 2)
((4 / 5) * 2) (3 * 5)
((4 / 5) * 2) ((3 * 5) % 4)
(20 -((4 / 5) * 2)) ((3 * 5) % 4)
(20 -((4 / 5) * 2)) + ((3 * 5) % 4)

28. 28
Assignment operators
 = is the assignment operator
 Used to assign a value to a variable
 An assignment statement changes the value of a variable
 General Form:
identifier = expression;
 The single variable to be changed is always on the left
of the assignment operator ‘=‘
 On the right of the assignment operator can be
 Constants
 For example age = 21;
 Variables
 For example my_cost = your_cost;
 Expressions
 For example circumference = diameter * 3.14159;

29. 29
Assignment operators
 The ‘=‘ operator in C++ is not an equal sign
 The following statement cannot be necessarily true in algebra
number_of_bars = number_of_bars + 3;
 In C++ it means the new value of number_of_bars
is the previous value of number_of_bars plus 3

30. 30
Assignment expression abbreviations
 Program can be written and compiled a bit faster by the use of abbreviated
assignment operators
 C++ provides several assignment operators for abbreviating assignment
expressions.
 Addition assignment operator
c = c + 3; abbreviated to
c += 3;
 Statements of the form
variable = variable operator expression;
can be rewritten as
variable operator= expression;
 Other assignment operators
d -= 4 (d = d - 4)
e *= 5 (e = e * 5)
f /= 3 (f = f / 3)
g %= 9 (g = g % 9)

31. 31
Arithmetic assignment operators
Assignment
operator
Sample
expression
Explanation Assigns
Assume: int c = 3, d = 5, e = 4, f = 6, g = 12;
+= c += 7 c = c + 7 10 to c
-= d -= 4 d = d - 4 1 to d
*= e *= 5 e = e * 5 20 to e
/= f /= 3 f = f / 3 2 to f
%= g %= 9 g = g % 9 3 to g

32. 32
Increment and Decrement Operators
 Increment and decrement operators are unary operators as they
require only one operand.
 ++ unary increment operator
 Adds 1 to the value of a variable
x ++;
is equivalent to x = x + 1;
 Pre-increment
 When the operator is used before the variable (++c)
 Variable is changed, then the expression it is in is
evaluated
 Post-increment
 When the operator is used after the variable (c++)
 Expression the variable is in executes, then the variable is
changed.

33. 33
Increment and Decrement Operators
 -- -- unary decrement operator
 Subtracts 1 from the value of a variable
x --;
is equivalent to x = x – 1;
 Pre-decrement
 When the operator is used before the variable (--c)
 Variable is changed, then the expression it is in is
evaluated.
 Post-decrement
 When the operator is used after the variable (c--)
 Expression the variable is in executes, then the variable is
changed.

34. 34
Increment and Decrement Operators
 Example
 If c = 5, then
 cout << ++c;
 c is changed to 6, then printed out
 cout << c++;
 Prints out 5 (cout is executed before the increment)
 c then becomes 6
 When variable not in expression
 Preincrementing and postincrementing have same effect
++c;
cout << c;
and
c++;
cout << c;
are the same

35. 35
Summarizing increment and decrement operators in a table
Operator Called Sample expression Explanation
++ preincrement ++a Increment a by 1, then use the new value
of a in the expression in which a resides.
++ postincrement a++ Use the current value of a in the expression
in which a resides, then increment a by 1.
-- predecrement --b Decrement b by 1, then use the new value
of b in the expression in which b resides.
-- postdecrement b-- Use the current value of b in the expression
in which b resides, then decrement b by 1.
The associativity of these unary operators is from right to left

36. 36
An example to understand the effect of pre-
increment and post-increment
1 // example
2 // Pre incrementing and post incrementing.
3 #include <iostream.h>
4
5
8 // function main begins program execution
9 int main()
10 {
11 int c; // declare variable
12
13 // demonstrate pos tincrement
14 c = 5; // assign 5 to c
15 cout << c << endl; // print 5
16 cout << c++ << endl; // print 5 then post increment
17 cout << c << endl << endl; // print 6
18
19 // demonstrate pre increment
20 c = 5; // assign 5 to c
21 cout << c << endl; // print 5
22 cout << ++c << endl; // pre increment then print 6
 cout << c << endl; // print 6
24
25 return 0; // indicate successful termination
26
27 } // end function main

37. 37
output
Cout<<c prints c =5
Cout<<c++ prints c =5 then increment c by 1 to 6
Cout<<c prints c =6
Cout<<c prints c =5
Cout<<++c first increment c by one to to 6 then prints c =6
Cout<<c prints c =6

38. 38
Precedence of the operators encountered so far
Operators Associativity Type
() left to right parentheses
++ -- static_cast<type>() left to right unary (postfix)
++ -- + - right to left unary (prefix)
* / % left to right multiplicative
+ - left to right additive
<< >> left to right insertion/extraction
< <= > >= left to right relational
== != left to right equality
?: right to left conditional
= += -= *= /= %= right to left assignment
, left to right comma