02 engineer architecture 1775-1939 [compatibility mode]
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Due to industrialization in the 18th century, new building types developed such as factories, railway bridges and stations, and market halls. Engineers solved the new building challenges of industry, transportation, and large cities. These structures featured principles of objectivity, functionality, and economical construction, made possible by new techniques like cast iron, wrought iron, steel, and concrete. Notable early engineers included Abraham Darby, Thomas Telford, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, and John Roebling. Their works included bridges, dockyards, and suspension bridges pioneering the use of new materials in structural engineering.
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Great exhibition, paris 1889
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London is the capital city of the United Kingdom, founded by the Romans in 43 AD. It is famous for its rich cultural attractions like the British Museum, Hampton Court Palace, Big Ben, the Tower of London, Tower Bridge, Westminster Abbey, Buckingham Palace, St. Paul's Cathedral, Madame Tussauds, the Houses of Parliament, the Science Museum, the London Eye, London City Hall, Trafalgar Square, and Piccadilly Circus. Many of these landmarks are over 500 years old and showcase the long history and culture of London.
British Heritage Photography
This document provides descriptions and photographs from Michael Sleigh's collection of British heritage photography. The collection focuses on documenting buildings, architectural features, and streetscapes from the Victorian era through photographs taken over many years, with special attention paid to churches, stained glass windows, and 19th century buildings. The photographs showcase examples of architectural styles from that period, including town halls, libraries, banks, schools, and cathedrals across the United Kingdom.
Glass architecture
The document summarizes the history of modern glass architecture from the 19th century to the present. It describes early examples of glass architecture in Germany in the 19th century driven by exoticism, romanticism, and a display of wealth. Major developments included the increased use of iron frames, as well as larger glass structures like greenhouses and palm houses. In the 20th century, architects like Bruno Taut and Walter Gropius further advanced glass architecture styles like expressionism and functionalism. Recent glass buildings emphasize lightness and transparency through advanced construction techniques.
Glass architecture
The document provides a history of modern glass architecture from the 19th century to the present. It describes various glass structures built in Germany during this period, highlighting styles and architects. Many of the earliest examples from the 1800s used glass and iron to create ornate conservatories and hothouses. In the 1900s, architects like Bruno Taut and Mies van der Rohe pioneered transparent curtain wall designs that influenced commercial buildings and the Bauhaus school. More recent structures continue experimenting with new technologies and geometric forms to reimagine glass construction.
17th 18th 19th and 20th century architecture ppt
The document provides an overview of architectural styles from the 17th to 20th centuries in Europe and America. It describes the major characteristics of styles such as Baroque, Palladian, Neoclassical, Beaux-Arts and highlights influential architects like Palladio, Robert Adam, John Soane, Louis Sullivan, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Frank Gehry. It traces how styles evolved from ornate Baroque to simplified Neoclassical and the emergence of modern architecture in the 20th century that broke from historical precedents.
London and paris
Esta es una presentación hecha para exponer las ciudades de Londres y paris, cuales son sus lugares mas exponentes y el uso de comparativos en inglés.
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Chapter 14: Eclecticism, Industrialization, and Newness
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13 constructivism [compatibility mode]
This document discusses several Russian constructivist artists and architects active in the early 20th century such as El Lissitzky, Vladimir Tatlin, and Konstantin Melnikov. It provides information on key artworks and buildings from this period including Tatlin's Monument to the 3rd International, Lissitzky's Proun paintings, and Melnikov's Soviet Pavilion at the 1925 Paris expo. The document also mentions other constructivist designs for buildings in Moscow from the 1920s-1930s.
12 de stijl [compatibility mode]
The document discusses De Stijl, a Dutch artistic movement formed in 1917 that sought to reduce forms to basic geometric elements and primary colors. It features works by key members Theo van Doesburg, Piet Mondrian, Gerrit Rietveld, and J.J.P. Oud, including Mondrian's paintings from 1921, Rietveld's table from 1923, van Doesburg's house study from 1923, and Oud's factory project from 1919. Images show examples of architecture and design from De Stijl like Rietveld's Schröder House from 1924 and Willem Dudok's town hall from 1924-1931 that embodied their Neoplastic principles of horizontality
11 deutscher werkbund [compatibility mode]
The document discusses several key figures in the German Werkbund movement from 1907-1914 such as Peter Behrens, Walter Gropius, Hermann Muthesius, and Bruno Taut. It lists some of their notable architectural works including Behrens' AEG Turbine Factory in Berlin from 1908-1909, Gropius and Meyer's Fagus Shoe Factory in Alfeld from 1911-1914, and Taut's social housing settlement "Reform" in Magdeburg from 1913. It also mentions works by these figures that were featured at the Cologne Werkbund Exhibition in 1914.
01 neoclassicism romanticism_historicism [compatibility mode]
This document summarizes architectural styles in Europe between 1750-1914, including Neo-Classicism, Romanticism, and Historicism. It introduces Neo-Classicism as developing during the Enlightenment in opposition to Baroque and Rococo styles. Both experimental and Greek/Roman versions of Neo-Classicism emerged. Romanticism also incorporated Gothic styles. By the 19th century, pluralism in historical styles like Neo-Romanesque and Neo-Egyptian fell under the term Historicism. Examples of works representing these styles from France, Germany, and Britain are provided.
10 adolf loos [compatibility mode]
Adolf Loos was an Austrian architect influenced by Louis Sullivan's theory that ornament should be omitted from architecture. Loos took this a step further and argued for the total refusal of ornament in his essay "Ornament and Crime". Loos believed the architect should design interconnected spaces within a building defined by their functional and representative meaning, as seen in his Houses Moller in Vienna and Müller in Prague, rather than designing traditional facades, plans, and sections.
09 18 urban concepts_housing estates_until 1930s [compatibility mode]
Modern urban concepts known as housing estates emerged between 1898-1930s in response to overcrowded cities with poor living conditions. Ebenezer Howard's 1898 garden city concept proposed self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts. Later projects incorporated high-rise apartments and zoning of areas for housing, industry, and recreation. Pioneers like Tony Garnier, Le Corbusier, and Ernst May designed planned communities mixing housing types with parks, schools, and other amenities to improve urban living standards.
08 glasgow school mackintosh [compatibility mode]
Charles Rennie Mackintosh was a Scottish architect and designer best known for his unique style that featured clean lines and geometric motifs. Some of his most notable works included the Glasgow School of Art completed from 1897-1906, a competition entry for a house for an art lover in Darmstadt in 1901, Hill House in Helensburgh from 1902-1903, and the Willow Tea Rooms in Glasgow from 1902-1904. Many of his designs focused on interiors and incorporated his signature stylized floral patterns.
07 vienna school secession [compatibility mode]
The document discusses the Secession-Vienna School, an art movement in late 19th century Vienna. It describes several key architects of the movement, including Otto Wagner, Josef Maria Olbrich, and Josef Hoffmann. Some of their notable works are highlighted, such as Wagner's Karlsplatz Station and Post Office Savings Bank, Olbrich's Secession Gallery and buildings at the Mathildenhöhe artists' colony, and Hoffmann's Sanatorium Purkersdorf and Palais Stoclet.
06 art nouveau gaudi,horta,guimard [compatibility mode]
Art Nouveau was an artistic style that originated in Europe in the late 19th century, characterized by organic and curving forms inspired by nature. It rejected historical styles and used new materials like iron and glass alongside traditional ones. Notable Art Nouveau architects included Antoni Gaudi in Spain, Raimondo D'Aronco in Italy, Hector Guimard in France, and Victor Horta in Belgium. Gaudi's works in Barcelona such as Park Güell and Casa Mila featured curving forms and structures that resembled growing vines. Horta's works like the Tassel House featured an open floor plan and innovative use of iron. Art Nouveau spread across Europe and incorporated local styles in
05 arts & crafts [compatibility mode]
The Arts and Crafts movement emerged in response to the poor living conditions in rapidly growing 19th century cities due to industrialization. Led by figures like William Morris, Philip Webb, and John Ruskin, the movement rejected mass production and prefabrication, favoring a return to medieval craftsmanship and traditional architectural forms that used quality materials. The goal was to improve people's daily lives through higher quality handmade goods and designs like the English cottage surrounded by garden.
04 frank lloyd wright [compatibility mode]
Frank Lloyd Wright worked in the office of Louis Sullivan from 1887-1893. In 1910, he visited Europe and had an exhibition of his projects in Berlin. According to Wright, a building is only organic if its outside and inside are harmonized. Some of Wright's early Prairie style houses from the 1890s-1900s featured freely organized floor plans centered around a fireplace, with wide eaves, horizontal window bands, and interpenetrating vertical and horizontal planes to connect the interior and exterior.
03 chicago school [compatibility mode]
The document discusses Louis Sullivan and the School of Chicago, the first architects to design buildings based on constructional and functional purposes in the late 19th century. They built skyscrapers and office buildings using steel skeleton structures in Chicago following the 1871 fire. Key buildings included Jenney's Leiter Buildings in 1879 and 1889-91, Sullivan and Adler's Auditorium Building in 1887-89, and Sullivan's Carson-Pirie-Scott Store in 1899-1904.
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01 neoclassicism romanticism_historicism [compatibility mode]
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【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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一比一原版(psu学位证书)美国匹兹堡州立大学毕业证如何办理
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(psu学位证书)美国匹兹堡州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(psu学位证书)美国匹兹堡州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(psu学位证书)美国匹兹堡州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(psu学位证书)美国匹兹堡州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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02 engineer architecture 1775-1939 [compatibility mode]
- 5. Due to industrialization new building types developed since 18th century: -Railway bridges and stations (1830: Crown street, Liverpool) -Market halls -Factories -Halls for international exhibitions in London (1851), Paris (1855,1867, 1878,1889, 1900), Vienna (1873) -Greenhouses -Shopping malls/warehouses -Office buildings It were engineers who solved first the new building tasks of industry, traffic and big cities. Although many of these buildings still displayed ornamented historicist facades a new tradition of technical building emerged. Principles: objectivity, functionality, economy in construction. Prerequisite: development of new techniques: cast iron, wrought iron, steel, concrete.
- 8. Thomas Telford, Menai Chain Suspension Bridge, 1825 (177 m span)
- 9. Clifton Chain Suspension Bridge, by Isambard Kingdom Brunel. The bridge has a span of 216m and crosses the Avon Gorge, near Bristol, 1864.
- 10. John Augustus Roebling, Cable Suspension Bridge, New York, 1856-67
- 11. Factory for Iron, Bendorf-Sayn, 1830
- 12. Colonel Greene, Naval Dockyard, Sheerness, 1860 (boat store)
- 13. Jean-Baptiste Godin, Familistere, Guise, 1858-83
- 14. Charles Fourier, Phalanstere, 1834 Central block
- 16. Berlin, later 19th century
- 18. As before
- 19. Friedrich Hitzig, covered market, Berlin, 1865-68
- 20. James Bogardus and J.P. Gaynor, Haughwout building, New York, 1859
- 21. Cast-iron construction covered by ashlar-masonry
- 22. Thomas Walter, dome of the US Capitol, Washington, 1855-65
- 23. Railway Stations of the 19th century express perfectly the contradiction which existed between conventional architecture and the iron engineering.
- 24. Léonce Reynaud, Gare du Nord, Paris 1847, entrance building
- 26. Köln, main station, 1891-93
- 27. Philip Hardwick and Philip Charles Hardwick, Euston Station, Grand Salon, London,1846-49
- 28. McKim, Mead&White, Pennsylvania Station, New York, 1904-10 Compare: Basilica of Constantine, Rome, 4th cent. AC
- 29. D. Burton, R. Turner, palm house, Royal Botanical gardens in Kew, 1844-48, cast iron
- 30. Joseph Paxton, Crystal Palace, International industry exhibition, London 1851, 125x560x22m Glass and prefabricated cast-iron elements
- 31. Joseph Paxton, Crystal Palace, International industry exhibition, London 1851, Interior of Crystal Palace
- 32. Victor Contamin and Charles Dutert, Hall of Machines, Exposition universelle, Paris, 1887-89 430x120x45m
- 33. Gustave Eiffel, tower, Paris, Exposition universelle 1889, 300m
- 35. Anatole de Baudot, St. Jean de Montmartre, Paris 1894-
- 36. interior
- 37. Auguste Perret, Rue Franklin Apartments, Paris 1903
- 38. Auguste Perret, Garage in Paris, 1905
- 39. Max Berg, Jahrhunderthalle (exhibition hall), Breslau (Poland), 1910-13
- 40. 65 meters span: Dome in reinforced concrete; 32 radial ribs
- 41. Le Corbusier, Max Dubois, Maison Dom-Ino, 1914-15
- 42. P.L. Nervi, airplane hangar, Pierorbetello, Italy, 1930s
- 43. Robert Maillart, Salginatobel bridge, Switzerland 1936