This document provides an overview of medical terminology. It discusses how approximately 75% of medical terms are derived from Greek or Latin. Key aspects covered include word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and how they are combined to form medical terms. Examples are provided to illustrate common word roots relating to body parts and how prefixes and suffixes modify terms to indicate procedures, conditions, and parts of speech. The document also reviews anatomical terminology, anatomical position, planes, and common terms used to describe locations and movements in the body.

1. Medical Terminology By Dr Mohammed Faez MSU

2. Medical Terminology Approximately 75% of Medical Terms are based on either Greek or Latin. Ana/tomy comes from Greek word anatome meaning cutting apart. Anatomy is the study of naming body structures.

3. Word Roots (WR) Usually derived form Greek or Latin Frequently indicates a body part Most medical terms have one or more word roots

4. Examples of Word Roods

5. Combining Form (CF) is a Word Root (WR) plus a vowel, usually an “o” Usually indicates a body part Combining Forms (CF)

6. Combining Forms Examples Cardi/ + o = cardi/o heart gastr/ + o = gastr/o stomach hepat/ + o = hepat/o liver nephr/ + o = nephr/o kidney oste/ + o = oste/o bone

7. Suffixes Word Ending Suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech Usually derived from Greek or Latin

8. Examples of Suffix Arthr/o -centesis Arthrocentesisjoint puncture puncture of a joint throac/o -tomy Thoracotomychest incision incision of the chest gastr/o -megaly Gastromegalystomach enlargement enlargement of the stomach

9. Prefixes Word element located at the beginning of a word Changes the meaning of the word Usually indicates a number, time, position, direction, color, or sense of negation

10. Examples of Prefix A- mast -ia without breast condition hyper- therm -ia excessive heat condition intra- muscul -ar in muscle relating to

11. Basic Rule One A WR (word root) is used before a suffix that begins with a vowel.Scler/ + osis = sclerosis

12. Basic Rule Two A combining vowel is used to link a WR to a suffix that begins with a consonant and to link a WR to another WR to form a compound wordcolon/o + scope = colonscopeosteo/ o/ chondr/ itis = osteochondritis

13. Defining Medical Words First, define the suffix or ending Second, define the prefix, or beginning Third, define the middle

14. Anatomical Terminology Anatomy has an international vocabulary that is the foundation of medical terminology. It is important that physicians, dentist and other health professionals through out the ward use the same terms. Although some time name of structures derived from the name of the of persons.

15. Anatomical Position Person standing upright with feet together Hands by the side and face looking forward Mouth is closed and the facial expression is neutral The palms of the hands face forward with the fingers straight and together and with the pad of the thumb turned 90° to the pads of the fingers The toes point forward

16. Anatomical Planes Three major groups of planes pass through the body in the anatomical position Coronal planes : divide the body into anterior and posterior parts. Sagittal planes : divide the body into right and left parts. Transverse, horizontal, or axial planes divide the body into superior and inferior parts.

18. Oblique plane Any plane through the body that is not parallel to one of the former three.

19. Terms To Describe Location Three major pairs of terms are used to describe the location of structures relative to the body: Anterior (or ventral) and posterior (or dorsal) describe the position of structures relative to the 'front' and 'back' of the body. Medial and lateral describe the position of structures relative to the median sagittal plane and the sides of the body. Superior and inferior describe structures in reference to the vertical axis of the body.

20. Terms To Describe Location

21. Other Terms Used To Describe Positions Proximal and distal are used with reference to being closer or farther from a structure's origin, particularly in the limbs. For example, the hand is distal to the elbow joint. These terms are also used to describe the relative positions of branches along the course of linear structures, such as airways, vessels, and nerves. For example, distal branches occur farther away towards the ends of the system whereas proximal branches occur closer and towards the origin of the system. Cranial (towards the head) and caudal (towards the tail) are sometimes used instead of superior and inferior respectively. Rostral is used, particularly in the head, to describe the position of a structure with reference to the nose. For example, the forebrain is rostral to the hindbrain.

22. Other Terms Used To Describe Positions

23. Superficial And Deep These terms are used to describe the relative positions of two structures with respect to the surface of the body. For example, The sternum is superficial to the heart The stomach is deep to the abdominal wall Superficial veins vs Deep veins

24. Basic Anatomical Terminology

25. Basic Anatomical Terminology

26. Basic Anatomical Terminology

27. Combined Terms Descibedintermediat positional arrengments. For example:- Infero-medial: Means nearer to the feet and closer to median plane.Eg. The anterior part of the ribs run inferomedially. Superio-lateral: Nearer to the head and farther from the median plane.

28. Combined Terms Front and side Front and middle Front and top Back and side Back and outside of the body Back and inside of the body Anter/o/later/al Anter/o/medi/al Anter/o/super/ior Poster/o/lateral Poster/o/extern/al Poster/o/intern/al

29. Combined Terms From front to back, front and back From back to front Toward the back of the head Toward the front From left and back, diagonally Anter/o/poster/ior (AP) or ventr/o/dorsal Poster/o/anter/ior (PA) Dors/o/cephalad ventr/al, ventr/ad or Anter/ior Left posterior oblique (LPO)

30. Combined Terms From front to back, front and back From back to front Toward the back of the head Toward the front From left and back, diagonally Anter/o/poster/ior (AP) or ventr/o/dorsal Poster/o/anter/ior (PA) Dors/o/cephalad ventr/al, ventr/ad or Anter/ior Left posterior oblique (LPO)

31. Terms Of Laterality Bilateral: paired of structures having right and left members such as the kidneys. Unilateral:those occurring to one side only.Eg. The spleen. Ipsilateral:meansoccuring on the same side of the body.Eg the right thumb and the right big toe are epsilateral. Contralateral:meansoccuring on the opposite side of the body.Eg. The right hand is contralateral to the left hand

32. Terms Of Movement Various terms describe movements of the limbs and other part of the body. Movements take place at joins where two or more bones or cartilages articulate with one another. They are described as pairs of opposites

33. Flexion: means bending of part decreasing the angle between body part. Extension: mean straightening a part or increasing the angle between body parts.

41. Circumduction: is the circular movement of the limbs or part of them, combination in sequence of movements of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.

43. Supination: is a lateral rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces anteriorly, as in anatomical position. Pronation: is a medial rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces posteriorly.

45. Eversion: means turning the sole of the foot outward. Inversion: means turning the sole of the foot inward.

47. Protrusion(Protraction): means to move the jaw anteriorly. Retrusion (Retraction): means to move the jaw posteriorly.

48. Elevation: raises or moves a part superiorly. Depression: lower or moves a part inferiorly.

50. Joint’s Movements(Flexion/Extension)

51. Flexion/Extension Vetebral Column

52. Flexion Extesion Limbs

53. Adduction/Abduction/Circumduction

54. Elevation / Depression

55. Protraction / Retraction

56. Rotation

57. Supination / Pronation

58. Movements of Head and Trunk

59. Rotation of Trunk and Head

60. Movements of Mandible

61. Movement of Hand and Digits

62. Movements of the Foot

63. Additional Knowledge's

64. Omphal/o = Umbilicus, Navel Omphal/itis: Inflammation of the umbilicus Omphal/ic: Pertaining to the navel Omphal/ectomy: Excision of the umbilicus Omphal/o/cele or umbilico/o/cele: Herniation of the navel (umbilical hernia) Omphal/o/rrhagia: umbilical hemorrhage Omphal/o/rrhea: discharge flowing from the navel Omphal/o/rrhexis: rupture of the navel

65. Ad-, ad = Toward Cephal/ad: Toward the head Caud/ad: Toward the tail (lower spine) Cephal/o/caudal: head to body (tail) direction

66. Gnos = knowledge gnosia, gnosis = knowledge Pro/gnos/is: foreknowledge, predicting the outcome of a disease Pro/gnost/ic: giving an indication concerning the outcome of disease Dia/gnos/is: identification of a disease through signs and symptoms. “knowing through” or “know through” Dia/gnos/tic (adj.) Dia/gnos/e (verb) Dia/gnos/es (plural)

67. Dia = through Dia/lysis: separation of substances in a solution. Process of destroying waste products in the blood by diffusion through a membrane Hem/o/dia/lysis: Removal of waste from the blood by using an artificial kidney machine Dia/scope: instrument placed on the skin to look through to see superficial surface lesions

68. Aer/o = Air Aer/o/phobia: abnormal fear of air Aer/o/therapy: treatment with air Aer/o/cele: herniation containing air Aer/o/bic (adj.): Plant or animal that needs air to live An/aer/o/bic (adj.): Plant or animal that cannot live in presence of air

69. Bi/o = Life, Living things Bios= Life Bi/o/chemistry: The study of chemical changes in living things Bi/o/logy: The science (study) of living things Bi/o/logist: The one who studies living things or life Bi/o/genesis: The formation of living things Bi/o/psy: Excision of tissue for examination of living tissue Bi/o/ethics: Study of what is good and bad for living things

70. Chrom/o = Color Chroma= color Chrom/o/cyte: Any colored cell Chrom/o/blast: An embryonic color (pigment) cell Chrom/o/lysis: Destruction of color (in a cell) Chrom/o/gen/esis: Formation of pigment (color) Chrom/o/meter: Instrument for measuring amount of color in a substance

71. Chrom/o = Color Chrom/o/philic: One that takes a stain easily (attracts stain) Phil = attracted, loves Chrom/o/phobic or A/chrom/o/philic: One that stains poorly or not at all

72. Eu- = Well, Easy Dys- = Bad, difficult Dys/pepsia Dys/peptic  Dys/pnea Dys/kinesi/a  Dys/esthes/ia  Dys/phor/ia  Eu- = Well, Easy Eu/pepsia Eu/peptic Eu/pnea Eu/kinesi/a Eu/esthesi/a Eu/phor/ia

73. -tocia = Labor Dys/tocia: Difficult labor and childbirth Eu/tocia: Easy or normal labor and childbirth

74. Than = death Thanatos = death Eu/than/asia: Easy or peaceful death

75. Eu/gen/ic: Good development Dys/entery: Infection of the intestine that can cause pain and diarrhea

76. Men/o = Menses, Menstruation Men/ses: Men/struation Men/arche: first menstrual period Men/o/rrhea: flow of menses Dys/men/o/rrhea: painful menstrual flow Men/o/pause: permanent cessation of menstruation Men/o/rrhagia: excessive menstruation A/men/o/rrhea: absence (without) menstrual flow

77. -stasis = Act of Stopping, Controlling Hem/o/stasis: Act of controlling blood flow Men/o/stasis: Stopping menstrual flow Phleb/o/stasis or Ven/o/stasis: Control of blood flow in veins Arteri/o/stasis: Control of flow in arteries Lymph/o/stasis: Control of lymph flow

78. Syphil/o = Syphilis A sexually transmitted disease Syphil/o/psych/osis: mental condition caused by syphilis. (neurosyphilis) Syphil/o/phobia: fear of contracting syphilis Syphil/o/therapy: therapy for syphilis Syphil/oma: A syphilic tumor Syphil/o/pathy: Any syphilitic disease

79. Pseudo- = False Pseud/o/cyesis, Pseud/o/pregnancy: A false pregnancy -cyesis = from kyesis meaning pregnancy Pseud/o/sciences: a false science Pseud/o/mania: a psychosis in which patients have a false or pretended mental disorder Pseud/o/paralysis: False paralysis

80. Pseudo- = False Pseud/o/cyst: A false cyst Pseud/o/edema: False edema Pseud/o/esthesi/a: False or imaginary sensation Pseud/o/hyper/trophy: False hypertrophy Pseud/o/tubercul/osis: False tuberculosis Pseud/o/neur/oma: False nerve tumor

81. Viscer/o = Organs of the Body Viscera (singular: viscus) = internal organs of the body Viscer/ad: toward the viscera Viscer/o/genic: Pertaining to the development of organs Viscer/o/motor: a nerve conveying motor impulses to the viscera Viscer/o/pariet/al: Pertaining to the viscera and abdominal wall

82. Viscer/o = Organs of the Body Viscer/o/ptosis: Prolapse of organs Viscer/algia: Pain in organs Viscer/al: Pertaining to organs Viscer/o/sensor/y: Sensory function of organs Viscer/o/skelet/al: Pertaining to organs and the skeleton Viscer/o/gen/ic: Pertaining to the development of organs

83. Membranes Periton/eum: The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity Pleura, Pleur/al membrane: The membrane that covers the lung cavity

84. Pariet/o =Wall vs Viscer/o = Organs Periton/eum Visceral peritoneum Surface of organs of abdominal cavity Parietal peritoneum Membrane on the abdominal cavity wall Pleura, Pleur/al membrane Visceral pleura Surface of the lung Parietal pleura Membrane on chest cavity wall

86. Inner-inside

87. Middle

88. Backward-behind

90. Ecto-, Exo- = Outside Ecto/cyt/ic: Outside a cell Ecto/plasm: Protoplasm that forms outer membrane of the cell

91. Endo- = Inside Endo/cyst/ic: Inside a bladder Endo/plasm, Cyt/o/plasm: Protoplasm within a cell Endo/crani/al: Within the cranium Endo/chondr/al: Within cartilage Endo/enter/itis: Inflammation of the lining of the small intestine Endo/cardi/al, Endo/cardi/ac: Pertaining to the lining of the heart Endo/col/itis: Inflammation of the lining of a colon

92. Endo- = Inside Endo/scope: An instrument used to look into a hollow organ or cavity of the body Endo/scopy, Gastr/o/scopy: The process of viewing the stomach through an instrument Esophag/o/gastr/o/duoden/o/scopy (EGD) End/arter/ectomy: Removal of a substance (atheroma) from the inside of an artery

93. Ectopic Ec/topic: Out of place Ect/o = outside Top/os = place -ic = (adjectival suffix) Ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy occurring outside of the uterus

94. Meso- = Middle Mes/entery: Peritoneum attaching intestine to the abdominal wall. (“middle intestine”) Meso/colon: Peritoneum attaching large intestine to the abdominal wall. (mesentery of the colon) Meso/dont/ic: Pertaining to middle-sized teeth

95. Retro- = Behind Retro/colic: Behind the colon Retro/mammary: Behind the mammary gland (breast) Retro/stern/al: Behind the stern/um Retro/version: Turning backward Retro/periton/eum: Space behind the peritoneum Retro/periton/itis: Inflammation of retroperitoneal space

96. Ante- vs. Retro- Retro- = Behind, Backward Retro/flexion Bending backward Retro/version Turning backward Ante- = Front, Forward Ante/flexion Bending forward Ante/version Turning forward

97. Para- = Near, Beside, Around Para/centr/al: Near the center or around the center Para-/appendic/itis: Inflammation around the appendix Para/cyst/itis: Inflammation around (near) the bladder Para/colp/itis: Inflammation of tissues around (near) the vagina Para/hepat/itis: Inflammation of tissues around (near) the liver Para/nephr/itis: Inflammation of tissues around (near) the kidney

98. Thank You