Evolution and basic understanding, Principles of management thoughts and approaches. various authors and philosophers defined approaches. various Era and classification of different approaches based on time and characteristics of management.

1. Principles and Fundamental of Management
Thoughts
“EVOLUTION”
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2. Early
Classical
Charles Babbage (
1792- 1871)
Robert Owens (
1771-1858)
Henry Robinson
Towne ( 1844-
1924)
Charles Dupin
(1784- 1873)
James Watt
(1796- 1848)
Mathew Robinson
Boulton (1770-
1872)
Classical
1. SCIENTIFIC
a) F. W. Taylor 1875-
b) Henry Gantt
c) Harlow Person
d) Harrington
e) Frank and Lilian
Gilbreth
2. ADMINISTRATIVE-
a) Henri Fayol (1841-
1925)
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3. BUREAUCRATIC
Max Weber (1864-
1920)
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3. NEO-
CLASSICAL
Human Relation
Approach
(Elton Mayo-
Hawthrone experiment
1924- 1930)
BehaviouralScience
Approach
A.Maslow
Douglas McGregor
Frederick Herzberg
Kurt Lewin
Keith Davis
Chris Argyris
George Homans
MODERN
Quantitative/
Management Science
System Approach
Contingency
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Continued......

4. Schools of Management Thought
1. EARLY CLASSICAL APPROACHES:
HENRY GANTT
&
FRANK & LILLIAN GILBERTH
A) F. A) W. TAYLOR- (SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
CONCEPTS
B) MAX WEBER- BUREAUCRATIC APPROACH
C) HENRI FAYOL-ADMINISTRATIVE THEORY
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5. 1.A) Scientific Management Theory
FREDERICK WINSLOW TAYLOR- (1856-1915) Father of Scientific
Management theory
CONDUCTED EXPERIMENTS ON : 1. MIDVALE STEEL
2. SIMONDS ROLLING MACHINE
3. BETHLEHEM STEEL
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Main objective: Improving economic
efficiency
 Labor productivity.
 Earliest attempts
jobs were allocated
Relationship of the workers
Differences in talent, intelligence,
motivations. Aditi

6. PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC
MANAGEMENT
• Science not the rule
of thumb
• Harmony not
discard/
• Scientific selection
T&D
• Division of work
/responsibility
• Mental Revolution
Contribution
• Time and motion study
• Differential payment
• Drastic reorganization
of supervision
• Scientific recruitment
and training
• Intimate friendly
cooperation between
the Management and
workers
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7. Contribution in Scientific Management
1. Henry L. Gantt (1861-1991)
 incentivewageplans.
 differential piece ratesystem
 Taskwork witha bonus.
 A graphicschedule for theplanning
 controlling of work
 recording progress towardsstagesof aproject.
1. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth (1868-1924 and 1878-
1972)
"man’srecord”"dailybalanceof work“
 "Organizingfor Work“
 Measureactivities
 Thespace on thechart
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8. CRITICISM FOR SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
• reductionist approach
• The allocation of work
• Increased output would lead to less workers
• Inefficiencies
• Poor design of the performance
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9. Classical Organization Theory : Administrative Approach
Henri Fayol’s 14 point principle
• DIVISION OF WORK.
• AUTHORITY.
• DISCIPLINE.
• UNITY OF COMMAND.
• UNITY OF DIRECTION.
• SUBORDINATION OF
INDIVIDUAL
INTERESTS TO THE
GENERAL INTERESTS.
• REMUNERATION.
• CENTRALIZATION.
• SCALAR CHAIN.
• ORDER.
• EQUITY.
• STABILITY OF
TENURE OF
PERSONNEL.
• INITIATIVE.
• ESPIRIT DE CORPS
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10. Two essential elements.
1) It entails structuring an organization into a hierarchy.
2) the organization and its members are governed by clearly defined rational-legal
decision-making rules
CHRACTERISTICS
• Hierarchy
• Division of Labor
• Consistency
• Qualification
• Professional–Private Separation
• Devotion to Purpose
• Advancement / Seniority
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Max Weber
“Bureaucratic Approach to
Management” (1864-1920)
German political economist and sociologist Rationalism in the sociology
of religion and government, Vast majority of works
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11. Contd.....
2. NEO CLASSICAL APPROACHES
ELTON MAYO -HUMAN RELATION
MOVEMENT
&
BEHAVIORAL
SCIENCE APPROACH –
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12. The Hawthorne Effect – Elton Mayo
1. Illumination experiments
2. Relay Assembly test room
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3. Interviewing programme
4. Bank Wiring observation
Room
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13. Behavioral Science Approach
Behavioural sciences approach recommends a study
of behavioural sciences (like, psychology, industrial
psychology, sociology, anthropology etc.) for
understanding human behaviour at workAlso called
"Human Resource Approach“ importance to
attitudes, behaviour,
performance of individuals, groups in the
organisations.
• Some important sociologists and psychologists who13Aditi

14. 14
Maslow’s Hierarchy
Self-
Actualization
Need
Aesthetic Needs
Need to know & Understand
Esteem Needs
Belongingness & Love Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
Being (growth)
Needs
Deficiency
Needs
Motivation increases
as needs are met
Motivation
decreases
as needs
are met
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
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15. Herzberg’s Two-Factor
Theory
According to Herzberg, there are some
job factors that result in satisfaction
while there are other job factors that
prevent dissatisfaction.
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16. McGregor's Theory X and
Theory Y
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17. Vroom's Expectancy Theory
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18. Contd.....
3. MODERN APPROACHES
QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES
THE SYSTEM
APPROACH.
THE
CONTINGENCY/SITUATION APPROACH
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19. 1. Quantitative/ Mathematical Or Management
Science Approach:
• Use of Quantitative techniques
• Improve decision making
• Management science
• Application of:
- Statistics
- optimization models
- informational model and
- computer simulation
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20. 2. System Approach
 It treats an organization
as a system.
 closed or open.
 inputs. Throughputs.
Outputs
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21. 3. Contingency Approach
Contingency approach/ situational approach given
by Fred Fielder. also known as situational approach, is
a concept in management stating that there is no one
universally applicable set of management principles
(rules) to manage organizations
*one can assess situational favourability 3 factors:
• Leader-member relations
• Task structure
• Position power
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22. • Thank you
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