The document is a set of questions about molecules, cells, and early theories of life. Specifically: 1) It asks which compound was not found in the Miller-Urey experiment seeking to explain prebiotic organic compound formation. 2) It asks which chemical was not formed under simulated prebiotic conditions in this experiment. 3) It asks which property of RNA is essential to support the RNA World Hypothesis but not required by the Central Dogma. 4) It asks which theory proposes that organelles like mitochondria arose from ancient bacteria engulfed by early eukaryotic cells. The questions cover topics like the origin of life, early cellular evolution, and genetic

1. Introduction: Molecules to Cells, and Beyond
(Answers on page A-1)
1. In the Miller-Urey experiment that sought to explain how organic compounds formed
under prebiotic conditions, high voltage was applied to a mixture of methane, ammonia,
water and hydrogen. Which one of the following compounds was not found in the
condensate that resulted from this procedure?
A. Adenine
B. Fatty acids
C. Glycine
D. Hexoses
E. Ribonucleic acid
2. Which of the following chemicals was not formed under simulated prebiotic conditions in
the Miller-Urey experiment?
A. Amino acids
B. Buckminsterfullerenes
C. Carboxylic acids
D. Nucleic acid bases
E. Sugars
3. Which one of the following properties of all or some RNAs is essential for the support of
the RNA World Hypothesis but is not required for the Central Dogma?
A. RNA can be catalytic and self-replicating.
B. RNA can regulate gene expression (e.g. microRNA).
C. RNA contains ribose.
D. RNA is needed for translation of protein.
E. RNA often has secondary structure.
4. The theory that proposes that organelles of modern eukaryotic cells, such as mitochondria
and chloroplasts, is a consequence of the envelopment of ancient bacteria by early
eukaryotic cells is called
A. the Central Dogma
B. the Chemiosmotic Model
C. the Endosymbiotic Theory
D. the RNA World Hypothesis
E. the Theory of Everything (TOE)

2. 5. Which one of the following is not a sign or symptom of alkaptonuria?
A. Dark sclerae
B. Darkening of ear, tendons and cartilage
C. Jaundice
D. Joint pain
E. Urine turning dark upon exposure to air
6. Genetic deficiency of which of the following enzymes results in alkaptonuria?
A. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxygenase
B. Fumarylacetoacetic acid hydrolase
C. Homogentisic acid oxidase
D. Tyrosinase
E. Tyrosine aminotransferase
7. In 1902, Sir Archibald Garrod concluded in his Croonian Lectures that rare disorders
such as alkaptonuria followed a recessive model of inheritance. Which one of the
following observations is the most supportive of this conclusions?
A. Affected patients tend to have affected siblings but unaffected parents and distant
relatives, and there is a high degree of consanguinity in the parents of affected
individuals.
B. Clinical manifestations involve multiple organs, such as joints, kidneys and skin.
C. The disease tends to be familial.
D. The incidence of the disease is about 1 in 250,000.
E. The urine of affected patients turns dark upon prolonged exposure to light.