A study conducted by Louisiana State University and the University of Texas at San Antonio tested the effectiveness of promotional products compared to television and print advertising. Seven groups were exposed to advertising for a new pizza product through different combinations of these mediums. The study found that while print ads were most effective overall, promotional products outperformed television on multiple measures including positive attitudes, message credibility, purchase intent, and referral value. When combined with other media, promotional products increased referral value and credibility compared to television and print alone. The study demonstrated that promotional products are an effective part of an integrated marketing strategy.