This document contains 39 multiple choice questions related to medicine. The questions cover topics such as: the mechanisms behind various symptoms; types of immunoglobulins involved in allergic reactions; receptors that cause thirst; identifying microorganisms based on descriptions; enzymes involved in certain illnesses; anatomical structures; diagnoses for described patients; medications and treatments for various conditions; and more. The questions range from identifying diseases and conditions to understanding biological and physiological mechanisms and processes.
Krok 1 - 2012 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
The document describes a series of medical cases and questions related to inheritance of diseases, enzyme deficiencies, injuries, and other conditions. Specifically:
1. A man with a hereditary disease had 3 daughters and 2 sons, with all the daughters inheriting the disease. This indicates X-linked recessive inheritance.
2. Glycogenosis is caused by deficiency of the lysosomal glycosidase enzyme.
3. Injection of the muscle relaxant dithylinum caused paralysis for two hours due to absence of butyrylcholinesterase in the blood serum.
The document contains questions related to various medical cases and conditions.
Krok 1 - 2009 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
A patient presented with abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever and chills for five days after drinking from an open water reservoir in a forest. Laboratory analysis revealed amebic dysentery. The drug of choice for treatment is metronidazole. A man with a hereditary disease passed it on to all three of his daughters, indicating X-linked inheritance. Examination of a lymph node punctuate under a microscope revealed spiral bacteria characteristic of relapsing fever.
Krok 1 - 2008 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
This document contains 31 multiple choice questions related to medicine. The questions cover topics such as: symptoms of different digestive disorders; acid-base balance disorders in infants; complications of medications like aspirin and phenobarbital; laboratory tests and their implications for diseases like diabetes and rheumatism; anatomy and functions of the auditory system; stages of protein biosynthesis; reflexes; and more. The correct answer is listed for each multiple choice question.
A 10-year-old child was found to have Enterobins vermicularis (pinworm) based on findings of white helminths on their underwear and achromic ovums on microscopy. A patient presented with headache, pain in the left hypochondrium, and fever for 1.5 weeks, suggesting malaria, which would require a blood examination for diagnosis. Lamblia was identified in a man's stool based on the description of protozoa 30-200 microns in length with cilias and an oval body.
This document appears to be a set of multiple choice questions related to pathophysiology. The questions cover a range of topics including allergic reactions, blood disorders, cardiovascular system functions and dysfunctions, respiratory system disorders, renal system disorders, endocrine system disorders, and radiation effects. The questions require knowledge of disease mechanisms, diagnostic indicators, and physiological processes.
Krok 1 - 2011 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
A 30-year-old patient presents with abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever and chills for five days after drinking from an open water reservoir in a forest. Laboratory analysis confirms a diagnosis of amebic dysentery. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treatment. Infectious mononucleosis and AIDS often cause secondary immunodeficiency by directly infecting immune cells and destroying the immune system. Extensive thromboembolic infarction found during autopsy was caused by septic bacterial endocarditis. A 10-year-old girl with a history of respiratory infections and skin petechiae has a vitamin C deficiency.
Krok 1 - 2015 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
1. The document contains 30 multiple choice questions about various topics in medicine. The questions cover topics like diseases, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and microbiology.
2. Many of the questions test knowledge of specific diseases, organs, cells or biological processes. For example, there are questions about glycogen storage diseases, kidney anatomy, muscular dystrophy, auditory system structures, protein biosynthesis, and tuberculosis diagnosis.
3. The questions also cover broader topics like biochemical pathways, hormones, blood components, chromosome abnormalities, infectious diseases, and autopsy findings. Multiple choices are provided for each question.
Krok 1 - 2012 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
The document describes a series of medical cases and questions related to inheritance of diseases, enzyme deficiencies, injuries, and other conditions. Specifically:
1. A man with a hereditary disease had 3 daughters and 2 sons, with all the daughters inheriting the disease. This indicates X-linked recessive inheritance.
2. Glycogenosis is caused by deficiency of the lysosomal glycosidase enzyme.
3. Injection of the muscle relaxant dithylinum caused paralysis for two hours due to absence of butyrylcholinesterase in the blood serum.
The document contains questions related to various medical cases and conditions.
Krok 1 - 2009 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
A patient presented with abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever and chills for five days after drinking from an open water reservoir in a forest. Laboratory analysis revealed amebic dysentery. The drug of choice for treatment is metronidazole. A man with a hereditary disease passed it on to all three of his daughters, indicating X-linked inheritance. Examination of a lymph node punctuate under a microscope revealed spiral bacteria characteristic of relapsing fever.
Krok 1 - 2008 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
This document contains 31 multiple choice questions related to medicine. The questions cover topics such as: symptoms of different digestive disorders; acid-base balance disorders in infants; complications of medications like aspirin and phenobarbital; laboratory tests and their implications for diseases like diabetes and rheumatism; anatomy and functions of the auditory system; stages of protein biosynthesis; reflexes; and more. The correct answer is listed for each multiple choice question.
A 10-year-old child was found to have Enterobins vermicularis (pinworm) based on findings of white helminths on their underwear and achromic ovums on microscopy. A patient presented with headache, pain in the left hypochondrium, and fever for 1.5 weeks, suggesting malaria, which would require a blood examination for diagnosis. Lamblia was identified in a man's stool based on the description of protozoa 30-200 microns in length with cilias and an oval body.
This document appears to be a set of multiple choice questions related to pathophysiology. The questions cover a range of topics including allergic reactions, blood disorders, cardiovascular system functions and dysfunctions, respiratory system disorders, renal system disorders, endocrine system disorders, and radiation effects. The questions require knowledge of disease mechanisms, diagnostic indicators, and physiological processes.
Krok 1 - 2011 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
A 30-year-old patient presents with abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever and chills for five days after drinking from an open water reservoir in a forest. Laboratory analysis confirms a diagnosis of amebic dysentery. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treatment. Infectious mononucleosis and AIDS often cause secondary immunodeficiency by directly infecting immune cells and destroying the immune system. Extensive thromboembolic infarction found during autopsy was caused by septic bacterial endocarditis. A 10-year-old girl with a history of respiratory infections and skin petechiae has a vitamin C deficiency.
Krok 1 - 2015 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
1. The document contains 30 multiple choice questions about various topics in medicine. The questions cover topics like diseases, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and microbiology.
2. Many of the questions test knowledge of specific diseases, organs, cells or biological processes. For example, there are questions about glycogen storage diseases, kidney anatomy, muscular dystrophy, auditory system structures, protein biosynthesis, and tuberculosis diagnosis.
3. The questions also cover broader topics like biochemical pathways, hormones, blood components, chromosome abnormalities, infectious diseases, and autopsy findings. Multiple choices are provided for each question.
Krok 1 - 2005 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
The document contains 34 multiple choice questions related to medicine. The questions cover topics such as: the mechanisms of various disease symptoms; allergic reactions and the antibodies that cause them; stimulation of gastric secretion; stages of malaria parasite development; identification of parasitic helminths; laboratory diagnosis of malaria; identification of protozoa based on described attributes; enzyme deficiencies that cause diseases; substances that enhance phospholipid synthesis; identification of medical conditions based on described physical attributes; mechanisms of post-infarction Dressler's syndrome; identification of antibiotic for effective treatment of infection; reasons for development of toxic shock during treatment; elements whose volume is increased due to hypoxia; level at which methotrexate hinders nucleic acid synthesis; structure
Krok 1 - 2007 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
1. A patient had surgery requiring intubation and anesthesia. After surgery, independent respiration did not resume. Pseudocholinesterase deficiency prolongs the action of muscle relaxants used during surgery.
2. Glycated hemoglobin levels allow estimation of a patient's average blood glucose levels over the past 4-8 weeks.
3. A 60-year-old patient has reduced hearing of high-frequency sounds, indicating a disorder of the structures of the inner ear near the helicotrema.
1. A patient has a right-sided mandible fracture accompanied by chin haematoma caused by injury of the mental artery.
2. Excessive development of lymphoid tissue in the pharyngeal mucous membrane can cause heavy nasal breathing in children due to tonsil growth.
3. Gangrenous lesion of the descending colon was caused by thrombosis of the superior mesenteric artery.
The document appears to be a set of multiple choice questions related to histology and pathology. Some key details that can be summarized:
- Question 1 asks about the type of allergic reaction that underlies allergic stomatitis in a patient who developed mouth swelling after dental work.
- Question 5 describes a patient with thickened nasal mucosa and nodules diagnosed with nasal rhinoscleroma, asking what typical microscopic changes may be seen on biopsy.
- Question 11 presents a case of a confused farm worker found unconscious and asks which drug should be prescribed to treat what is suggested to be organophosphate poisoning based on the symptoms described.
- The questions cover a range of topics relating
1. The document contains 27 multiple choice questions about microbiology. The questions cover topics like infectious diseases, laboratory diagnostics methods, and identification of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.
2. Some example questions ask about identifying the causative agent of a disease based on its microscopic appearance or laboratory test results, or determining the appropriate diagnostic test to confirm a suspected illness.
3. The questions require knowledge of microbiology, infectious diseases, laboratory procedures, and the characteristics of different pathogens.
Krok 1 - 2014 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
The document contains questions from a medical licensing exam covering various topics in medicine. Question 1 asks about the appropriate laboratory test to confirm a suspected diagnosis of dysentery, with the correct answer being microscopic examination of a stool sample. Question 2 asks about the type of enzyme disrupted by drugs used to treat malaria, with the correct answer being FAD-dependent dehydrogenase. Question 3 asks about the immunobiological preparation injected during a Mantoux test for tuberculosis, with the correct answer being tuberculin.
The document contains a series of multiple choice questions related to pathophysiology. The questions cover topics like: anemia, allergic reactions, disorders of blood coagulation, shock, atherosclerosis, cardiac dysfunction, acute renal failure, inherited diseases, respiration, circulation, immunity, diabetes, burns, inflammation, neurological disorders, and more. The correct answer is provided for each multiple choice question.
1. The document describes a series of biology questions and multiple choice answers. It includes questions about inheritance patterns, protein synthesis, infectious diseases, and other biology topics.
2. Specific questions addressed include inheritance of a hereditary disease, types of hemophilia inheritance, phenylketonuria genotypes, stages of protein synthesis, malaria-carrying mosquitoes, sickle cell anemia causation, intestinal parasites, and karyotypes associated with medical conditions.
3. The questions cover a wide range of biology subject areas including genetics, infectious diseases, protein synthesis, cell structure and function, and more. The multiple choice answers would allow someone to self-test their knowledge on these topics.
This document contains a series of multiple choice questions related to physiology. Question topics include gastric secretion stimulation mechanisms, thirst response pathways, heart rate regulation during emotional excitement, likely blood changes with uterine bleeding, ion movement causing depolarization of excitable cells, effects of vagus nerve irritation, causes of increased energy intake in a boy, substrates oxidized during exercise, brain regions involved in conditioned reflexes, types of muscle inhibition, diets that produce different respiratory coefficients, regulatory mechanisms affecting heart rate and blood pressure during breath holding, platelet function and punctate hemorrhaging, reflexes causing dry mouth during exams, sound frequency perception after inner ear damage, heat emission pathways in different environments, factors affecting increased blood flow during exercise, muscle contraction
A patient presented with abdominal pain and diarrhea after drinking untreated water from a forest reservoir. Laboratory analysis confirmed amebic dysentery. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treating amebic dysentery. A woman with seasonal rhinitis was prescribed an antihistamine with no effects on the central nervous system, such as loratadine. Prolonged muscle relaxation and inhibited respiration in a patient after injection of the muscle relaxant suxamethonium was caused by a lack of acetylcholinesterase in the blood serum.
The document contains questions about various medical conditions and the biochemical pathways or enzyme deficiencies involved. Some key points:
1. A condition involving nausea, heartburn and steatorrhea after eating may be caused by a bile acid deficiency.
2. Muscle pain and hypoglycemia during physical activity could indicate a deficiency in glycogen phosphorylase, impairing glycogen breakdown.
3. Excess sodium bicarbonate in diarrhea from improper feeding would suggest metabolic alkalosis.
This summarizes some of the essential biochemical information provided in the medical questions and answer choices in the document. The full document contains additional sample questions testing knowledge of pathways, enzymes and deficiencies.
Krok 1 - 2013 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
A patient being treated for tuberculosis with isoniazid reported muscle weakness, decreased skin sensitivity, blurred vision and impaired motor coordination. These symptoms indicate deficiency of vitamin B6. Another patient developed hypoglycemic coma after starting an antihypertensive drug anaprilin while taking insulin for diabetes. The mechanism is an increase in the half-life of insulin due to inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme by anaprilin. A document describes several medical case studies and questions related to diagnosis and treatment.
Krok 1 - 2010 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
An unconscious patient was brought to the admission ward with symptoms including cold skin, myotic pupils, labored breathing, low blood pressure, and a full bladder. Based on the symptoms described, the likely cause of intoxication was narcotic analgesics.
Examination of another patient revealed high levels of serotonin and hydroxyanthranilic acid in the blood, likely caused by excess tryptophan in the body.
A 12-year-old boy had low uric acid levels and an accumulation of xanthine and hypoxanthine in his blood, indicating a genetic defect of the enzyme xanthine oxidase.
1. A patient was advised to avoid concentrated bouillon and vegetable decoctions due to their stimulation of gastric secretion through stimulation of gastrin production by G-cells in the stomach.
2. A person felt thirsty after being in heat for a long time due to signals from osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detecting an increase in body temperature and loss of fluids.
3. A 30-year old person's heart rate increased to 112 bpm during emotional excitement due to activation of the sinoatrial node, which acts as the pacemaker of the heart.
The document contains a biology exam with 28 multiple choice questions covering various topics in biology including genetics, anatomy, physiology and disease. Question 1 asks about the risk of a boy inheriting haemophilia from his father. Question 2 asks about the type of inheritance of a disease passed from father to daughters. Question 3 asks about what part of the heart's conducting system is blocked based on an electrocardiogram finding.
A woman is concerned about the risk of her son inheriting haemophilia, as her husband has the disease. The disease is inherited through the X chromosome. As the mother does not have the disease, the risk to sons is 25% of inheriting it, while daughters would be carriers but not affected.
This document contains 27 multiple choice questions about various microorganisms and diseases. Question 1 asks about causes of secondary immunodeficiency, with options including infectious mononucleosis and AIDS. Question 2 asks which pathogen could remain in an old cattle burial ground for over 50 years, with options including Bacillus anthracis. Question 3 asks about a process by which a Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolate could become toxigenic, with an option being phage conversion.
This document contains the text of a licensing examination for medical students in Ukraine. It lists over 200 authors who contributed test items and reviewers. The examination contains multiple choice questions on various topics in medicine, with one question given as an example. It provides general instructions for how to complete the answer sheet and describes what organs/structures are responsible for thyroid hormone production and secretion.
This document contains a list of authors who contributed test items for a licensing examination in medicine for students in Ukraine. It provides the names of over 200 authors and item reviewers. It also includes general instructions for how to complete the multiple choice test, indicating students should choose one answer for each question and fill in the corresponding letter on the answer sheet. The document establishes this book was developed for medical students and staff as an examination and teaching resource approved by the Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine.
1. A patient experiences nausea, heartburn and steatorrhea after eating rich food, which may be caused by bile acid deficiency.
2. A child is diagnosed with galactosemia revealed by normal glucose levels but deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase enzyme.
3. Fatty infiltration of the liver causes disordered fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism, which can be enhanced by methionine through increased methylation during phospholipid synthesis.
This document contains a series of multiple choice medical questions covering various topics in anatomy, physiology, pathology, and clinical diagnosis. There are 39 questions in total, asking about topics like identifying anatomical structures, classifying disease processes, interpreting clinical signs and symptoms, and determining appropriate diagnostic tests or treatments. The questions are in a Ukrainian/Russian language, but are of a format commonly used in medical licensing exams.
Krok 1 - 2012 Question Paper (Stomatology)Eneutron
1. The document appears to be a medical exam containing multiple choice questions about various medical topics.
2. Question 1 asks about a disease caused by a parasite found in sheep and dogs that can cause lung lesions.
3. The questions cover a wide range of topics including cell phases in mitosis, injuries causing bleeding from specific arteries, nerve damage symptoms, pancreatic and endocrine system diseases, and histological specimens.
Krok 1 - 2005 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
The document contains 34 multiple choice questions related to medicine. The questions cover topics such as: the mechanisms of various disease symptoms; allergic reactions and the antibodies that cause them; stimulation of gastric secretion; stages of malaria parasite development; identification of parasitic helminths; laboratory diagnosis of malaria; identification of protozoa based on described attributes; enzyme deficiencies that cause diseases; substances that enhance phospholipid synthesis; identification of medical conditions based on described physical attributes; mechanisms of post-infarction Dressler's syndrome; identification of antibiotic for effective treatment of infection; reasons for development of toxic shock during treatment; elements whose volume is increased due to hypoxia; level at which methotrexate hinders nucleic acid synthesis; structure
Krok 1 - 2007 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
1. A patient had surgery requiring intubation and anesthesia. After surgery, independent respiration did not resume. Pseudocholinesterase deficiency prolongs the action of muscle relaxants used during surgery.
2. Glycated hemoglobin levels allow estimation of a patient's average blood glucose levels over the past 4-8 weeks.
3. A 60-year-old patient has reduced hearing of high-frequency sounds, indicating a disorder of the structures of the inner ear near the helicotrema.
1. A patient has a right-sided mandible fracture accompanied by chin haematoma caused by injury of the mental artery.
2. Excessive development of lymphoid tissue in the pharyngeal mucous membrane can cause heavy nasal breathing in children due to tonsil growth.
3. Gangrenous lesion of the descending colon was caused by thrombosis of the superior mesenteric artery.
The document appears to be a set of multiple choice questions related to histology and pathology. Some key details that can be summarized:
- Question 1 asks about the type of allergic reaction that underlies allergic stomatitis in a patient who developed mouth swelling after dental work.
- Question 5 describes a patient with thickened nasal mucosa and nodules diagnosed with nasal rhinoscleroma, asking what typical microscopic changes may be seen on biopsy.
- Question 11 presents a case of a confused farm worker found unconscious and asks which drug should be prescribed to treat what is suggested to be organophosphate poisoning based on the symptoms described.
- The questions cover a range of topics relating
1. The document contains 27 multiple choice questions about microbiology. The questions cover topics like infectious diseases, laboratory diagnostics methods, and identification of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.
2. Some example questions ask about identifying the causative agent of a disease based on its microscopic appearance or laboratory test results, or determining the appropriate diagnostic test to confirm a suspected illness.
3. The questions require knowledge of microbiology, infectious diseases, laboratory procedures, and the characteristics of different pathogens.
Krok 1 - 2014 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
The document contains questions from a medical licensing exam covering various topics in medicine. Question 1 asks about the appropriate laboratory test to confirm a suspected diagnosis of dysentery, with the correct answer being microscopic examination of a stool sample. Question 2 asks about the type of enzyme disrupted by drugs used to treat malaria, with the correct answer being FAD-dependent dehydrogenase. Question 3 asks about the immunobiological preparation injected during a Mantoux test for tuberculosis, with the correct answer being tuberculin.
The document contains a series of multiple choice questions related to pathophysiology. The questions cover topics like: anemia, allergic reactions, disorders of blood coagulation, shock, atherosclerosis, cardiac dysfunction, acute renal failure, inherited diseases, respiration, circulation, immunity, diabetes, burns, inflammation, neurological disorders, and more. The correct answer is provided for each multiple choice question.
1. The document describes a series of biology questions and multiple choice answers. It includes questions about inheritance patterns, protein synthesis, infectious diseases, and other biology topics.
2. Specific questions addressed include inheritance of a hereditary disease, types of hemophilia inheritance, phenylketonuria genotypes, stages of protein synthesis, malaria-carrying mosquitoes, sickle cell anemia causation, intestinal parasites, and karyotypes associated with medical conditions.
3. The questions cover a wide range of biology subject areas including genetics, infectious diseases, protein synthesis, cell structure and function, and more. The multiple choice answers would allow someone to self-test their knowledge on these topics.
This document contains a series of multiple choice questions related to physiology. Question topics include gastric secretion stimulation mechanisms, thirst response pathways, heart rate regulation during emotional excitement, likely blood changes with uterine bleeding, ion movement causing depolarization of excitable cells, effects of vagus nerve irritation, causes of increased energy intake in a boy, substrates oxidized during exercise, brain regions involved in conditioned reflexes, types of muscle inhibition, diets that produce different respiratory coefficients, regulatory mechanisms affecting heart rate and blood pressure during breath holding, platelet function and punctate hemorrhaging, reflexes causing dry mouth during exams, sound frequency perception after inner ear damage, heat emission pathways in different environments, factors affecting increased blood flow during exercise, muscle contraction
A patient presented with abdominal pain and diarrhea after drinking untreated water from a forest reservoir. Laboratory analysis confirmed amebic dysentery. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treating amebic dysentery. A woman with seasonal rhinitis was prescribed an antihistamine with no effects on the central nervous system, such as loratadine. Prolonged muscle relaxation and inhibited respiration in a patient after injection of the muscle relaxant suxamethonium was caused by a lack of acetylcholinesterase in the blood serum.
The document contains questions about various medical conditions and the biochemical pathways or enzyme deficiencies involved. Some key points:
1. A condition involving nausea, heartburn and steatorrhea after eating may be caused by a bile acid deficiency.
2. Muscle pain and hypoglycemia during physical activity could indicate a deficiency in glycogen phosphorylase, impairing glycogen breakdown.
3. Excess sodium bicarbonate in diarrhea from improper feeding would suggest metabolic alkalosis.
This summarizes some of the essential biochemical information provided in the medical questions and answer choices in the document. The full document contains additional sample questions testing knowledge of pathways, enzymes and deficiencies.
Krok 1 - 2013 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
A patient being treated for tuberculosis with isoniazid reported muscle weakness, decreased skin sensitivity, blurred vision and impaired motor coordination. These symptoms indicate deficiency of vitamin B6. Another patient developed hypoglycemic coma after starting an antihypertensive drug anaprilin while taking insulin for diabetes. The mechanism is an increase in the half-life of insulin due to inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme by anaprilin. A document describes several medical case studies and questions related to diagnosis and treatment.
Krok 1 - 2010 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
An unconscious patient was brought to the admission ward with symptoms including cold skin, myotic pupils, labored breathing, low blood pressure, and a full bladder. Based on the symptoms described, the likely cause of intoxication was narcotic analgesics.
Examination of another patient revealed high levels of serotonin and hydroxyanthranilic acid in the blood, likely caused by excess tryptophan in the body.
A 12-year-old boy had low uric acid levels and an accumulation of xanthine and hypoxanthine in his blood, indicating a genetic defect of the enzyme xanthine oxidase.
1. A patient was advised to avoid concentrated bouillon and vegetable decoctions due to their stimulation of gastric secretion through stimulation of gastrin production by G-cells in the stomach.
2. A person felt thirsty after being in heat for a long time due to signals from osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detecting an increase in body temperature and loss of fluids.
3. A 30-year old person's heart rate increased to 112 bpm during emotional excitement due to activation of the sinoatrial node, which acts as the pacemaker of the heart.
The document contains a biology exam with 28 multiple choice questions covering various topics in biology including genetics, anatomy, physiology and disease. Question 1 asks about the risk of a boy inheriting haemophilia from his father. Question 2 asks about the type of inheritance of a disease passed from father to daughters. Question 3 asks about what part of the heart's conducting system is blocked based on an electrocardiogram finding.
A woman is concerned about the risk of her son inheriting haemophilia, as her husband has the disease. The disease is inherited through the X chromosome. As the mother does not have the disease, the risk to sons is 25% of inheriting it, while daughters would be carriers but not affected.
This document contains 27 multiple choice questions about various microorganisms and diseases. Question 1 asks about causes of secondary immunodeficiency, with options including infectious mononucleosis and AIDS. Question 2 asks which pathogen could remain in an old cattle burial ground for over 50 years, with options including Bacillus anthracis. Question 3 asks about a process by which a Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolate could become toxigenic, with an option being phage conversion.
This document contains the text of a licensing examination for medical students in Ukraine. It lists over 200 authors who contributed test items and reviewers. The examination contains multiple choice questions on various topics in medicine, with one question given as an example. It provides general instructions for how to complete the answer sheet and describes what organs/structures are responsible for thyroid hormone production and secretion.
This document contains a list of authors who contributed test items for a licensing examination in medicine for students in Ukraine. It provides the names of over 200 authors and item reviewers. It also includes general instructions for how to complete the multiple choice test, indicating students should choose one answer for each question and fill in the corresponding letter on the answer sheet. The document establishes this book was developed for medical students and staff as an examination and teaching resource approved by the Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine.
1. A patient experiences nausea, heartburn and steatorrhea after eating rich food, which may be caused by bile acid deficiency.
2. A child is diagnosed with galactosemia revealed by normal glucose levels but deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase enzyme.
3. Fatty infiltration of the liver causes disordered fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism, which can be enhanced by methionine through increased methylation during phospholipid synthesis.
This document contains a series of multiple choice medical questions covering various topics in anatomy, physiology, pathology, and clinical diagnosis. There are 39 questions in total, asking about topics like identifying anatomical structures, classifying disease processes, interpreting clinical signs and symptoms, and determining appropriate diagnostic tests or treatments. The questions are in a Ukrainian/Russian language, but are of a format commonly used in medical licensing exams.
Krok 1 - 2012 Question Paper (Stomatology)Eneutron
1. The document appears to be a medical exam containing multiple choice questions about various medical topics.
2. Question 1 asks about a disease caused by a parasite found in sheep and dogs that can cause lung lesions.
3. The questions cover a wide range of topics including cell phases in mitosis, injuries causing bleeding from specific arteries, nerve damage symptoms, pancreatic and endocrine system diseases, and histological specimens.
A patient has a fracture in the mandible region caused by injury to the mental artery. Children often have heavy nasal breathing due to excessive development of lymphoid tissue in the pharyngeal mucous membrane, which can be caused by tonsilla pharyngea growth. A surgeon found a gangrenous lesion in the descending colon caused by thrombosis of the sinister colic artery.
A woman is concerned about her son's risk of having haemophilia based on her husband's history of the disease. Haemophilia is a sex-linked recessive genetic disorder related to the X chromosome. Since the mother does not have the disease and is a carrier, there is a 25% chance that each son will have the disease.
1. O documento apresenta um resumo sobre a evolução histórica do Direito Internacional Público, dividido em dois períodos principais: formação e desenvolvimento.
2. No período de formação, que vai da Antiguidade até a Revolução Francesa, surgem os primeiros tratados entre sociedades políticas, mas sem um verdadeiro sistema jurídico. A partir do Renascimento e dos Tratados de Westfália, os Estados modernos passam a ser reconhecidos como soberanos e iguais.
3. O documento destaca ainda a
Drugs used in emergency and operation theatreRUCHIT PATEL
The document discusses various emergency drugs used to treat life-threatening conditions in the areas of cardiology, respiratory medicine, neurology, and endocrinology. It states that oxygen should be present on all emergency hospital trays as without it, brain death can occur within six minutes. For cardiac emergencies, it recommends drugs like glyceryl trinitrate for angina, aspirin for myocardial infarction, adrenaline for cardiac arrest, and dopamine or dobutamine for cardiogenic shock. For respiratory emergencies, it suggests salbutamol for asthma, furosemide for pulmonary edema, and cefriaxone for epiglottitis. Common treatments for seizures include diazepam,
The document discusses the two systems of internal communication and regulation in animals: the nervous system and the endocrine system. The nervous system uses electrical signals along neurons, while the endocrine system uses hormones secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands. Hormones are chemical signals that target specific cell types. Signaling involves reception, signal transduction, and a cellular response. Hormones are classified as steroid hormones, which are lipid-soluble and diffuse through cell membranes, or non-steroid hormones, which bind to cell surface receptors and trigger secondary messengers. Group 1 hormones bind to intracellular receptors, while Group 2 hormones bind to cell surface receptors and stimulate secondary messengers.
1. Vitamins are organic molecules that serve as cofactors for enzyme reactions and must be obtained through diet as they cannot be synthesized by the body.
2. Vitamins are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble, with water-soluble vitamins including all B vitamins and vitamin C, and fat-soluble vitamins being vitamins A, D, E, and K.
3. Each vitamin has a specific biochemical function, such as vitamin C serving as an antioxidant and cofactor for collagen synthesis, vitamin B12 acting as a cofactor for fatty acid and amino acid metabolism, and vitamin K being required for blood clotting through gamma-carboxylation of glutamate residues.
1. The iduodenum removal will primarily decrease secretion of gastrin and histamine gastrointestinal hormones.
2. Low albumin and fibrinogen levels in a patient's blood could most likely be caused by decreased activity of the granular endoplasmic reticulum in liver hepatocytes.
3. A 10-year-old girl experiencing frequent respiratory infections with punctate haemorrhages in areas of friction likely has a hypovitaminosis of vitamin B2.
Krok 1 - 2009 Question Paper (Stomatology)Eneutron
1. A man was examined who had a protozoan disease affecting the brain and causing vision loss. Blood analysis revealed Toxoplasma gondii, which can cause this disease.
2. A couple consulted about their child who had abnormalities like microcephaly and idiocy. The mother had an illness during pregnancy but did not take any teratogens or mutagens. Examination revealed the family had a cat, and toxoplasmosis caused by the protozoan T. gondii was determined to be the cause of the child's abnormalities.
3. A patient had features like mental retardation, small height, brachydactyly, and a "Mongoloid slant
1. A human body cools faster in water than in air due to more efficient heat conduction in water.
2. A trauma patient with reduced urinary output likely has increased vascular permeability, a common secondary effect of shock.
3. Pyruvate turns directly into lactate in myocyte cytoplasm during glucose metabolism.
4. The risk of birth defects from drugs taken before pregnancy is called teratogenic effect.
5. A patient with yellow skin, dark urine, and dark stool likely has increased conjugated bilirubin in their blood from liver dysfunction.
Krok 1 - 2006 Question Paper (Stomatology)Eneutron
1. The document contains 36 multiple choice questions about various topics in medicine.
2. The questions cover topics like medications that dilate blood vessels, genetic disorders, dental procedures, anatomy, infections, and more.
3. For each question, the reader is asked to choose the best answer out of 5 options labeled A-E.
Krok 1 - 2007 Question Paper (Stomatology)Eneutron
The document appears to be a collection of medical questions and multiple choice answers related to anatomy and physiology. The questions cover topics like the identification and analysis of organelles in human heart cells, medications used to treat ischemic heart disease, identification of parasites based on descriptions of eggs and morphology, and the diagnosis of genetic disorders based on clinical observations and cytogenetic analysis.
1. The document contains a series of multiple choice questions related to medicine and dentistry.
2. The questions cover topics like parasitic protozoa found in dental cavities, identifying protozoa from sample analysis, structures involved in urinary catheterization, causes of bruising and swelling near the eye after dental work, and muscle and nerve dysfunctions related to chewing and tongue movement.
3. Other questions address procedures like anesthesia for lower molars, blood supply to ethmoid bones, damage that could cause inability to lift the eyelid, structures compressed in pancreatic cancer causing jaundice, contents of dentin tubules, and cells and processes involved in enamel formation and disruption.
Krok 1 - 2015 Question Paper (Stomatology)Eneutron
1. Mastoiditis has resulted from untreated middle ear inflammation, causing an abscess to erupt into the sternocleidomastoid muscle bed. This pathological process is located in the lamina superficialis fasciae colli propriae cervical fascia.
2. Examination of a 22-year-old patient revealed a destroyed medial tubercle on the cutting edge of the right maxillary first molar, which is called the paracone.
3. Alveolar bleeding was detected following extraction of the maxillary second premolar, likely caused by damage to the anterior superior alveolar artery.
A patient with massive burns developed acute renal insufficiency characterized by a rapid decline in glomerular filtration rate. This was likely due to a reduction in renal blood flow. A patient with drug intoxication presented with dry mouth and dilated pupils, indicating anticholinergic effects from muscarinic receptor blockade. A long-term user of high-dose hydrocortisone showed adrenal cortex atrophy, specifically of the reticular zone.
The patient presented with symptoms of hyperthyroidism including weight loss, tachycardia, finger tremor, hypoxia, headache, fatigue, and eye flicker. Examination revealed a bright-red rash on the skin and swollen tonsils containing pus. The most probable diagnosis is scarlet fever based on the rash and tonsil findings. Laboratory tests showed an elevated osmotic pressure in the blood plasma, indicating increased secretion of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin.
An 8 year old child presents with low-grade fever, arthritis, abdominal pain, and a purpuric rash localized to the lower extremities. Laboratory tests reveal a guaiac-positive stool, red blood cell casts in the urine, mild proteinuria, and a normal platelet count. This combination of symptoms and test results is most consistent with a diagnosis of Henoch-Schonlein vasculitis.
Krok 1 - 2014 Question Paper (Stomatology)Eneutron
The document contains a test with multiple choice questions covering various topics in medicine and dentistry. Some of the questions relate to identifying parasitic protozoa found in carious cavities, the genetic cause of sickle cell disease, and the chromosomal abnormality associated with Turner's syndrome. Other questions address identifying anatomical structures, classifying histological specimens, and interpreting laboratory test results.
Krok 1 - 2011 Question Paper (Stomatology)Eneutron
1. A shepherd presented with symptoms including coughing up blood and chest pain. An X-ray showed a round mass in his lungs and immunological testing confirmed echinococcosis, likely caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus.
2. Studying the mitotic phases of an onion root, researchers observed a cell with chromosomes arranged in a star shape on the equatorial plane. This indicates the cell was in the metaphase phase of mitosis.
3. Premolar tooth absence exhibited autosomal dominant inheritance in a family, with a 50% probability of offspring being affected.
For step 1,2 and 3, subscribe thinkwithdrshadab.blogspot.com
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The document describes several medical cases involving pediatric patients. The key details are:
1. An 8-year-old child presents with fever, arthritis, abdominal pain, and a purpuric rash. Laboratory tests reveal a guaiac-positive stool, RBC casts in the urine, and mild proteinuria. The most likely diagnosis is Henoch-Schonlein vasculitis.
2. The document asks about several pediatric medical cases and diagnoses.
3. It provides details of patients' symptoms, medical histories, examination findings and laboratory results to determine diagnoses and treatment recommendations.
Krok 1 - 2008 Question Paper (Stomatology)Eneutron
This document contains a series of multiple choice questions related to human anatomy, physiology, and medicine. Some sample questions include identifying the type of helminth based on its description, identifying a protozoan disease based on blood analysis findings, and identifying which part of the brain would be damaged based on a described injury or condition. There are 46 multiple choice questions in total, testing a wide range of topics.
1. The document discusses various medical cases and questions. It includes a case of glaucoma where the increased intraocular tension is due to injury of the ciliary muscle.
2. Another case involves a woman diagnosed with Bartholinitis, which is inflammation of the Bartholin's glands located in the labia minora.
3. Multiple choice questions cover topics like cardiac function, genetic disorders, anatomy, pathology, and pharmacology. The document contains medical information and questions to test one's knowledge of various body systems and diseases.
Krok 2 - 2015 Question Paper (General Medicine)Eneutron
This document contains a summary of 3 sentences or less for each of the 19 multiple choice questions from a medical exam. The summaries provide the high-level context and essential information to understand what each question is asking without copying or translating the full text.
Similar to Krok 1 - 2006 Question Paper (General medicine) (17)
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document provides information about the Post Graduate Common Entrance Test to be held on July 1st, 2017 from 2:30 pm to 4:30 pm for various Masters programs. It lists instructions for candidates regarding filling the answer sheet correctly and details about the structure of the test, which will consist of 75 multiple choice questions worth 100 marks to be completed within 120 minutes. Candidates are advised to carefully read and follow the guidelines for appearing in the exam.
Civil Service 2019 Prelims Previous Question Paper - 2Eneutron
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Civil Service 2019 Prelims Previous Question Paper - 1Eneutron
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Civil Service 2018 Prelims Previous Question Paper - 2Eneutron
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Civil Service 2018 Prelims Previous Question Paper - 1Eneutron
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Civil Service 2017 Prelims Previous Question Paper - 2Eneutron
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
Civil Service 2017 Prelims Previous Question Paper - 1Eneutron
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise stimulates the production of endorphins in the brain which elevate mood and reduce stress levels.
This document contains the question paper for SNAP 2013 along with the answers to the 150 multiple choice questions. It directs test takers to an online site to attempt previous SNAP papers and provides information about exam preparation resources available on the site such as daily practice questions, preparation strategies, coaching classes, and current affairs.
This document contains the question paper for SNAP 2014 along with the answers to the 150 multiple choice questions. It provides a link to attempt similar past year papers online and lists exam preparation resources for SNAP like daily practice questions, preparation strategies, coaching class recommendations, and current affairs.
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Fexofenadine is sold under the brand name Allegra.
It is a selective peripheral H1 blocker. It is classified as a second-generation antihistamine because it is less able to pass the blood–brain barrier and causes lesser sedation, as compared to first-generation antihistamines.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Fexofenadine has been manufactured in generic form since 2011.
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Can Traditional Chinese Medicine Treat Blocked Fallopian Tubes.pptxFFragrant
There are many traditional Chinese medicine therapies to treat blocked fallopian tubes. And herbal medicine Fuyan Pill is one of the more effective choices.
Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)GeorgeKieling1
Home
Organization
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
1. Krok 1 Medicine 2006 1
1. A patient with hypochromic anemia
has splitting hair and loss of hair, increased
nail brittling and taste alteration. What
is the mechanism of the development of
these symptoms?
A. Deficiency of iron-containing enzymes
B. Deficiency of vitamin þ12
C. Decreased production of parathyrin
D. Deficiency of vitamin А
E. Decreased production of thyroid
hormones
2. A 27-year-old woman has dropped
penicillin containing eye drops. In a few
minutes there appeared feeling of itchi-
ng, burning of the skin, lips and eyeli-
ds edema, whistling cough, decrease of
BP. What imunoglobulins take part in the
development of this allergic reaction?
A. IgE and IgG
B. IgM and IgG
C. IgA and IgM
D. IgM and IgD
E. IgG and IgD
3. A person felt thirsty after staying under
the conditions of hot weather for a long
time. Signals of what receptors caused it
first of all?
A. Osmoreceptors of hypothalamus
B. Sodium receptors of hypothalamus
C. Osmoreceptors of liver
D. Glucoreceptors of hypothalamus
E. Baroreceptors of aortic arch
4. Slime, blood and protozoa 30-200 mi-
crons long have been revealed in a man’s
feces. The body is covered with cilias
and has correct oval form with a little
bit narrowed anterior and wide round
shaped posterior end. At the anterior end
a mouth is visible. In cytoplasm there are
two nucleui and two short vacuoles. What
are the described features typical for?
A. Balantidium
B. Lamblia
C. Dysenteric amoeba
D. Trichomonas
E. Intestinal amoeba
5. A child has got galactosemia.
Concentration of glucose in blood has not
considerably changed. Deficiency of what
enzyme caused this illness?
A. Galactose-1-phosphate uri-
dyltransferase
B. Amylo-1,6-glucosidase
C. Phosphoglucomutase
D. Galactokinase
E. Hexokinase
6. Synthesis of phospholipids is disturbed
as a result fatty infiltration of liver. Indi-
cate which of the following substances can
enhance the process of methylation duri-
ng phospholipids synthesis?
A. Methionine
B. Ascorbic acid
C. Glucose
D. Glycerin
E. Citrate
7. An individual is characterized by
rounded face, broad forehead, a mongoli-
an type of eyelid fold, flattened nasal bri-
dge, permanently open mouth, projecting
lower lip, protruding tongue, short neck,
flat hands, and stubby fingers. What di-
agnosis can be put to the patient?
A. Down’s syndrome
B. Klinefelter’s syndrome
C. Alkaptonuria
D. Supermales
E. Turner’s syndrome
8. A patient visited a dentist with complai-
nts of redness and edema of his mouth
mucous membrane in a month after dental
prosthesis. The patient was diagnosed wi-
th allergic stomatitis. What type of allergic
reaction by Gell and Cumbs underlies this
disease?
A. Delayed type hypersensitivity
B. Cytotoxic
C. Immunocomplex
D. Anaphylactic
E. Stimulating
9. A patient suffering from trombophlebi-
tis of the deep crural veins suddenly
died. Autopsy has shown freely lying
red friable masses with dim crimped
surface in the trunk and bifurcation of
the pulmonary artery. What pathologic
process was revealed by morbid anatomi-
st?
A. Tromboembolism
B. Thrombosis
C. Tissue embolism
D. Embolism with foreign body
E. Fat embolism
10. Decreased blood supply to the organs
2. Krok 1 Medicine 2006 2
causes hypoxia that activates fibroblasts
function. Volume of what elements is
increased in this case?
A. Intercellular substance
B. Vessels of microcircular stream
C. Nerve elements
D. Parenchymatous elements of an organ
E. Lymphatic vessels
11. RNA-polymerase B(II) is blocked due
to amanitine poisoning (poison of death-
cup). It disturbs:
A. Synthesis of m-RNA
B. Synthesis of t-RNA
C. Reverse transcription
D. Primers synthesis
E. Maturation of m-RNA
12. Secretion of what gastrointestinal
hormones will be primarily decreased as a
result of iduodenum removal?
A. Cholecystokinin and secretin
B. Gastrin
C. Histamine
D. Gastrin and histamine
E. Neurotensin
13. It is planned to use the territory of
an old cattle burial ground (which is
not used for more than 50 years) for
building houses. But ground analysis
revealed presence of the pathogen of a
very dangerous illness. Which of the indi-
cated microorgonisms is likely to remain
in the ground for such a long time?
A. Bacillus anthracis
B. Francisella tularensis
C. Brucella abortus
D. Yersinia pestis
E. Mycobacterium bovis
14. From the nasopharynx of a 5-
year-old child it was excreted a mi-
croorganism which is identical to
Corynebacterium diphtheriae dose
according to morphological and bi-
ochemical signs. But this microorganism
does not produce exotoxin. As a result
of what process can this microorganism
become toxigenic?
A. Phage conversion
B. Cultivation in the telluric environment
C. Passing through the organism of the
sensative animals
D. Growing with antitoxic serum
E. Chromosome mutation
15. A patient with encephalopathy
was admitted to the neurological in-
patient department. There was revealed
a correlation between increasing of
encephalopathy and substances absorbed
by the bloodstream from the intestines.
What substances that are formed in the
intestines can cause endotoxemia?
A. Indole
B. Butyrate
C. Acetacetate
D. Biotin
E. Ornithine
16. A 50-year-old man has felt vague
abdominal discomfort within past 4
months. Physical examination revealed
no lymphadenopathy, and no abdomi-
nal masses or organomegaly at palpation.
Bowel sounds are heard. An abdominal
CT scan shows a 20 cm retroperitoneal
soft tissue mass obscuring the left psoas
muscle. A stool specimen tested for occult
blood is negative. Which of the following
neoplasms is this man most likely to have?
A. Lipoma
B. Melanoma
C. Hamartoma
D. Adenocarcinoma
E. Lymphoma
17. A patient has undergone an amputati-
on of lower extremity. Some time later
painful nodules appeared in a stump.
Amputatious neuromas were found out
at the microscopic examination. To what
pathological processes do those formati-
ons relate?
A. Regeneration
B. Dystrophy
C. Inflammation
D. Hyperemia
E. Metaplasia
18. During the fetal period of the
development in the vascular system of
the fetus a large arterial (Botallo’s)
duct is functioning which converts into
lig.arteriosum after birth. What anatomi-
cal formations does this duct connect?
A. Pulmonary trunk and aorta
B. Right and left auricles
C. Aorta and inferior vena cava
D. Pulmonary trunk and superior vena
cava
E. Aorta and superior vena cava
19. A 22-year-old patient was admitted
to the hospital with complaints of heavy
nasal breathing. During the examination
3. Krok 1 Medicine 2006 3
of her nasal cavity the doctors found thi-
ckened mucous membrane, a lot of mucus
and nodular infiltrates without erosions
in the nose.The nasal rhinoscleroma was
diagnosed. The biopsy was taken. What
typical morphological changes may be
found?
A. Granulomas with Mikulicz’s cells
B. Granulomas with Virchow’s cells
C. Granulomas with Langhan’s cells
D. Granulomas with foreign body cells
E. Interstitial inflammation
20. Intake of oral contraceptives containi-
ng sex hormones inhibits secretion of the
hypophysiae hormones. Secretion of whi-
ch of the indicated hormones is inhibited
while taking oral contraceptives with sex
hormones?
A. Follicle-stimulating
B. Vasopressin
C. Thyrotropic
D. Somatotropic
E. Oxytocin
21. A 60-year-old patient was admi-
tted to the surgical department because
of infection caused by blue pus baci-
llus (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) which is
sensative to penicillin antibiotics. Indicate
which of the given penicillins has marked
activity to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
A. Carbenicillin disodium
B. Benzylpenicillin
C. Phenoxymethylpenicillin
D. Oxacillin
E. Methicillin
22. A 45-year-old woman suffers from
seasonal allergic rhinitis caused by the
ambrosia blossoming. What medicine
from the stabilizer of the adipose cells
group can be used for prevention of this
disease?
A. Ketotifen
B. Diazoline
C. Phencarol
D. Tavegyl
E. Dimedrol
23. A young man felt acute pain in the
back during active drawing up on the hori-
zontal bar. Objectively: pain while movi-
ng upper extremity, reduced pronation
and adduction functions. Sprain of what
muscle can be observed here?
A. .latissimus dorsi
B. .levator scapulae
C. .romboideus major
D. .trapezius
E. .subscapularis
24. A 52-year-old patient has the followi-
ng diagnosis: systemic amebiasis with
involvment of intestines, liver, lungs. What
drug should be prescribed?
A. Metronidasol
B. Quiniofone
C. Tetracycline
D. Quingamine
E. Enteroseptol
25. A 38-year-old man who poisoned hi-
mself with mercury dichloride was taken
to the admission room in grave conditi-
on. What antidote should be immediately
introduced?
A. Unithiol
B. Dipiroxim
C. Atropine
D. Nalorphine
E. Isonitrosine
26. Children often have heavy nasal
breathing resulting from excessive
development of lymphoid tissue of
pharyngeal mucous membrane. What
tonsils growth may cause this effect?
A. Tonsilla pharyngea
B. Tonsilla palatina
C. Tonsilla lingualis
D. Tonsilla tubaria
E. All above mentioned tonsils
27. The alternate usage of dichlotiazide,
etacrin acid and lasex did not influence
diuretically upon the patient with marked
peripheral edemata. The aldosterone rate
in the blood is increased. Indicate which
medicine should be prescribed:
A. Spironolacton
B. Mannit
C. Clopamid
D. Urea
E. Amilorid
28. A 46-year-old man complains of di-
fficulties with nasal breathing. Mikulicz’s
cells, accumulation of epithelioid cells,
plasmocytes, lymphocytes, hyaline balls
were discovered in the biopsy material of
the thickened nasal mucosa. What is the
most likely diagnosis?
4. Krok 1 Medicine 2006 4
A. Scleroma
B. Virus rhinitis
C. Allergic rhinitis
D. Rhinovirus infection
E. Meningococcal nasopharyngitis
29. A 56-year-old patient complaining
of thirst and frequent urination was di-
agnosed with diabete mellitus. Butamin
was prescribed. How does the medicine
act?
A. It stimulates β-cells of Langergans’
islets
B. It helps to absorb the glucose by the
cells of the organism tissues
C. It relieves transport of glucose through
the cells’ membranes
D. It inhibits α-cells of Langergans’ islets
E. It inhibits absorption of glucose in the
intestines
30. A man who was bitten by the unknown
dog applied to the surgeon. Wide ragged
woundes were localized on the face. What
curative-prophylactic aid should be given
to prevent rabies?
A. Start immunisation with rabies vaccine
B. Prescribe combined antibiotic therapy
C. Immediate injection of
DPT(Diphtheria, Pertusis, Tetanus)
vaccine
D. Hospitalize the patient and keep under
the doctor’s supervision
E. Immediately inject normal gamma
globulin
31. A patient with clinical signs of
immunodeficiency has no changes of
the number and functional activity of
T- and B- lymphocytes. Defect with di-
sfunction of antigen-presentation to the
immunocompetent cells was found during
examinatio on the molecule level. Defect
of what cells is the most probable?
A. Macrophages, monocytes
B. Т-lymphocytes, В-lymphocytes
C. NK-cells
D. Fibroblasts, Т-lymphocytes, В-
lymphocytes
E. 0-lymphocytes
32. A 38-year-old woman was admitted to
the admission-diagnostic department with
uterine bleeding. What are the most likely
changes of blood?
A. Reduction of haematocrite rate
B. Increase of haematocrite rate
C. Leukopenia
D. Leucocytosis
E. Polycythemia
33. A 60-year-old patient has reduced
perception of high-frequency sounds.
What structures’ disorder of auditory
analizer caused these changes?
A. Main membrane of cochlea near the
oval window
B. Main membrane of cochlea near heli-
cotrema
C. Eustachian tube
D. Muscles of middle ear
E. Tympanic membrane
34. The effect of electric current on the
exitable cell caused depolarization of
its membrane. Movement of what ions
through the membrane caused depolari-
sation?
A. Na+
B. −
3
C. 2+
D. l−
E. +
35. Live vaccine was injected into the
human body. Increasing activity of what
connective tissue cells can be expected?
A. Plasmocytes and lymphocytes
B. Macrophages and fibroblasts
C. Pigmentocytes and pericytes
D. Adipocytes and adventitious cells
E. Fibroblasts and labrocytes
36. When a patient with traumatic impai-
rment of the brain was examined, it was
discovered that he had stopped to di-
stinguish displacement of an object on
the skin. What part of the brain was
damaged?
A. Posterior central gurus
B. Occipital zone of the cortex
C. Parietal zone of the cortex
D. Frontal central gurus
E. Frontal zone
37. In the blood of a 26-year-old man
18% of erythrocytes of the spherical, ball-
shaped, flat and spinous shape have been
revealed. Other eritrocytes were in form
of the concavo-concave disks. How is this
phenomenon called?
5. Krok 1 Medicine 2006 5
A. Physiological poikilocytosis
B. Pathological poikilocytosis
C. Physiological anisocytosis
D. Pathological anisocytosis
E. Erytrocytosis
38. A 10-year-old girl often experiences
acute respiratory infections with multi-
ple punctate haemorrages in the places of
clothes friction. Hypovitaminosis of what
vitamin has the girl?
A.
B. þ6
C. þ1
D. ü
E. þ2
39. Different functional groups can be
presented in the structure of L-amino aci-
d’s radicals. Identify the group that is able
to form ester bond:
A. −OH
B. −SH
C. −CONH2
D. −CH3
E. −NH2
40. Moving of the daughter chromatids to
the poles of the cell is observed in the mi-
totically dividing cell. At what stage of the
mitotic cycle is this cell?
A. Anaphase
B. Metaphase
C. Telophase
D. Prophase
E. Interphase
41. During examination of a patient,
there was found a neoplasm in the whi-
te substance of cerebral hemispheres with
localization in the knee and frontal part
of posterior crus of internal capsule. Fi-
bres of what conductive tract of the brain
will be disrupted?
A. Tr. pyramidalis
B. Tr. frontothalamicus
C. r. thalamocorticalis
D. Tr. frontopontinus
E. Tr. parietooccipitopontinus
42. A patient with diabetes mellitus has
been delivered in hospital in the state of
unconsciousness. Arterial pressure is low.
The patient has acidosis. Point substances,
which accumulation in the blood results in
these manifestations:
A. Ketone bodies
B. Amino acids
C. Monosaccharides
D. High fatty acids
E. Cholesterol esters
43. A person has steady HR not exceedi-
ng 40 bpm. What is the pacemaker of this
person’s heart rhythm?
A. Atrioventricular node
B. Sinoatrial node
C. His’ bundle
D. Branches of His’ bundle
E. Purkinje’s fibers
44. A doctor administered Allopurinol
to a 26-year-old young man with the
symptoms of gout. What pharmacological
action of Allopurinol ensures therapeuti-
cal effect?
A. By inhibiting uric acid synthesis
B. By increasing uric acid excretion
C. By inhibiting leucocyte migration into
the joint
D. By general anti-inflammatory effect
E. By general analgetic effect
45. A patient who came to the doctor
because of his infertility was admini-
stered to make tests for toxoplasmosis
and chronic gonorrhoea. Which reacti-
on should be performed to reveal latent
toxoplasmosis and chronic gonorrhoea of
the patient?
A. (R)CFT- Reiter’s complement fixation
test
B. IFA - Immunofluorescence assay
C. Immunoblot analysis
D. RDHA - Reverse direct hemaggluti-
nation assay
E. RIHA - Reverse indirect hemaggluti-
nation assay
46. Under some diseases it is
observed aldosteronism accompanied by
hypertension and edema due to sodium
retention in the organism. What organ of
the internal secretion is affected under
aldosteronism?
A. Adrenal glands
B. Testicle
C. Ovaries
D. Pancreas
E. Hypophysis
47. A patient had been taking glucocorti-
coids for a long time. When the
preparation was withdrawn he developed
the symptoms of disease aggravation,
6. Krok 1 Medicine 2006 6
decreased blood pressure and weakness.
What is the reason of this condition?
A. Appearance of adrenal insufficiency
B. Hyperproduction of ACTH
C. Sensibilization
D. Habituation
E. Cumulation
48. A patient has tissue ischemia below
the knee joint accompanied with intermi-
ttent claudication. What artery occlusion
should be suspected?
A. Popliteal artery
B. Peroneal artery
C. Posterior tibial artery
D. Anterior tibial artery
E. Proximal part of femoral artery
49. An experiment proved that UV-
radiated cells of patients with xeroderma
pigmentosum restore the native DNA
structure slower than cells of healthy
individuals as a result of reparation
enzyme defection. What enzyme helps
this process?
A. Endonuclease
B. RNA ligase
C. Primase
D. DNA polymerase III
E. DNA gyirase
50. A patient, who suffers from congeni-
tal erythropoietic porphyria, has skin
photosensitivity. The accumulation of
what compound in the skin cells can cause
it?
A. Uroporphyrinogen 1
B. Protoporphyrin
C. Uroporphyrinogen 2
D. Coproporphyrinogen 3
E. Heme
51. A sick man with high temperature and
a lot of tiny wounds on the body has been
admitted to the hospital. Lice have been
found in the folds of his clothing. What
disease can be suspected?
A. Epidemic typhus
B. Tularemia
C. Scabies
D. Malaria
E. Plague
52. A patient with suspicion on epidemic
typhus was admitted to the hospital. Some
arachnids and insects have been found in
his flat. Which of them may be a carrier of
the pathogen of epidemic typhus?
A. Lice
B. Spiders
C. Bed-bugs
D. Cockroaches
E. Houseflies
53. A businessman came to India from
South America. On examination the
physician found that the patient was
suffering from sleeping-sickness. What
was the way of invasion?
A. As a result of bug’s bites
B. As a result of mosquito’s bites
C. With contaminated fruits and vegetables
D. Through dirty hands
E. After contact with sick dogs
54. Patients with bile ducts obstruction
suffer from inhibition of blood coagulati-
on, bleedings as a result of low level of
vitamin assimilation. What vitamin is in
deficiency?
A. К
B. А
C. D
D. Е
E. Carotene
55. Blood analysis of a patient showed si-
gns of HIV infection (human immunodefi-
ciency virus). Which cells does HIV-virus
primarily affect?
A. Cells that contain receptor T4 (T-
helpers)
B. Cells that contain receptor IgM (B-
lymphocytes)
C. Specialized nervous cells (neurons)
D. Mast cells
E. Proliferating cells (stem hematoplastic
cells)
56. The preventive radioprotector was
given to a worker of a nuclear power
station. What mechanism from the below
mentioned is considered to be the main
mechanism of radioprotection?
A. Inhibition of free radicals formation
B. Prevention of tissue’s hypoxia
C. Activation of oxidation reactions
D. Increasing of tissue blood supply
E. Increasing of respiration
57. The pulmonalis embolism has
suddenly developed in a 40-year-old pati-
ent with opened fracture of the hip.
Choose the possible kind of embolism:
7. Krok 1 Medicine 2006 7
A. Fat
B. Thrombus-embolus
C. Air
D. Tissue
E. Foreign body
58. A patient’s blood was analyzed and
the decreased erythrocyte’s sedimentation
rate (ESR) was discovered. What disease
from the listed below is accompanied with
decreased ESR?
A. Polycytemia
B. Hepatitis
C. Splenomegaly
D. Vitamin B deficiency
E. Myocardial infarction
59. A 46-year-old patient has complai-
ned of headache, fatigue, thirst, pains
in the spine and joints for the last 2
years. Clinically observed disproportional
enlargement of hands, feet, nose, superci-
liary arches. He notes that he needed
to buy bigger shoes three times. What
is the main reason of such disproporti-
onal enlargement of different parts of the
body?
A. Cartilaginous tissue proliferation under
growth hormone influence
B. Increased sensitivity of the tissues to
growth hormone
C. Joints dystrophy development
D. Increased sensitivity of the tissues to
insulin
E. Joints chronic inflammation
development
60. A mother of a newborn complai-
ns of her baby’s constant belching with
undigested milk. Which developmental
anomaly is it an evidence of?
A. Esophageal atresia
B. Labium leporium
C. Faux lupinum
D. Anal atresia
E. Esophageal fistula
61. During the endoscopy the inflammati-
on of a major papilla of the duodenum
and the disturbances of bile secretion
were found. In which part of duodenum
were the problems found?
A. Descendent part
B. Ascendant part
C. Bulb
D. Upper horizontal part
E. Lower horizontal part
62. An 18-year-old patient came to the
out-patient department with the complai-
nts of bleeding trauma in the vestibule of
his nose. On examination: the mechanical
injury of the mucous layer of the vesti-
bule without continuation into nasal cavi-
ty proper. What is the boundary between
the vestibule and nasal cavity proper?
A. Nasal limen
B. Nasal roller
C. Nasal septa
D. Choanes
E. Nostrils
63. A 50-year-old patient was injured
on the occipital region of the head. The
closed skull trauma was diagnosed. She
was taken to the hospital. The medical
examination: deregulation of walking and
balance, trembling of arms. What part of
brain was injured?
A. The cerebellum
B. The medulla oblongata
C. The mind-brain
D. The inter-brain
E. The spinal cord
64. A patient with complaints of dryness
in the mouth, photophobia and visi-
on impairment was admitted to the
reception-room. Skin is hyperemic, dry,
pupils are dilated, tachycardia. Poisoning
with belladonna alkaloids was diagnosed
on further examination. What medicine
should be prescribed?
A. Prozerin
B. Diazepam
C. Pilocarpine
D. Armine
E. Dipiroxim
65. Autopsy revealed that right lung is
enlarged, solid, there are fibrin layers on
the pleura. Lung tissue is light grey color
on incision with muddy liqued exudates.
What lung disease are these symptoms
typical for?
A. Croupous pneumonia
B. Bronchopneumonia
C. Interstitial pneumonia
D. Pulmonary gangrene
E. Fibrosing alveolitis
66. During the operation on the hip joi-
nt of a 5-year-old child her ligament was
damaged which caused bleeding.What li-
gament was damaged?
8. Krok 1 Medicine 2006 8
A. The head of the thigh
B. Perpendicular of the acetabule
C. Iliofemoral
D. Pubofemoral
E. Ischiofemoral
67. On autopsy it was revealed: pia mater
of the upper parts of cerebral hemisphere
is plethoric, of yellowish-green color,
soaked with purulent and fibrose exudate,
looks like a cap. What disease is it typical
for?
A. Meningococcal meningitis
B. Tuberculous meningitis
C. Grippal meningitis
D. Meningitis connected with anthrax
E. Meningitis connected with typhus
68. A 55-year-old patient with continuing
ventricular arrhythmias was admitted to
the hospital. The patient is taking timolol
drops for glaucoma, daily insulin injecti-
ons for diabetes mellitus, and an ACE
inhibitor for hypertension. You have deci-
ded to use phenytoin instead of procai-
namide. What is the reason?
A. The anticholinergic effect of procai-
namide would aggravate glaucoma
B. The local anesthetic effect of procai-
namide would potentiate diabetes
C. The hypertensive effects of procainami-
de would aggravate the hypertension
D. The local anesthetic effect of procai-
namide would aggravate the hypertension
E. The cholinergic effects of procainamide
would aggravate the diabetes
69. A 35-year-old man under the
treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis has
acute pain onset of right big toe, swelling,
and low-grade fever. The gouty arthritis
was diagnosed and high serum uric acid
level was found. Which of the followi-
ng antituberculous drugs are known for
causing high uric acid levels?
A. Pyrazinamide
B. Cycloserine
C. Thiacetazone
D. Rifampicin
E. Aminosalicylic acid
70. A person was selling "homemade
pork"sausages at the market. State sani-
tary inspector suspected falcification of
the sausages. What serological immune
reaction can identifiy food substance?
A. Precipitation test
B. Indirect hemagglutination test
C. Agglutination test
D. Immunofluorescence test
E. Complement-fixation test
71. A patient with rheumatoid arthritis
who had been treated with indometacin
has got signs of gastropathy. What acti-
vity of the drug can this complication be
connected with?
A. Anticyclooxygenase
B. Antiserotonin
C. Antihistamine
D. Antikinine
E. Locally irritating
72. A 25-year-old woman with red and
itchy eczematoid dermatitis visits your
office. She had a dental procedure one
day earlier with administration of a local
anesthetic. There were no other findings,
although she indicated that she had a hi-
story of allergic reactions. Which of the
following drugs is most likely involved?
A. Procaine
B. Cocaine
C. Lidocaine
D. Bupivacaine
E. Etidocaine
73. In course of metabolic process active
forms of oxygen including superoxide ani-
on radical are formed in the human body.
By means of what enzyme is this anion
inactivated?
A. Superoxide dismutase
B. Catalase
C. Peroxidase
D. Glutathioneperoxidase
E. Glutathionereductase
74. A patient has elbow joint trauma
with avulsion of medial epicondyle of
humerus. What nerve can be damaged in
this trauma?
A. Ulnar
B. Radial
C. Musculocutaneous nerve
D. Cardiac cutaneous nerve
E. Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm
75. A student is writing a thorough
summary of a lecture. Quality of summari-
zing has considerably worsened when his
neighbours started talking. What kind of
inhibition in the cerebral cortex caused
this effect?
9. Krok 1 Medicine 2006 9
A. External
B. Protective
C. Fading
D. Differentiated
E. Delayed
76. While enrolling a child to school
Mantu’s test was made to define whether
revaccination was needed. The test result
is negative. What does this test result
mean?
A. Absence of cell immunity to the
tuberculosis
B. Presence of cell immunity to the
tuberculosis
C. Absence of antibodies for tubercle
bacillus
D. Absence of antitoxic immunity to the
tuberculosis
E. Presence of antibodies for tubercle
bacillus
77. The donor who didn’t donate the blood
for a long time was investigated with
IFA method. Anti-HBs antibodies were
revealed. What does positive result of IFA
in this case mean?
A. Previous hepatitis B
B. Acute hepatitis B
C. Acute hepatitis C
D. Chronic hepatitis В
E. Chronic hepatitis С
78. Testosterone and it’s analogs increase
the mass of skeletal muscles that allows to
use them for treatment of dystrophy. Due
to interaction of the hormone with what
cell substrate is this action caused?
A. Nuclear receptors
B. Membrane receptors
C. Ribosomes
D. Chromatin
E. Proteins-activators of transcription
79. Inhibition of α-motoneuron of the
extensor muscles was noticed after sti-
mulation of α-motoneuron of the flexor
muscles during the experiment on the spi-
nal cord. What type of inhibition is this
process based upon?
A. Reciprocal
B. Presynaptic
C. Depolarizational
D. Recurrent
E. Lateral
80. A patient who has been strictly keepi-
ng to a certain diet for 10 days went
through examination of respiratory coeffi-
cient. It was determined that it was equal
1. What have the patient been keeping to?
A. With domination of carbohydrates
B. With domination of proteins and fat
C. With domination of fat and
carbohydrates
D. Mixed
E. With domination of proteins and
carbohydrates
81. Buffer capacity of a worker’s blood
was decreased due to exhausting muscular
work. By coming of what acid substance
in the blood can this state be explained?
A. Lactate
B. Pyruvate
C. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
D. α-ketoglutarate
E. 3-phosphoglycerate
82. Examination of initial molecular
structure revealed substitution of the
glutamic acid by valine. What inherited
pathology is it typical for?
A. Sickle-cell anemia
B. Thalassemia
C. Minkowsky-Shauffard disease
D. Favism
E. Hemoglobinosis
83. Inflamation is characterised by
increased permeability of vessels of mi-
crocirculation stream, increase of their
hydrodynamic blood pressure. Increasing
of the osmotic concentration and dispersi-
ty of protein structures is present in the
intercellular fluid. What kind of edema
will appear in this case?
A. Mixed
B. Hydrodynamic
C. Colloid-osmotic
D. Lymphogenic
E. Membranogenic
84. Increased fragility of vessels, enamel
and dentine destruction resulting from
scurvy are caused by disorder of collagen
maturation. What stage of procollagen
modification is disturbed under this avi-
taminosis?
A. Hydroxylation of proline
B. Formation of polypeptide chains
C. Glycosylation of hydroxylysine residues
D. Removal of C-ended peptide from
procollagen
E. Detaching of N-ended peptide
85. Scraps of the mycelium of a fungus,
10. Krok 1 Medicine 2006 10
spores, air bubbles and fat drops were di-
scovered on microscopy of the patient’s
hair excluded from the infected areas.
What fungus disease is characterised by
this microscopic picture?
A. Favus
B. Microspory
C. Trichophytosis
D. Epidermophytosis
E. Sporotrichosis
86. On autopsy of the 58-year-old man it
was revealed: mitral valve is deformed,
thickened, not totally closed. Microscopi-
cally: foci of collagen fibers are eosinophi-
lic, have positive fibrin reaction. The most
likely it is:
A. Fibrinoid swelling
B. Fibrinoid inflammation
C. Mucoid swelling
D. Hyalinosis
E. Amyloidosis
87. Hypertrychosis of auricles is caused by
a gene that is localized in Y-chromosome.
Father has this feature. What is the
probability to give birth to a boy with such
anomaly?
A. 100%
B. 0%
C. 25%
D. 35%
E. 75%
88. A 54-year-old man was admitted to the
hospital with complaints of pain in the ri-
ght subcostal region, vomiting with blood.
Objectively: enlarged liver, varicose veins
in the stomach and esophagus. Disfuncti-
on of what vessel is likely to have taken
place?
A. V ena porta
B. Aorta abdominalis
C. V ena hepatica
D. V ena cava superior
E. V ena cava inferior
89. A 37-year-old man was admitted
to the surgical department with the
symptoms of acute pancreatitis: vomiti-
ng, diarrhea, bradycardia, hypotention,
weakness, dehydration of the organism.
What medicine should be used first of all?
A. Contrycal
B. No-spa
C. Platyphylline
D. Etaperazine
E. Ephedrine
90. A person has reduced di-
uresis, hypernatremia, hypokalemia.
Hypersecretion of what hormone can
cause such changes?
A. Aldosterone
B. Vasopressin
C. Auricular sodiumuretic factor
D. Adrenalin
E. Parathormone
91. Microspecimen of red bone marrow
contains multiple capillares through
the walls of which mature blood cells
penetrate into the bloodstream. What
type of capillares are these?
A. Sinusoidal
B. Fenestrational
C. Somatical
D. Visceral
E. Lymphatic
92. A 57-year-old patient was admitted
to the gastroenterological department wi-
th suspicion of Zollinger-Ellison syndrom
because of rapid increase of gastrin level
in the blood serum. What is the most
probable disorder of the secretory functi-
on of stomach?
A. Hyperacidic hypersecretion
B. Hyperacidic hyposecretion
C. Achylia
D. Hypoacidic hyposecretion
E. Hypoacidic hypersecretion
93. For a long time a 49-year-old woman
had suffered from glomerulonephritis
which caused death. The autopsy revealed
that the size of her kidneys was 7 х
3 х 2,5 cm, weight 65,0 g, they were
dense and small-grained. Microscopically:
fibrinogenous inflammation of serous
and mucous membranes, dystrophic
changes of parenchymatous organs, brain
edema. What complication can cause such
changes of serous membranes and inner
organs?
A. Uraemia
B. Anemia
C. Sepsis
D. DIC-syndrome
E. Thrombopenia
94. Upper neck node of sympathetic
trunk was removed from the rabbit on
experiment. Reddening and increased
temperature of the skin of head is
observed. What disorder of peripheral ci-
rculation of the blood has developed?
11. Krok 1 Medicine 2006 11
A. Neuroparalytic arterial hyperemia
B. Neurotonic arterial hyperemia
C. Metabolic arterial hyperemia
D. Venous hyperemia
E. Stasis
95. A tissue sample of benign tumor was
studied under the electron microscope.
A lot of small (15-20 nm) spherical bodi-
es, consisting of 2 unequal subunits were
detected. These are:
A. Ribosomes
B. Golgi complex
C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D. Microtubules
E. Mitochondria
96. A woman who was infected with
toxoplasmosis during the pregnancy has
born a child with multiple congenital
defects.This is a result of:
A. Teratogenesis
B. Cancerogenesis
C. Biological mutogenesis
D. Chemical mutogenesis
E. Recombination
97. A considerable increase of activity of
МВ-forms of CPK (creatinephosphoki-
nase) and LDH-1 was revealed on the
examination of patient’s blood. What is
the most likely pathology?
A. Miocardial infarction
B. Hepatitis
C. Rheumatism
D. Pancreatitis
E. Cholecystitis
98. An isolated muscle of a frog
is rhythmically irritated with electric
impulses. Every next impulse is in a period
of relaxation from the previus contraction.
What contraction of the muscle occurs?
A. Waved tetanus
B. Single
C. Asynchronous
D. Continuous (smooth) tetanus
E. Tonic
99. A 16-year-old boy was performed an
appendectomy. He has been hospitalized
for right lower quadrant abdominal pain
within 18 hours. The surgical specimen is
edematous and erythematous. Infiltration
by what of the following cells is the most
typical for the process occuring here?
A. Neutrophils
B. Eosinophils
C. Basophils
D. Limphocytes
E. Monocytes
100. ATP synthesis is totaly blocked in a
cell. How will the value of membrane rest
potential change?
A. It will disappear
B. It will be slightly increased
C. It will be considerably increased
D. First it will increase, then decrease
E. First it will decrease, then increase
101. A patient who was previously ill with
mastectomy as a result of breast cancer
was prescribed radiation therapy. What
vitamin preparation has marked radi-
oprotective action caused by antioxidant
activity?
A. Tocopherol acetate
B. Ergocalciferol
C. Thiamine chloride
D. Riboflavin
E. Folic acid
102. A patient with tissue trauma was
taken a blood sample for the determinati-
on of blood clotting parameters. Specify
the right sequence of extrinsic pathway
activation:
A. III - VIIa - Xa
B. III - IV - Xa
C. IV - VIII: TF - Xa
D. IV - VIIa - Xa
E. III - VIII: TF - Xa
103. Autopsy of a man who died from
chronic cardiacvascular collapse revealed
"tiger heart". Sidewards of endocardium
a yellowish-white banding can be seen;
myocardium is dull, dark-yellow. What
process caused this pathology?
A. Fatty parenchymatous degeneration
B. Carbohydrate degeneration
C. Hyaline degeneration
D. Fatty vascular-stromal degeneration
E. Amyloidosis
104. Parents with an ill child consulted
an infectionist. They had been working in
one of Asian countries for a long time.
The child has sallow skin, loss of appeti-
te, laxity, enlarged liver, spleen, peripheral
lymph nodes. What protozoal illness can
be suspected?
12. Krok 1 Medicine 2006 12
A. Visceral leishmaniasis
B. Balantidiasis
C. Amebiasis
D. Toxoplasmosis
E. Lambliasis
105. Healthy parents have got a fair-
haired, blue-eyed girl. Irritability, anxiety,
sleep and feeding disturbance developed
in the first months of the infant’s li-
fe. Neurological examination revealed
developmental lag. What method of
genetic investigation should be used for
the exact diagnosis?
A. Biochemical
B. Cytological
C. Gemellary
D. Genealogical
E. Population-statistical
106. The process of heart transplantati-
on determined the viability of myocardi-
al cells. The determination of what
myocardium parameter is the most
important?
A. Rest potential of cardiomyocytes
B. Heart temperature
C. Concentration of oxygen in heart vessels
D. Concentration of calcium-ions in myofi-
brils
E. Concentration of Ca-ions in heart
vessels
107. The calcium canals of cardiomyocytes
have been blocked on an isolated rabbit’s
heart. What changes in the heart’s activity
can result from it?
A. Decreased rate and force of heart beat
B. Decreased heart beat rate
C. Decreased force of the contraction
D. Heart stops in systole
E. Heart stops in diastole
108. Microscopic examination of the
enlarged neck gland of a 14-year-old
girl revealed destruction of the ti-
ssue structure of the node, absence of
the lymph follicles, sclerotic areas and
necrosis foci, cell constitution of the node
is polymorphous, lymphocites, eosinophi-
les, big atypical cells with multilobular
nuclei (Beresovsky-Sternberg cells) and
mononuclear cells of the large size are
present. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Lymphogranulomatosis
B. Acute lympholeucosis
C. Chronic lympholeucosis
D. Berkitt’s lymphoma
E. Fungoid mycosis
109. As a result of the damage of one of
the Atomic Power Plant reactors the run-
out of radioelements took place. People
in the high-radiation area were radiated
with approximately 250-300 r. They were
immediately hospitalized. What changes
in the blood count would be typical for
the victims?
A. Lymphopenia
B. Leukopenia
C. Anemia
D. Thrombopenia
E. Neutropenia
110. Dystrophic alterations of heart are
accompanied with dilation of heart caviti-
es, decreased force of heart contractions,
increased blood volume that remains duri-
ng systole in the heart cavity, vein overfill.
What heart condition is it typiccal for?
A. Myogenic dilatation
B. Tonogenic dilatation
C. Emergency stage of hyperfunction and
hypertrophy
D. Cardiosclerosis
E. Cardiac tamponade
111. Nowadays about 50 minor bases
have been found in the t-RNA structure
besides the main four nitrogenous bases.
Choose the minor nitrogenous base:
A. Dihydrouracil
B. Uracil
C. Cysteine
D. Adenine
E. Cytosine
112. A 60-year-old patient fell ill with
obturative jaundice as a result of mali-
gnant tumour of the big papillary of the
duodenal. Lumen of what anatomical
structure is compressed by tumour?
A. Hepatopancreatic ampulla
B. Cystic duct
C. Common hepatic duct
D. Right hepatic duct
E. Left hepatic duct
113. Thyrotoxicosis leads to increased
production of thyroidal hormones T3 and
T4, weight loss, tachycardia, psychic exci-
tement and so on. How do thyroidal
hormones effect energy metabolism in the
13. Krok 1 Medicine 2006 13
mitochondrion of cells?
A. Disconnect oxidation and oxidative
phosphorylation
B. Activate substrate phosphorylation
C. Stop substrate phosphorylation
D. Stop respiratory chain
E. Activate oxidative phosphorylation
114. While shifting the gaze to the closely
situated object the refracting power of
eye’s optical mediums will increase by 10
diopters. It results from changing of such
eye structure:
A. Lens
B. Cornea
C. Vitreous body
D. Liquid of the anterior chamber of eye
E. Muscle that dilatates pupil
115. Necrosis focus appeared in the area
of hyperemia and skin edema in few hours
after burn. What mechanism strengthens
destructive effect in the inflammation
area?
A. Secondary alteration
B. Primary alteration
C. Emigration of lymphocytes
D. Diapedesis of erythrocytes
E. Proliferation of fibroblasts
116. Analeptical remedy of reflective type
from the H-cholinomimetics group was
given to the patient for restoration of
breathing after poisoning with carbon
monoxide. What medicine was prescribed
to the patient?
A. Lobeline hydrochloride
B. Atropine sulphate
C. Adrenalin hydrochloride
D. Mesaton
E. Pentamin
117. A patient operated on complicated
appendicitis has the following changes of
blood count: erythrocytes - 4, 0 · 1012
/l,
Нb - 120 g/l, color index - 0,9, leukocytes
- 18 · 109
/l, basophils - 0, eosinophi-
ls - 0, myelocytes - 0, juvenile - 0,
stab neutrophils - 20, segmentonuclear
neutrophils - 53, lymphocytes - 21,
monocytes - 5. How is such nuclear shi-
ft of leukocytic formula called?
A. Degenerative left shift
B. Right shift
C. Regenerative left shift
D. Hyperregenerative
E. Regeneratively-degenerative
118. A patient has got a spasm of smooth
muscles of bronchi. Activators of what
membrane cytoreceptors are phisiologi-
cally reasoned to stop an attack?
A. β-adrenoreceptors
B. α-аdrenoreceptors
C. α- and β-аdrenoreceptors
D. Н-cholinoreceptors
E. М-cholinoreceptors
119. Intrapleural pressure of an individual
is being measured. In what phase did he
hold his breath if the pressure is - 25 cm
H2O?
A. Forced inspiration
B. Quiet expiration
C. Quiet inspiration
D. Forced expiration
E. -
120. Blood sampling for the haematology
is recommended to carry out on an
empty stomach and in the morning. What
changes in blood formula are possible if
blood sampling was carried out after food
intake?
A. Increase of leukocyte number
B. Increase of erythrocyte number
C. Increase of plasm proteins
D. Decrease of thrombocyte number
E. Decrease of erythrocyte number
121. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
increased by 20% as a result of prolonged
starvation of an individual. The most evi-
dent cause of filtration changes under this
conditions is:
A. Decrease of oncotic pressure of blood
plasma
B. Increase of systemic blood pressure
C. Increase of penetration of the renal
filter
D. Increase of filtration coefficient
E. Increase of renal plasma stream
122. The ovary specimen colored with
hematoxylin-eosin contains a follicle, in
which cubic-shaped follicle epithelium
cells are placed in 1-2 layers, and scarlet
membrane is seen around the ovocyte.
Name this follicle:
A. Primary
B. Primordial
C. Secondary
D. Mature
E. Atretic
123. A 42-year-old man suffering from
14. Krok 1 Medicine 2006 14
gout has increased level of urinary acid
in blood. Allopurinol was prescribed
to decrease the level of urinary acid.
Competitive inhibitor of what enzyme is
allopurinol?
A. Xanthine oxidase
B. Adenosine deaminase
C. Adenine phosphoribosiltransferase
D. Hypoxanthine phosphoribosi-
ltransferase
E. Guanine deaminase
124. A child has inhaled a button. Where
is it likely to be?
A. In the right main bronchus
B. In the left main bronchus
C. In the trachea
D. In the larynx
E. In the esophagus
125. A patient with serious damage of
muscular tissue was admitted to the
traumatological department. What bi-
ochemical urine index will be increased
in this case?
A. Creatinine
B. Common lipids
C. Glucose
D. Mineral salts
E. Uric acid
126. Donor skin transplantation was
performed to a patient with extensive
burns. On the 8-th day the graft became
swollen and changed colour; on the 11-th
day graft rejection started. What cells take
part in this process?
A. T-lymphocytes
B. Erythrocytes
C. Basophils
D. Eosinophils
E. B-lymphocytes
127. As a result of craniocerebral trauma
a patient reveals the following symptoms:
intention tremor, dysmetry, adiadochoki-
nesis, dysarthria. What structure of the
brain is injured?
A. Cerebellum
B. Striatum
C. Motor cortex
D. Pale sphere
E. Black substance
128. A patient with infectious
mononucleosis had been taking
glucocorticoids for two weeks. He was
brought into remission, but he fell ill
with acute attack of chronic tonsillitis.
What action of glucocorticoids caused this
complication?
A. Immunosuppressive
B. Anti-inflammatory
C. Antishock
D. Antiallergic
E. Antitoxic
129. Autopsy of a 12-year-old gi-
rl revealed: multiple cutaneous
hemmorhages (mostly into the skin of
buttocks, lower extremities), serous and
mucous memrane hemmorhages, cerebral
hemmorhages. Adrenal glands show focal
necrosis and massive hemmorhages; ki-
dneys show necrotic nephrosis, suppurati-
ve arthritis, iridocyclitis, vasculitis. What
is the most probable diagnosis?
A. Meningococcemia
B. Epidemic typhus
C. Periarteritis nodosa
D. Systemic lupus erythematosus
E. Radiation sickness
130. A 68-year-old woman can’t move her
upper and lower right extremities due to
the stroke. Muscle tone of these extremiti-
es and their reflexes are increased. There
are pathological reflexes. What form of
paralysis is it?
A. Hemiplegia
B. Paraplegia
C. Tetraplegia
D. Monoplegia
E. Dissociation
131. Most participants of Magellan
expedition to America died from avi-
tominosis. This disease declared itself
by general weakness, subcutaneous
hemmorhages, falling of teeth, gingival
hemmorhages. What is the name of this
avitiminosis?
A. Scurvy
B. Pellagra
C. Rachitis
D. Polyneuritis (beriberi)
E. Biermer’s anemia
132. A large-scale reaction with
parapertussis and pertussis diagnosticums
was made in order to make serologi-
cal diagnostics of the whooping cough.
At the bottom of the test-tubes with di-
agnosticum of Bordetella parapertussis
a granular sediment formed. What anti-
bodies did this reaction reveal?
15. Krok 1 Medicine 2006 15
A. Agglutinins
B. Precipitins
C. Opsonins
D. Bacteriolysins
E. Antitoxins
133. Part of the DNA chain turned 180
degree as a result of gamma radiation.
What type of mutation took place in the
DNA chain?
A. Inversion
B. Deletion
C. Doubling
D. Translocation
E. Replication
134. While having the dinner the child
choked and aspirated the food. Meavy
cough has started, skin and mucose are
cyanotic, pulse is rapid, respiration is
infrequent, expiration is prolonged. What
disorder of the external respiration has
the child?
A. Stage of expiratory dyspnea on
asphyxia
B. Stage of inspiratory dyspnea on
asphyxia
C. Stenotic respiration
D. Alternating respiration
E. Biot’s respiration
135. A pregnant woman had been havi-
ng toxicosis with severe repeated vomi-
ting for 24 hours. In the end of the day
there appeared tetanic convulsions and
fluid loss. What shift of acid-base state
caused these changes?
A. Excretory alkalosis
B. Gaseous alkalosis
C. Gaseous acidosis
D. Metabolic acidosis
E. Excretory acidosis
136. After a trauma a 44-year-old patient
had a rupture of left palm muscle tendons
and of the superficial blood vessels. After
operation and removal of the most part
of the necrotically changed muscle ti-
ssue the bloodstream was normalized.
What vessels have helped to restore the
bloodstream?
A. Arcus palmaris profundus
B. Arcus palmaris superficialis
C. Aa. digitales palmares communes
D. Aa. metacarpeae palmares
E. Aa. perforantes
137. An 18-year-old patient has enlarged
inguinal lymphnodes, they are painless,
thickened on palpation. In the area of
genital mucous membrane there is a
small-sized ulcer with thickened edges
and "laquer"bottom of greyish colour.
What is the most probable diagnosis?
A. Syphilis
B. Tuberculosis
C. Lepra
D. Trophic ulcer
E. Gonorrhea
138. A 45-year-old man applied to the
trauma station because of domestic
shoulder trauma. Objectively: extension,
reduction and pronation functions of the
shoulder are absent. What muscle was
injured?
A. Teres major muscle
B. Subscapular muscle
C. Teres minor muscle
D. Infraspinous muscle
E. Supraspinous muscle
139. Diagnostic scraping was performed
to the woman with dysfunctional uteri-
ne bleeding. Multiple convoluted glands,
ganglially dilated lumens of some glands
were revealed histologically in the scrape.
Name the type of general pathological
process in endometry:
A. Hyperplasia glandulocystica
B. Atrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Displasia
E. Hypertrophic excrescence
140. Tuberculine was introduced
intracutaneously to the child for
tuberculin test. Marked hyperemia, ti-
ssue infiltration developed on the place
of injection in 24 hours. What mechanism
caused these modifications?
A. Cell cytotoxity
B. Reagin type cytotoxity
C. Antibody cytotoxity
D. Granuloma formation
E. Immunocomplex cytotoxity
141. An intraoperational biopsy of
mammal gland has revealed the signs
of atypical tissue presented by disorder
of parenchyma stroma proportion with
domination of the last, gland structures of
different size and shape, lined with single-
layered proliferative epithelium. What is
the most probable diagnosis?
16. Krok 1 Medicine 2006 16
A. Fibroadenoma
B. Papilloma
C. Noninfiltrative cancer
D. Infiltrative cancer
E. Mastitis
142. A 34-year-old patient was diagnosed
with chronic glomerulonephritis 3 years
ago. Edemata have developed within the
last 6 monthes. What caused the edemata?
A. Proteinuria
B. Hyperproduction of vasopressin
C. Liver dysfunction of protein formation
D. Hyperosmolarity of plasma
E. Hyperaldosteronism
143. An old woman was hospitalized with
acute pain, edema in the right hip joint;
the movements in the joint are limited.
Which bone or part of it was broken?
A. The neck of the thigh
B. The body of the thigh bone
C. Condyle of the thigh
D. Pubic bone
E. Ischial bone
144. Concentration of pyruvate is
increased in the patient’s blood, the most
of which is excreted with urine. What avi-
taminosis has the patient?
A. Avitaminosis þ1
B. Avitaminosis E
C. Avitaminosis þ3
D. Avitaminosis B6
E. Avitaminosis þ2
145. A patient with suspected diphtheria
went through bacterioscopic examinati-
on. Examination of throat swab revealed
rod-shaped bacteria with volutin granules.
What etiotropic preparation should be
chosen in this case?
A. Antidiphtheric antitoxic serum
B. Bacteriophage
C. Diphtheria antitoxin
D. Eubiotic
E. Interferon
146. A patient with diabetes mellitus
experienced loss of consciousness and
convulsions after injection of insulin.
What is the result of biochemical blood
analysis for concentration of the sugar?
A. 1,5 mmol/L
B. 8,0 mmol/L
C. 10,0 mmol/L
D. 3,3 mmol/L
E. 5,5 mmol/L
147. A patient working at a chemical
plant was admitted to the toxicologi-
cal department with mercury poisoning.
What medicine should be used?
A. Unithiol
B. Isonitrozin
C. Naloxone
D. Activated carbon
E. Enterosorbent
148. A 63-year-old woman shows
symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. The
increase of what blood indices could be
the most significant for proving the di-
agnosis?
A. Additive glycosaminoglycans
B. Lipoproteids
C. Acid phosphatase
D. General cholesterol
E. R-glycosidase
149. An autopsy revealed large (1-2 cm)
brownish-red, easy crumbling formations
covering ulcerative defects on the external
surface of the aortic valve. What is the
most likely diagnosis?
A. Polypous-ulcerative endocarditis
B. Recurrent warty endocarditis
C. Acute verrucous endocarditis
D. Fibroplastic endocarditis
E. Diffusive endocarditis
150. A 7-year-old girl has signs
of anemia. Laboratory examinati-
on revealed pyruvate kinase defici-
ency in erythrocytes. What process di-
sturbance plays the main role in anemia
development?
A. Anaerobic glycolysis
B. Oxidative phosphorylation
C. Tissue respiration
D. Peroxide decomposition
E. Aminoacids desamination
151. A 5-year-old child who often fells ill
with respiratory diseases has eczematous
appearances after consumption of some
food products, tendency to prolonged
course of inflammatory processes. What
kind of diathesis can be suspected in this
case?
A. Exudative-catharral
B. Hemmorhagic
C. Arthritism
D. Lymphohypoplastic
E. Asthenic
152. Low level of albumins and fibri-
17. Krok 1 Medicine 2006 17
nogen was detected in the patient’s blood.
Decreased activity of what organelle of
the liver hepatocytes can most probably
cause it?
A. Granular endoplasmatic reticulum
B. Agranular endoplasmatic reticulum
C. Mitochondrions
D. Golgi complex
E. Lysosomes
153. A duodenal content smear of a pati-
ent with indigestion contains protosoa 10-
18 mcm large. They have piriform bodi-
es, 4 pairs of filaments, two symmetrically
located nuclei in the broadened part of
body. What kind of the lowest organisms
is it?
A. Lamblia
B. Dysentery ameba
C. Trichomonas
D. Intestinal ameba
E. Balantidium
154. A 44-year-old woman complains of
common weakness, heart pain, consi-
derable increase of body weigt. Objecti-
vely: moon-like face, hirsutism, AP-
165/100 mm Hg, height - 164 cm, wei-
ght - 103 kg; fat is mostly accumulated in
the region of neck, upper shoulder girdle,
stomach. What is the main pathogenetic
mechanism of obesity?
A. Increased production of glucocorticoids
B. Decreased production of thyroidal
hormones
C. Increased production of insulin
D. Decreased production of glucagon
E. Increased production of mineralocorti-
coids
155. After a serious viral infection a 3-
year-old child has repeated vomiting, loss
of consciousness, convulsions. Examinati-
on revealed hyperammoniemia. What
may have caused changes of biochemical
blood indices of this child?
A. Disorder of ammonia neutralization in
ornithinic cycle
B. Activated processes of aminoacids
decarboxylation
C. Disorder of biogenic amines neutrali-
zation
D. Increased purtefaction of proteins in
intestines
E. Inhibited activity of transamination
enzymes
156. Albinos can’t stand sun impact - they
don’t aquire sun-tan but get sunburns. Di-
sturbed metabolism of what aminoacid
underlies this phenomenon?
A. Phenilalanine
B. Methionine
C. Tryptophan
D. Glutamic acid
E. Histidine
157. A 25-year-old patient complained of
the decreased vision. Accommodation di-
sorders, dilated pupil, lack of reaction for
the light were revealed on examination.
What muscles function is disturbed?
A. Pupil narrowing muscle, ciliary
B. Pupil dilating muscle, ciliary
C. Inferior oblique muscle, ciliary
D. Lateral rectus muscle, pupil narrowing
E. Pupil narrowing and dilating muscles
158. A patient with continious
bronchopneumonia was admitted to
the therapeutic department. Antibiotic
therapy didn’t give much effect. What
medication for improvement of immune
state should be added to the complex
treatment of this patient?
A. Timaline
B. Analgin
C. Sulfocamphocaine
D. Benadryl
E. Paracetamol
159. Patient with abscess of the cut
wound applied to the traumatological
department. In order to clean the wound
from the pus doctor washed it with 3%
hydrogen peroxide. Foam was absent.
What caused the absence of the drug acti-
vity?
A. Inherited insufficiency of catalase
B. Low concentration H2O2
C. Inherited insufficiency of erythrocyte
phosphatdehydrogenase
D. Shallow wound
E. Pus in the wound
160. Microspecimen of spinal cord contai-
ns a nucleus that should be analyzed.
Its neurons form motor endings in the
skeletal muscles. What nucleus of spinal
cord is meant?
A. Proper nucleus of the anterior horn
B. Thoracic nucleus
C. Intermediate lateral nucleus
D. Proper nucleus of the posterior horn
E. Proper nucleus of gray substance
161. Patient with injured muscles of
18. Krok 1 Medicine 2006 18
the lower extremities was admitted to
the traumatological department. Due to
what cells is reparative regeneration of
the muscle fibers and restoration of the
muscle function possible?
A. Satellite-cells
B. Myoblasts
C. Myofibroblasts
D. Fibroblasts
E. Myoepithelial cells
162. A 50-year-old patient with typhoid
fever was treated with Levomycetin,
next day his condition became worse,
temperature rose to 39, 60
. What caused
the complication?
A. The effect of endotoxin agent
B. Allergic reaction
C. Irresponsiveness of an agent to the
levomycetin
D. Secondary infection addition
E. Reinfection
163. In the specimen of one of the parts
of respiratory system a tubular organ
was found. It has low epithelium, well
developed muscular tunic, glands and
cartilage are absent. Name this organ:
A. Minor bronchs
B. Trachea
C. Larynx
D. Major bronchs
E. Median bronchs
164. A physician examined a patient
and found inguinal hernia. Through what
anatomic formation does it penetrate into
the skin?
A. Hiatus saphenus
B. Anulus femoralis
C. Canalis adductorius
D. Lacuna musculorum
E. Anulus inguinalis superficialis
165. A 40-year-old patient complains of
intensive heartbeats, sweating, nausea, vi-
sual impairment, arm tremor, hypertensi-
on. From his anamnesis: 2 years ago he
was diagnosed with pheochromocytoma.
Hyperproduction of what hormones
causes the given pathology?
A. Catecholamines
B. Aldosterone
C. Glucocorticoids
D. ACTH
E. Thyroidal hormones
166. A 58-year-old patient with acute
cardiac insufficiency has decreased
volume of daily urine - oliguria. What is
the mechanism of this phenomenon?
A. Decreased glomerular filtration
B. Decreased number of functioning
glomerules
C. Drop of oncotic blood pressure
D. Rise of hydrostatic blood pressure in
capillars
E. Reduced permeamility of renal filter
167. A 60-year-old man felt asleep after
cerebral hemorrhage for a long time.
Damage of what structure caused this
state?
A. Reticular formation
B. Hippocampus
C. Nuclears of the cerebral nerves
D. Cortex of the large hemispheres
E. Black substance
168. Tuberculosis can be treated by means
of combined chemotherapy that includes
substances with different mechanisms of
action.What antituberculous medication
inhibits transcription of RNA into DNA
in mycobacteria?
A. Rifampicin
B. Isoniazid
C. Streptomycin
D. Ethionamide
E. Para-aminosalicylic acid
169. A patient experienced a sudden
temperature rise up to 390
. After 6 hours
the temperature normalized. On the 2-nd
day the attack recurred: in the period of
paroxysm the temperature reached 410
,
apyrexial period began after 8 hours.
What type of temperature profile is it?
A. Intermitting
B. Recurrent
C. Hectic
D. Septic
E. Continued
170. Cerebral trauma caused increase
of ammonia formation. What aminoacid
takes part in removal of ammonia from
cerebral tissue?
A. Glutamic
B. Tyrosine
C. Valine
D. Tryptophan
E. Lisine
171. Microscopic examination of the
sputum of a patient with pneumonia
19. Krok 1 Medicine 2006 19
occasionally revealed some larvae. Eosi-
nophiles were detected on blood exami-
nation. What helminthiasis can be di-
agnosed?
A. Ascariasis
B. Enterobiosis
C. Trichocephaliasis
D. Paragonimiasis
E. Opisthorchosis
172. A 40-year-old woman was admitted
to the infectious diseases department wi-
th high body temperature. Objectively:
marked meningeal symptoms. A spinal
cord punction was made. What anatomic
formation was puncturated?
A. Spatium subarachnoideum
B. Spatium subdurale
C. Spatium epidurale
D. Cavum trigeminale
E. Cisterna cerebellomedullaris posterior
173. The energy inputs of a healthy man
have been measured. In what state was
the patient if his energy inputs were less
than the main exchange?
A. Sleep
B. Rest
C. Easy work
D. Nervous exertion
E. Calmness
174. Examination of a newborn boy’s geni-
tals revealed a cleft of urethra that opens
on the inferior surface of his penis. What
developmental anomaly is meant?
A. Hypospadia
B. Hermaphroditism
C. Epispadia
D. Monorchism
E. Cryptorchism
175. To prevent long-term effects of 4-day
malaria a 42-year-old patient was prescri-
bed primaquine. On the 3-rd day from
the begin of treatment there appeared
stomach and heart pains, dyspepsia,
general cyanosis, hemoglobinuria. What
caused side effects of the preparation?
A. Genetic insufficiency of glucose 6-
phosphate dehydrogenase
B. Cumulation of the preparation
C. Decreased activity of microsomal liver
enzymes
D. Delayed urinary excretion of the
preparation
E. Drug potentiation by other preparations
176. A 17-year-old boy fell seriously ill,
body temperature rose up to 38, 50
, there
is cough, rhinitis, lacrimation, nasal di-
scharges. What kind of inflammation is
it?
A. Catarrhal inflammation
B. Serous inflammation
C. Fibrinous inflammation
D. Suppurative inflammation
E. Hemorrhagic inflammation
177. A genetics specialist analyzed the
genealogy of a family and found that both
males and females may have the illness,
not across all the generations, and that
healthy parents may have ill children.
What is the type of illness inheritance?
A. Autosomal recessive
B. Autosomal dominant
C. X-linked dominant
D. X-linked recessive
E. Y-linked
178. A patient who has been treated
with diazepam on account of neurosis
complains of toothache. Doctor admi-
nistered him an analgetic, but its dose
was lower than average therapeutic dose.
What phenomenon did the doctor take
into account while prescribing the patient
an underdose?
A. Potentiation
B. Summation
C. Cumulation
D. Drug dependence
E. Tolerance
179. Inflammatory process of modified
subserous layer around cervix of the
uterus caused an intensive pain syndrome.
In what region of genitals does the
pathological process take place?
A. Parametrium
B. Mesometrium
C. Myometrium
D. Endometrium
E. Perimetrium
180. Analysis of amniotic fluid that was
obtained as a result of amniocentesis
(puncture of amniotic sac) revealed cells
the nuclei of which contain sex chromatin
(Barr’s body). What can it be evidence of?
20. Krok 1 Medicine 2006 20
A. Development of female fetus
B. Development of male fetus
C. Genetic disorders of fetus development
D. Trisomy
E. Polyploidy
181. A 2-year-old child has got intesti-
nal dysbacteriosis, which resultsed in
hemorrhagic syndrome. What is the most
likely cause of hemorrhage of the child?
A. Vitamin K deficiency
B. Activation of tissue thromboplastin
C. PP hypovitaminosis
D. Fibrinogen deficiency
E. Hypocalcemia
182. Autopsy of a 46-year-old man
revealed multiple brown-and-green layers
and hemmorhages on the mucous
membrane of rectum and sigmoid colon;
slime and some blood in colon lumen; hi-
stologically - fibrinous colitis. In course of
bacteriological analysis of colon contents
S.Sonne were found. What is the most
probable diagnosis?
A. Dysentery
B. Cholera
C. Salmonellosis
D. Yersiniosis
E. Crohn’s disease
183. A patient had been ill with bronchi-
al asthma for many years and died from
asthmatic fit. Histologic lung examinati-
on revealed: lumen of bronchioles and
small bronches contain a lot of mucus
with some eosinophils, there is sclerosis
of alveolar septums, dilatation of alveole
lumen. What mechanism of development
of hypersensibility reaction took place?
A. Reagin reaction
B. Cytotoxic reaction
C. Immunocomplex reaction
D. Cytolysis determined by lymphocytes
E. Granulomatosis
184. To anaesthetize the surgical
treatment of burn surface, a patient was
intravenously injected a medication for
short-acting narcosis. 1 minute later the
patient being under anaesthesia showed
increased blood pressure, tachycardia,
increased tone of skeletal muscles;
reflexes remained. After recovering from
anaesthesia the patient had disorientation
and visual hallucinations. What medicati-
on was the patient injected?
A. Ketamine
B. Sombrevin
C. Diethyl ether
D. Thiopental sodium
E. Nitrous oxide
185. Desulfiram is widely used in medical
practice to prevent alcocholism. It inhi-
bits aldehyde dehydrogenase. Increased
level of what metabolite causes aversion
to alcochol?
A. Acetaldehyde
B. Ethanol
C. Malonyl aldehyde
D. Propionic aldehyde
E. Methanol
186. A 1-year-old child with symptoms of
muscle involvement was admitted to the
hospital. Examination revealed carnitine
deficiency in his muscles. What process di-
sturbance is the biochemical basis of this
pathology?
A. Transporting of fatty acids to mi-
tochodrions
B. Regulation of Ca2+
level in mi-
tochondrions
C. Substrate phosphorylation
D. Lactic acid utilization
E. Actin and myosin synthesis
187. A patient died from acute cardiac
insufficiency. The histological examinati-
on of his heart revealed the necrotized
section in myocardium of the left ventri-
cle, which was separated from undamaged
tissue by the zone of hyperimic vessels,
small hemorrhages and leukocytic infi-
ltration. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Myocardial infarction
B. Myocardial ischemic dystrophy
C. Focal exudate myocarditis
D. Diffuse exudate myocarditis
E. Productive myocarditis
188. Kidneys of a man under examinati-
on show increased resorbtion of calci-
um ions and decreased resorbtion of
phosphate ions. What hormone causes
this phenomenon?
A. Parathormone
B. Thyrocalcitonin
C. Hormonal form D3
D. Aldosterone
E. Vasopressin
189. An isolated cell of human heart
automatically generates excitation
impulses with frequency 60 times pro mi-
21. Krok 1 Medicine 2006 21
nute. What structure does this cell belong
to?
A. Sinoatrial node
B. Atrium
C. Ventricle
D. Atrioventricular node
E. His’ bundle
190. While preparing a patient to the
operation the heart chambers’ pressure
was measured. In one of them the
pressure changed during one heart cycle
from 0 to 120 mm Hg. What chamber of
heart was it?
A. Left ventricle
B. Right ventricle
C. Right atrium
D. Left atrium
E. -
191. Part of alveoles of a preterm infant
didn’t spread because of enhanced elastic
recoil of lungs. How can this recoil be
reduced?
A. By surfactant introduction
B. By pure oxygene inhalation
C. By artificial pulmonary ventilation
D. By fluid suction from the respiratory
tracts
E. By glycose introduction
192. A young man has a painlessl formati-
on without marked borders in the soft ti-
ssues of his thigh. On the tissue bioptate
the formation looks like flesh of fish and
consists of immature fibroblast-like cells
with multiple mitosis growing through
the muscles. What is the most likely di-
agnosis?
A. Fibrosarcoma
B. Myosarcoma
C. Fibroma
D. Cancer
E. Myoma
193. In course of prophylactic medi-
cal examination a 7-year-old boy was
diagnosed to have daltonism. Parents
are healthy, color vision is normal. But
grandfather from the mother’s side has
the same disorder. What is the type of
inheriting of this anomaly?
A. Recessive, sex-linked
B. Dominant, sex-linked
C. Incomplete domination
D. Autosomal-recessive
E. Autosomal-dominant
194. Objective examination of a patient
revealed: slender figure, big skull, highly
developed frontal region of face, short
extremities. What constitutional type is
it characteristic for?
A. Respiratory
B. Muscular
C. Digestive
D. Cerebral
E. Mixed
195. A 38-year-old patient died during
intractable attack of bronchial asthma.
Histologic examination revealed mucus
accumulation in bronchial lumen, a lot
of fat cells (labrocytes) in the wall of
bronches, many of them are in the state of
degranulation, there are also a lot of eosi-
nophils. What pathogenesis of bronchial
changes is it?
A. Atopy
B. Cytotoxic, cytolytic action of antibodies
C. Immunocomplex mechanism
D. Cellular cytolysis
E. Granulomatosis
196. A patient with thrombophlebitis
of lower extremities had got chest pai-
ns, blood spitting, growing respiratory
failure that caused his death. Autopsy
revealed multiple pulmonary infarctions.
What is the most probable reason of their
development?
A. Pulmonary artery embolism
B. Pulmonary artery thrombosis
C. Bronchial artery thrombosis
D. Bronchial artery embolism
E. Pulmonary venous thrombosis
197. Diabetes mellitus causes ketosis as a
result of activated oxidation of fatty acids.
What disorders of acid-base equilibrium
may be caused by excessive accumulation
of ketone bodies in blood?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alcalosis
C. Any changes woun’t happen
D. Respiratory acidosis
E. Respiratory alcalosis
198. A woman with 0 (I) bllod group has
born a child with AB blood group. This
woman’s husband has A blood group.
What genetic interaction explains this
phenomenon?
22. Krok 1 Medicine 2006 22
A. Recessive epistasis
B. Codominance
C. Polymery
D. Incomplete dominance
E. Complementation
199. A 30-year-old woman was diagnosed
with insufficiency of exocrinous function
of pancreas. Hydrolisis of what nutrients
will be disturbed?
A. Proteins, fats, carbohydrates
B. Proteins, fats
C. Proteins, carbohydrates
D. Fats, carbohydrates
E. Proteins
200. A 39-year-old woman has
madescence in the region of mammilla, a
small ulcer with inflammatory hyperemia
and cutaneous edema. Histologic exami-
nation of tissue sampling from this area
revealed in the malpighian layer of thi-
ckened epidermis atypical cells with li-
ght and optically empty cytoplasm, with
no intracellular bridges. Such cells were
also found in the orifice of big mammal
gland ducts. What is the most probable di-
agnosis?
A. Paget’s disease
B. Intraductal cancer
C. Basal cell carcinoma
D. Epidermoid cancer
E. Melanocarcinoma