003 physics
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This document outlines different areas of physics including mechanics, acoustics, optics, thermodynamics, electricity and magnetism, nuclear physics, quantum physics, relativity, solid state physics, and plasma physics. It provides brief definitions or descriptions of each area, focusing on the key topics or concepts covered within each branch of physics.
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Branches of Physics Lec02 Physics Sindh Board (Explained Video Link In Descri...
Physics is the study of matter, energy, and their interaction. It is divided into several main branches including mechanics, electricity, solid state physics, biophysics, and electromagnetism. Mechanics deals with the motion of macroscopic objects and the forces that cause changes in their position. Electricity studies phenomena related to electric charges, while solid state physics examines the structure and properties of solid materials. Biophysics applies the laws of physics to biological phenomena, and electromagnetism investigates the electromagnetic force between electrically charged particles.
Physics and Matter
Physics is the science that deals with the study of the laws that determine the structure of the universe with reference to matter and energy.
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The document outlines 9 main branches of physics: Mechanics, Electricity, Electromagnetism, Solid-State Physics, Atomic Physics, Nuclear Physics, Plasma Physics, Biophysics, and Astrophysics. Each branch deals with a different subject area related to motion, electricity, atomic structures, astronomy, and other physics phenomena. The document also lists some additional minor branches such as low temperature physics, particle physics, optics, and acoustics.
C:\Fakepath\The Study Of Physics
Physics is the study of matter and energy, and the interaction between the two. The document introduces some of the main topics in physics that will be covered, including mechanics, kinematics, dynamics, gravity, energy, electromagnetism, and waves. Mechanics is broken down into kinematics, the study of motion, and dynamics, the study of forces and their effects on motion. Gravity and energy are also discussed in the introduction.
Activity 2.nucleosynthesis
This document provides instructions for an activity to recall atomic symbols. Students are asked to complete a table distinguishing ions from isotopes. Ions are positively or negatively charged atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of electrons, while isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different atomic masses. Students are then asked questions to test their understanding, such as identifying which elements presented are ions based on their charges, which are isotopes based on having the same number of protons, and the differences between three isotopes of hydrogen.
Activity 3 NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
Stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova nucleosynthesis produce heavier elements through nuclear fusion reactions. During the main sequence, hydrogen fuses in the proton-proton chain reaction or CNO cycle in stars. In red giant and supergiant stars, helium fuses through the triple-alpha process and alpha ladder. Supernova explosions produce very heavy elements through the rapid r-process. The slower s-process in massive stars also produces heavier elements than iron.
Lesson 2 We Are All Made of Star Stuff (Formation of the Heavy Elements)
1) The formation of heavier elements occurs through nuclear fusion reactions during stellar evolution and supernova explosions.
2) Elements up to iron are formed through fusion in stars, while elements heavier than iron are formed through fusion and neutron capture processes during supernovae.
3) Key nuclear fusion reactions in stars include the proton-proton chain, triple alpha process, CNO cycle, and alpha ladder, which fuse hydrogen and helium into heavier elements up to iron.
Tests of big bang
The document discusses nucleosynthesis in the early universe and provides evidence for the Big Bang theory. It explains that during the first three minutes after the Big Bang, most deuterium combined to form helium and trace amounts of lithium. The predicted abundances of these light elements depend on the density of ordinary matter and agree well with observations, providing strong evidence for the Big Bang.
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Physics is the study of matter, energy, and their interaction. It is divided into several main branches including mechanics, electricity, solid state physics, biophysics, and electromagnetism. Mechanics deals with the motion of macroscopic objects and the forces that cause changes in their position. Electricity studies phenomena related to electric charges, while solid state physics examines the structure and properties of solid materials. Biophysics applies the laws of physics to biological phenomena, and electromagnetism investigates the electromagnetic force between electrically charged particles.
Physics and Matter
Physics is the science that deals with the study of the laws that determine the structure of the universe with reference to matter and energy.
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The document outlines 9 main branches of physics: Mechanics, Electricity, Electromagnetism, Solid-State Physics, Atomic Physics, Nuclear Physics, Plasma Physics, Biophysics, and Astrophysics. Each branch deals with a different subject area related to motion, electricity, atomic structures, astronomy, and other physics phenomena. The document also lists some additional minor branches such as low temperature physics, particle physics, optics, and acoustics.
C:\Fakepath\The Study Of Physics
Physics is the study of matter and energy, and the interaction between the two. The document introduces some of the main topics in physics that will be covered, including mechanics, kinematics, dynamics, gravity, energy, electromagnetism, and waves. Mechanics is broken down into kinematics, the study of motion, and dynamics, the study of forces and their effects on motion. Gravity and energy are also discussed in the introduction.
Activity 2.nucleosynthesis
This document provides instructions for an activity to recall atomic symbols. Students are asked to complete a table distinguishing ions from isotopes. Ions are positively or negatively charged atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of electrons, while isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different atomic masses. Students are then asked questions to test their understanding, such as identifying which elements presented are ions based on their charges, which are isotopes based on having the same number of protons, and the differences between three isotopes of hydrogen.
Activity 3 NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
Stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova nucleosynthesis produce heavier elements through nuclear fusion reactions. During the main sequence, hydrogen fuses in the proton-proton chain reaction or CNO cycle in stars. In red giant and supergiant stars, helium fuses through the triple-alpha process and alpha ladder. Supernova explosions produce very heavy elements through the rapid r-process. The slower s-process in massive stars also produces heavier elements than iron.
Lesson 2 We Are All Made of Star Stuff (Formation of the Heavy Elements)
1) The formation of heavier elements occurs through nuclear fusion reactions during stellar evolution and supernova explosions.
2) Elements up to iron are formed through fusion in stars, while elements heavier than iron are formed through fusion and neutron capture processes during supernovae.
3) Key nuclear fusion reactions in stars include the proton-proton chain, triple alpha process, CNO cycle, and alpha ladder, which fuse hydrogen and helium into heavier elements up to iron.
Tests of big bang
The document discusses nucleosynthesis in the early universe and provides evidence for the Big Bang theory. It explains that during the first three minutes after the Big Bang, most deuterium combined to form helium and trace amounts of lithium. The predicted abundances of these light elements depend on the density of ordinary matter and agree well with observations, providing strong evidence for the Big Bang.
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Heavy elements
Heavy elements are elements with an atomic number greater than 92, with the first being neptunium. Superheavy elements have an atomic number greater than or equal to 112. New elements and isotopes are produced artificially using techniques like heavy ion transfer reactions in cyclotrons or particle accelerators. Discovering new superheavy elements helps prove nuclear theories and increases understanding of how nuclei are structured and resist fission. Potential applications of these unstable, radioactive elements are still unknown but may be discovered in the future.
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Physical Science Unit for Middle and Junior High Schools, which can be used for High School and College students as a basic overview of matter. The unit notes begins with the Learning Goals and Performance Expectations as well as key vocabulary. Content starts with matter, atoms, periodic table, classifying types of matter, and then proceeds to explore system types and states of matter. Unit ends with ways Matter can be changed, Physical & Chemical changes, Systems and ends with the law of Conservation of Matter. Unit notes include a review of topics.
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John Dalton's atomic theory proposed that all matter is composed of extremely small indivisible particles called atoms. He hypothesized that atoms of the same element are identical, while atoms of different elements differ in their properties. Dalton also suggested that atoms combine in fixed ratios to form compounds. His atomic theory provided an explanation for laws such as the law of conservation of mass and the law of definite proportions. Dalton's experiments helped establish the idea that atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter.
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The document discusses the life cycles of stars from birth to death. It explains that stars are born from collapsing nebulae and spend most of their lives on the main sequence fusing hydrogen into helium through nuclear fusion reactions in their cores. Eventually a star's nuclear fuel will be depleted, causing it to leave the main sequence and expand into a red giant. The fate of a star depends on its mass, with smaller stars becoming white dwarfs and larger stars ending their lives in supernova explosions, leaving behind neutron stars or black holes.
Timeline of the development of the atomic models
John Dalton (1803) proposed the billiard ball model of the atom with positively charged particles in a solid sphere. Ernest Rutherford (1911) discovered the nuclear model through gold foil experiments, finding a small, dense nucleus at the center. Niels Bohr (1913) incorporated the planetary model with electrons in energy levels around the nucleus. James Chadwick (1932) discovered the neutron in the nucleus, completing the modern atomic model. Eugene Goldstein discovered protons in 1885. Robert Millikan discovered the charge of an electron in 1910.
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The document summarizes a model of the structure of space at very small scales. It proposes that space consists of tiny positively and negatively charged Planck particle pairs that were formed as space expanded. As the particles moved and interacted due to turbulence from the expansion, they generated electric and magnetic fields. The energy from the expansion was ultimately converted into electromagnetic waves as the particles recombined and annihilated each other once expansion ceased and turbulence died down. These electromagnetic waves are considered an intrinsic part of the fabric of space according to the model.
Formation of Light and Heavy Elements
There were three main processes that led to the formation of elements:
1) Primordial nucleosynthesis formed light elements like hydrogen and helium shortly after the Big Bang due to the extremely high temperatures.
2) Stellar nucleosynthesis fused lighter elements inside stars, producing heavier elements up to iron through processes like the carbon cycle and triple alpha process.
3) Supernovae were needed to form elements heavier than iron via neutron capture reactions, as these require more energy than can be provided by fusion alone.
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The origin of elements
The origin of elements began with the Big Bang, which formed the lightest elements like hydrogen, helium, and lithium through nuclear fusion in the early hot dense universe. As the universe expanded and cooled, the first stars and galaxies formed, allowing nuclear fusion to produce heavier elements up to iron inside stars. When massive stars collapsed in supernova explosions, even heavier elements were formed through further fusion and neutron capture processes. This cycling of matter between generations of stars through nuclear reactions is how all the chemical elements from carbon to uranium came to exist in the present universe.
Lesson 1 In the Beginning (Big Bang Theory and the Formation of Light Elements)
Content: How the Elements Found in the Universe were Formed
Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
• the formation of the elements during the Big Bang and during stellar evolution
Learning Competency
The learners:
• give evidence for and explain the formation of the light elements in the Big Bang theory (S11/12PS-IIIa-1)
Summary
• The big bang theory explains how the elements were initially formed the formation of different elements involved many nuclear reactions, including fusion fission and radioactive decay
• There are three cosmic stages through which specific groups of elements were formed.
(1) The big bang nucleosynthesis formed the light elements(H, He, and Li).
(2) Stellar formation and evolution formed the elements heavier than Be to Fe.
(3) Stellar explosion , or supernova, formed the elements heavier than Fe.
• Atoms are the smallest unit of matter that have all the properties of an element. They composed of smaller subatomic particles as protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons have positive charge, neutrons are electrically neutral; and electrons have a negative charge.
• The nucleus, which takes the central region of an atom, is comprised of protons and neutrons, electrons move around the nucleus.
• The atomic number (Z) indicates the number of protons in an atom. In a neutral atom, number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. The atomic mass (A) is equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons.
• Isotopes refer to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses.
• Ions, which are positively or negatively charged particles, have the same number of protons in different number of electrons.
Solid-state physics.Praniljadhao8@2gmail
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Magnetic Mater
This document discusses the basic concepts of magnetism and magnetic materials. It defines magnetic materials as those containing atoms ordered such that they exhibit magnetic properties like attracting iron. It explains that magnetism arises from magnetic dipoles within materials that behave like small bar magnets. The document outlines several key concepts: magnetic field vectors describe magnetic forces; magnetic moments originate from electron orbitals and spin; and different types of magnetism result from how electron dipoles respond to external fields. Understanding these fundamental concepts is important for studying magnetic materials.
Metals, semiconductors and semiconductors
The document discusses the properties of metals and their crystalline structure. It begins by explaining that metals have a closely packed crystalline structure, usually face centered cubic, body centered cubic, or hexagonal close packed. This gives metals their high conductivity of heat and electricity as well as their malleability, ductility, and high melting and boiling points. Metals also have metallic luster and can emit electrons through thermionic or photoemissive processes due to their mobile electrons.
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This document outlines a proposed choice-based credit system for electromagnetism courses. It discusses 6 suggested credit modules covering topics like electrostatics, magnetostatics, Maxwell's equations, and applications. It provides recommendations for textbooks and emphasizes the importance of problem solving over purely theoretical topics. The document also discusses challenges students face in learning electromagnetism and provides example module contents and learning objectives for topics like electrostatics and magnetostatics.
B sc ama-emtheory
This document outlines a proposed choice-based credit system for electromagnetism courses. It discusses 6 suggested credit modules covering topics like electrostatics, magnetostatics, Maxwell's equations, and applications. It provides recommendations for textbooks and emphasizes the importance of problem solving over purely theoretical topics. The document also discusses challenges students face in learning electromagnetism and provides example module contents and learning objectives for topics like electrostatics, electromagnetic waves, and circuits.
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Introduction to physics
Physics is the oldest subject. From the time immemorial, people realized that there is some natural force that deals with the nature’s acts. This presentation describes the forces and their nature and various disciplines of physics
Activity 1. in the beginning
The document provides information about an activity to teach students about the Big Bang theory. The activity involves ordering events in the Big Bang chronologically and observing stickers on an inflating balloon to model the expansion of the early universe. Students are asked to explain that in the Big Bang: 1) space itself expanded, carrying matter with it and increasing distances between objects; 2) the stickers are not moving across the balloon's surface but rather space itself is expanding between them; and 3) the activity models how the early universe rapidly expanded after the initial singularity.
Energy
The document defines and provides examples of different types of energy including kinetic energy, potential energy, chemical energy, electrical energy, heat energy, fossil fuels, geothermal energy, mechanical energy, nuclear energy, solar energy, hydroelectric energy, the spectrum, and ultraviolet light. Key terms like electrons, current, conductors, insulators, nuclear fission, and wavelength are also explained.
Heavy elements
Heavy elements are elements with an atomic number greater than 92, with the first being neptunium. Superheavy elements have an atomic number greater than or equal to 112. New elements and isotopes are produced artificially using techniques like heavy ion transfer reactions in cyclotrons or particle accelerators. Discovering new superheavy elements helps prove nuclear theories and increases understanding of how nuclei are structured and resist fission. Potential applications of these unstable, radioactive elements are still unknown but may be discovered in the future.
Physical Science Notes - Properties, Systems, Matter & Energy
Physical Science Unit for Middle and Junior High Schools, which can be used for High School and College students as a basic overview of matter. The unit notes begins with the Learning Goals and Performance Expectations as well as key vocabulary. Content starts with matter, atoms, periodic table, classifying types of matter, and then proceeds to explore system types and states of matter. Unit ends with ways Matter can be changed, Physical & Chemical changes, Systems and ends with the law of Conservation of Matter. Unit notes include a review of topics.
2 contribution of john dalton martin
John Dalton's atomic theory proposed that all matter is composed of extremely small indivisible particles called atoms. He hypothesized that atoms of the same element are identical, while atoms of different elements differ in their properties. Dalton also suggested that atoms combine in fixed ratios to form compounds. His atomic theory provided an explanation for laws such as the law of conservation of mass and the law of definite proportions. Dalton's experiments helped establish the idea that atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter.
Long test in physical science
The document contains a quote that honesty is an expensive gift and should not be expected from cheap people. It then lists 30 multiple choice and short answer science questions related to topics in astrophysics including the Big Bang theory, stellar nucleosynthesis, and properties of elements. The questions cover topics such as the stages of the Big Bang, nuclear fusion processes in stars, and evidence supporting the Big Bang model.
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This document outlines 8 important concepts about atoms, elements, and the formation of the universe. It discusses that all atoms are made up of subatomic particles, an element's identity depends on its number of protons, and the very first elements formed were hydrogen, helium, lithium, and beryllium. It also explains that nucleosynthesis combines nucleons to form new elements, the big bang was an expansion of the universe that caused it to cool over time, and that mass can be converted into energy according to concepts about temperature and particle energy levels.
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The document discusses the life cycles of stars from birth to death. It explains that stars are born from collapsing nebulae and spend most of their lives on the main sequence fusing hydrogen into helium through nuclear fusion reactions in their cores. Eventually a star's nuclear fuel will be depleted, causing it to leave the main sequence and expand into a red giant. The fate of a star depends on its mass, with smaller stars becoming white dwarfs and larger stars ending their lives in supernova explosions, leaving behind neutron stars or black holes.
Timeline of the development of the atomic models
John Dalton (1803) proposed the billiard ball model of the atom with positively charged particles in a solid sphere. Ernest Rutherford (1911) discovered the nuclear model through gold foil experiments, finding a small, dense nucleus at the center. Niels Bohr (1913) incorporated the planetary model with electrons in energy levels around the nucleus. James Chadwick (1932) discovered the neutron in the nucleus, completing the modern atomic model. Eugene Goldstein discovered protons in 1885. Robert Millikan discovered the charge of an electron in 1910.
2. zpe plasma model
The document summarizes a model of the structure of space at very small scales. It proposes that space consists of tiny positively and negatively charged Planck particle pairs that were formed as space expanded. As the particles moved and interacted due to turbulence from the expansion, they generated electric and magnetic fields. The energy from the expansion was ultimately converted into electromagnetic waves as the particles recombined and annihilated each other once expansion ceased and turbulence died down. These electromagnetic waves are considered an intrinsic part of the fabric of space according to the model.
Formation of Light and Heavy Elements
There were three main processes that led to the formation of elements:
1) Primordial nucleosynthesis formed light elements like hydrogen and helium shortly after the Big Bang due to the extremely high temperatures.
2) Stellar nucleosynthesis fused lighter elements inside stars, producing heavier elements up to iron through processes like the carbon cycle and triple alpha process.
3) Supernovae were needed to form elements heavier than iron via neutron capture reactions, as these require more energy than can be provided by fusion alone.
Different forces of nature
The document describes the four fundamental forces in nature: gravitational, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear forces. Gravitational force is the weakest and acts between all masses. Electromagnetic force combines electric and magnetic forces and is stronger than gravity. Weak nuclear force is responsible for beta decay and is weaker than electromagnetic force but stronger than gravity. Strong nuclear force binds quarks and nucleons in the atomic nucleus and is the strongest force.
The origin of elements
The origin of elements began with the Big Bang, which formed the lightest elements like hydrogen, helium, and lithium through nuclear fusion in the early hot dense universe. As the universe expanded and cooled, the first stars and galaxies formed, allowing nuclear fusion to produce heavier elements up to iron inside stars. When massive stars collapsed in supernova explosions, even heavier elements were formed through further fusion and neutron capture processes. This cycling of matter between generations of stars through nuclear reactions is how all the chemical elements from carbon to uranium came to exist in the present universe.
Lesson 1 In the Beginning (Big Bang Theory and the Formation of Light Elements)
Content: How the Elements Found in the Universe were Formed
Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
• the formation of the elements during the Big Bang and during stellar evolution
Learning Competency
The learners:
• give evidence for and explain the formation of the light elements in the Big Bang theory (S11/12PS-IIIa-1)
Summary
• The big bang theory explains how the elements were initially formed the formation of different elements involved many nuclear reactions, including fusion fission and radioactive decay
• There are three cosmic stages through which specific groups of elements were formed.
(1) The big bang nucleosynthesis formed the light elements(H, He, and Li).
(2) Stellar formation and evolution formed the elements heavier than Be to Fe.
(3) Stellar explosion , or supernova, formed the elements heavier than Fe.
• Atoms are the smallest unit of matter that have all the properties of an element. They composed of smaller subatomic particles as protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons have positive charge, neutrons are electrically neutral; and electrons have a negative charge.
• The nucleus, which takes the central region of an atom, is comprised of protons and neutrons, electrons move around the nucleus.
• The atomic number (Z) indicates the number of protons in an atom. In a neutral atom, number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. The atomic mass (A) is equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons.
• Isotopes refer to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses.
• Ions, which are positively or negatively charged particles, have the same number of protons in different number of electrons.
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Physical Science Notes - Properties, Systems, Matter & Energy
Physical Science Notes - Properties, Systems, Matter & Energy
Lesson 1 In the Beginning (Big Bang Theory and the Formation of Light Elements)
Lesson 1 In the Beginning (Big Bang Theory and the Formation of Light Elements)
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This document outlines a proposed choice-based credit system for electromagnetism courses. It discusses 6 suggested credit modules covering topics like electrostatics, magnetostatics, Maxwell's equations, and applications. It provides recommendations for textbooks and emphasizes the importance of problem solving over purely theoretical topics. The document also discusses challenges students face in learning electromagnetism and provides example module contents and learning objectives for topics like electrostatics and magnetostatics.
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This document outlines a proposed choice-based credit system for electromagnetism courses. It discusses 6 suggested credit modules covering topics like electrostatics, magnetostatics, Maxwell's equations, and applications. It provides recommendations for textbooks and emphasizes the importance of problem solving over purely theoretical topics. The document also discusses challenges students face in learning electromagnetism and provides example module contents and learning objectives for topics like electrostatics, electromagnetic waves, and circuits.
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EVOLUTION OF ATOMIC MODELS .pdf
The evolution of atomic models spans thousands of years, reflecting humanity's deep-rooted curiosity to understand the fundamental building blocks of matter. This journey has seen remarkable advancements in scientific knowledge and has involved the contributions of many brilliant minds. Below is a concise overview of the major milestones in the evolution of atomic models:
1. Ancient Greek Philosophers:
Around 400 BCE, ancient Greek philosophers, such as Democritus and Leucippus, proposed the idea of the atom. They hypothesized that matter could be divided into indivisible particles called "atomos," meaning "uncuttable" in Greek. Although their ideas were philosophical in nature, they laid the conceptual foundation for the development of atomic theories.
2. Dalton's Atomic Theory (1803):
In the early 19th century, John Dalton formulated the first modern atomic theory. His model proposed that:
All matter is composed of indivisible particles called atoms.
Atoms of the same element are identical in size, mass, and properties.
Atoms combine in fixed ratios to form compounds.
Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms, but no creation or destruction of atoms occurs.
3. Thomson's Plum Pudding Model (1897):
In 1897, J.J. Thomson discovered the electron, a negatively charged subatomic particle, using cathode ray tube experiments. He proposed the Plum Pudding Model, which depicted the atom as a positively charged "pudding" with negatively charged electrons embedded throughout, similar to raisins in a plum pudding. This model implied that atoms were not indivisible as Dalton suggested.
4. Rutherford's Nuclear Model (1911):
In 1911, Ernest Rutherford conducted the famous gold foil experiment, which involved bombarding gold foil with alpha particles. Some particles were deflected back, leading him to propose a new atomic model. Rutherford's model suggested that the atom consists of a small, dense, positively charged nucleus at the center, with electrons orbiting around it. This model effectively introduced the concept of a nucleus and an empty space around it.
5. Bohr's Planetary Model (1913):
Building upon Rutherford's model, Niels Bohr proposed his planetary model of the atom in 1913. He suggested that electrons occupy specific energy levels or orbits around the nucleus. Electrons can jump between these orbits by gaining or losing energy, emitting or absorbing photons in the process. Bohr's model successfully explained the spectral lines of hydrogen but had limitations for more complex elements.
6. Quantum Mechanical Model (1920s and beyond):
In the 1920s, with the development of quantum mechanics, scientists like Schrödinger, Heisenberg, and Dirac formulated the modern quantum mechanical model of the atom. This model describes electrons as wave-like entities with uncertain positions and energies, represented by probability distributions known as orbitals. The quantum mechanical model successfully explained the behavior of electrons in atom
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PHYSICAL WORLD part 1
1. Physics is the study of the natural world and its fundamental principles. It includes mechanics, heat, light, sound, electricity, magnetism, and topics in modern physics like relativity and quantum mechanics.
2. There are four fundamental forces in nature - gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces. The strengths and ranges of these forces vary greatly.
3. In physics, phenomena are studied at both the macroscopic and microscopic scales. New areas like mesoscopic physics also examine interactions between tens to hundreds of atoms.
Magnet and magnetism
Magnetism is considered as one component of electromagnetic forces which refers to physical phenomena arising from the force caused by magnets, objects that create fields that attract or repel other objects.
Crystallography and Crystal defects
The document discusses the physics syllabus of Matrusri Engineering College. It includes 5 units - Crystallography, Band Theory of Solids & Semiconductors, Wave Mechanics, Electromagnetic Theory, Magnetic Materials and Superconductivity. The objectives are to understand the structures of solids, behavior of matter particles using wave mechanics, band structure of solids and properties of materials. The outcomes include discussing crystal structures, interpreting concepts of band theory and semiconductors, applying knowledge of wave mechanics and electromagnetism, and explaining magnetic and superconducting materials.
16 1-15 magmater-2 (1)
This document provides information about the course CHEM F343: Inorganic Chemistry III taught at BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus. It includes the course description, textbooks, reference books, topics to be covered in each lecture, evaluation components, and content about magnetic materials. The key topics covered are the role of metal ions in biological systems, metals in medicine, electronic, magnetic and photonic materials, and emerging areas of inorganic chemistry.
Quantum electrodynamics(qed)
Quantum electrodynamics (QED) describes the interaction between matter and light. It was the first theory to show the relationship between quantum mechanics and special relativity. QED was developed in the 1920s-1970s through the work of scientists like Dirac, Fermi, Feynman, Politzer, Coleman, Gross, and Wilczek. Feynman diagrams provide a visual representation of interactions like photons being emitted or absorbed by electrons. QED explains phenomena like annihilation and pair production and is the basis for other theories like quantum chromodynamics.
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS FOR ENGINEERING APPLICATION 22.pdf
The document discusses the atomic structure of materials and how it determines properties. It covers topics like:
- Atoms are the basic building blocks and consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons
- The three main types of atomic bonding are ionic, covalent, and metallic
- Bonding influences properties like strength, conductivity, and melting points
- Crystalline structure and defects also impact properties
- Engineers can control properties by manipulating atomic arrangement and bonding
Magnatism final paper
This document discusses the history and principles of magnetism. It begins with a brief history of magnetism starting in 600 BC with the discovery of lodestone in Greece. Key developments include the first compass in 121 AD in China and William Gilbert's work "De Magnete" in 1600 which provided the first rational explanation that the Earth itself was magnetic. The document then discusses the principles behind magnets including types (permanent, temporary, electromagnets), magnetic properties (poles, fields, domains), and the relationship between electricity and magnetism including how electromagnets work. It concludes by noting how understanding of magnetism has led to many modern applications and future possibilities.
Mangnetism in Condensed Matter
This document summarizes key concepts related to magnetism in condensed matter:
1. Magnetism originates from magnetic materials like magnetite, which was the first known magnetic material. It was later discovered that magnetite could make iron magnetic through contact or rubbing.
2. Magnetite was also found to point approximately north when floating on water, leading to its use in early compasses.
3. Materials exhibit different types of magnetism (diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferro/ferrimagnetism) depending on the arrangement and cancellation of magnetic moments within their atomic or molecular structures.
4. The magnetization of a material depends on both its intrinsic properties and external magnetic fields
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003 physics
- 2. the study of matter and energy, their relationship and the energy transformation
- 4. Mechanics the study of forces acting on bodies whether at rest or in motion. a.Statics b.Kinematics c. Dynamics
- 5. the study of production and propagation of sound waves
- 7. the study of the relationship between heat and other forms of energy
- 8. the study of the properties of electric current and magnetism and their properties
- 10. the study of the components, structure and behavior of the nucleus of the atom
- 11. The study of discrete nature of phenomena at the atomic and subatomic levels; its focus is on indivisible units of energy called quanta
- 12. The study of phenomena that take place in a frame of reference that is in motion with respect to an observer
- 13. The study of all properties of solid materials including electrical conduction in crystals of semiconductors and metals, superconductivity and photoconductivity.
- 14. The study of the fourth state of matter, plasma