Dania Galdo Section 03EDHOMO NALEDI FOSSILS 5Homo Na.docx

Dania Galdo
Section 03ED
HOMO NALEDI FOSSILS
5
Homo Naledi Fossils
Homo naledi is an ape-human species discovered in South
Africa in the year 2013. The remains were found in the Rising
Star Cave System located near Johannesburg. It is estimated
that the fossils are about 200,000-300,000 years old, even
though many researchers disagree on the date.
Article 1
According to Barras (2017), in the year 2013 Lee Berger and his
colleagues from Johannesburg’s University of the
Witwatersrand discovered something extraordinary; they
discovered thousands of bones that are believed to belong to an
early human species. This new species was found inside a cave
system in South Africa, and will help researchers in knowing
the time of its existence and the way in which it fits in the
human evolutionary tree.
By the year 2015, the new species had been named Homo Naledi
and it had been discovered that no other researcher had ever
come across such species. Even though some of its skeletons
were similar to the modern human structure, parts of the
features were extraordinarily primitive, for example, its skull
was slightly bigger when compared to that of a chimpanzee.
However, it was hard for Berger and his team to establish the
age of the fossils. Without the age of the fossils, the majority of
the other researchers agreed that the real importance of
discovering the Homo Naledi to help understand human

evolution is not clear. However, speculations were that the H.
naledi could be 2 million and above years old and not less than
100,000 years old.
In April 2017, Berger and his team reported that they had
discovered a way of dating the fossils. According to an
interview with National Geographic magazine, Berger disclosed
that the fossils of the Homo naledi are aged between 300,000
and 200,000 years. However, a researcher said that the age of
the fossils is surprisingly young for such a species that still has
primitive characteristics present in fossils that are
approximately 2 million years. Examples of these primitive
characteristics are curved fingers, size of the brain, and its type
of hip joint, trunk, and shoulder.
According to Barras, (2017), it can be quite difficult to
establish the age of the bones of the H. naledi fossils. Many of
the available techniques that can be used by researchers have to
use isotopic analysis of the bone samples. In the case of the
Homo naledi fossils, Berger and his team are unwilling to
utilize the techniques as they will be forced to destroy small
samples of the fossils material. The other option can be used to
establish the age of the bones is through dating the layer of
sediments or rock that blankets the fossils. Unfortunately, the
H. naledi fossils were found in a cave, thus the sedimentary
layer found could not be dated easily. The other option for
working out the approximate age of fossils is comparing the
remains with other remains found beside them. In the case of
the H. naledi, there were no other species found alongside them.
Hence, it still remains unclear on how Berger and his team
established the age of the fossils. Nevertheless, reports are that
Berger and his team found another cave with H. naledi remains,
and it could be that the additional fossils were easier to date. If
the fossils are indeed 300,000-200,000 years, the only possible
scenario is that the Homo sapiens evolved in Africa
approximately 200,000 years ago, and if the H. Sapiens were
able to get to the South of Africa shortly after that, it is likely

they led to the H. naledi’s extinction.
Article 2
According to Greshko (2017), researchers from South Africa
discovered new species that is younger than their primitive body
suggests, and it is possible that the species was in the same
landscape with the early Homo sapiens. This discovery was
made in the year 2013 by two caver explorers from South
Africa. The remains were found in the Rising Star cave system
that is located near Johannesburg. This species is one of its
kinds that have ever been found in Africa. The species has a
tiny brain size with a torso and shoulders that are similar to
those of an ape. However, the species also has some
unwaveringly humanlike features. The species was named Homo
naledi, which is a Sesotho name for ‘star.’ A report published
on the elife magazine claimed that, a team of
paleoanthropologist from University of the Witwatersrand led
by Lee Berger estimated that the age of the fossils was about
236,000-335,000 years old. The team also discovered more
remains of the same species in another cave within the cave
system that the first remains were found.
If the dating of the fossils is what has been suggested so far, it
is likely that as the human species was evolving, it is very
probable that another small brained identical lineage was
developing from an earlier period, particularly, 2 million and
above years ago. The age proposed by the paleoanthropologists
could also mean that the fossils were connected to the early
Middle Stone Age. This fueled the possibility that the stone-tool
reported in South Africa during that time was not just the
handiwork of the modern humans.
Given that the age of the species cannot be verified, it becomes
more challenging to establish the exact position that the species
fall in the human family tree. Other studies done, dated the
fossils by comparing the structure of the teeth and skull with

other species, and it is likely that the age of the fossils date
back about 2 million years back. Another study claimed that the
fossils are about 912, 000 years (approximately a million years).
Most scientist disagree with the date given by Berger and his
team, claiming that there are too many unanswered questions
regarding the species thus, it is close to impossible to establish
how old the fossils are.
Studies on the Homo naledi continue to be done following the
discovery of more similar remains. Using the different types of
dating techniques, a group of nineteen scientists are trying to
unravel the possible age of the Homo naledi remains. These
scientists are not relaying on the available information, as they
find it misleading. However, scientists that have already studied
the remains argue that the remains should be more than one
million years old and not 200,000-300,000 years old as
suggested by Berber and his team.
Characteristics of Homo naledi
Two characteristics of the Homo naledi that are derived are its
humanlike skull and face, as well as, its teeth. Two
characteristics of Homo naledi which appear to be more
primitive are its skeletal features, and a small brain size.
Discrepancies in Interpretation
There were no discrepancies in the interpretation of the fossil
morphology of Homo naledi between the articles. Both articles
offered almost the same information regarding the morphology
of the Homo naledi. They both agreed on the species’ anatomy.
However, the articles differ in presenting the age of the
remains. Barras, (2017), claims that the remains are about
200,000-300,000 years old; while Greshko (2017) claims that
the remains are about 236,000-335,000 years old. Additional,
Greshko (2017) offers more information regarding studies done
to try date the age of the fossils.
References

Barras, C. (2017). Homo naledi is only 250,000 years old –
here’s why that matters. News Scientist. Retrieved from
https://www.newscientist.com/article/2128834-homo-naledi-is-
only-250000-years-old-heres-why-that-matters/
Greshko, M. (2017). Did This Mysterious Ape-Human Once
Live Alongside Our Ancestors? National Geographic Magazine.
Retrieved from
https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/05/homo-naledi-
human-evolution-science/
PROCUREMENT (MM)
CASE STUDY
BUAD3050: Information Technology Management- SAP case
study
Page 1 of 18
PROCUREMENT (MM) CASE STUDY
Table of Contents

Step 1: Create Purchase Order
······································································ 2
Step 2: Goods Recept Purchase
Order··························································· 10
Step 3: Enter Incoming Invoice
·································································· 13
Step 4: Post Outgoing Payments
································································· 16
Step 5: Submission of Document to Word
······················································ 18
Page 2 of 18
Step 1: Create Purchase Order
In this Procurement exericse, we will purhcase 20 water bottles
and 30 water bottle cages

from an existing supplier, Space Bike Composites. The bottles
cost $10.00 and the cages
$9.00. The three digits at the end of your User ID will be used
throughout the SAP
exerciese. For example, if your User ID is GBI-111, then 111 is
your User Number. In this
case study, 001 is used as the User Number – you will use your
User Number.
To create a sales order, follow the menu path:
Logistics ► Materials Management ► Purchasing ► Purchase
Order ► Create ►
Vendor/Supplying Plant Known
Menu
path
Figure
MM1-1
Double-click Vendor/Supplying Plant Known, the next screen
to appear is the Create
Purchase Order (Figure MM1-2)
Page 3 of 18

Figure
MM1-2
Close the Document Over by clicking Close.
To enter the Vendor number, click the search icon to the right
of Vendor.
The next screen is the Vendor Search screen (Figure MM1-3).
We will find the Vendor,
Space Bike Composites to complete the Purchase Order.
Please note that you will type in your User Number instead of
001 in the figure MM1-3.
Figure
MM1-3
Page 4 of 18
Figure
MM1-4
The Vendor List screen appear (Figure MM1-4) and double-
click Space Bike Composites.

Write the your Space Bike Composites’ number for future use.
After double-clicking on Space Bike Composites, the system
returns to the Create Purchase
Order screen (Figure MM1-5). You will enter three inputs,
Purch.Org, Purch. Group, and
Company Code. The last two digits of the inputs are zeros, not
the alphabet letter ‚‘O‘.
Page 5 of 18
Figure
MM1-5
Open the Header by clicking Header icon . Disregard the error
popup asking Enter
Purchaseing Org by clicking Ok button.
Enter Purch. Org. US00, Purch. Group N00, and Company Code
US00 (Figure MM1-
6). Then click the Enter icon at the top left of the screen .
Figure
MM1-6

of 18
After clicking Enter, the system load more data on the screen.
Next, we will enter data
about the Material (the water bottles and cages) we are
purchasing (Figure MM1-7)
Open the item Overview by clicking the Item Overview icon
Click the first Material box, then click the search icon
Figure
MM1-7
This will load the Material Search screen (MM1-8). Select the
Material by Material Type
tab by clicking the Display List icon .
Enter HAWA for Material Type, *### (* and your User
Number) for Material then
Click search icon . (Figure MM1-8)
Page 7 of 18

Figure
MM1-8
Double click Water bottle.
Figure
MM1-9
When you return to the Create Purchase Order screen after
selecting Water Bottle, enter
PO Quantity (20), Delivery Date (Two weeks from today), Net
Price 10.00, Currency
USD, and Plnt MI00 (Figure MM1-10).
Page 8 of 18
Figure
MM1-10
Complete the second line, you can search for Water Bottle
Cages for Material, and enter
enter PO Quantity (30), Delivery Date (Two weeks from today),

Net Price 9.00,
Currency USD, and Plnt MI00 (Figure MM1-11)
Figure
MM1-11
Page 9 of 18
Click the Enter icon and then click the Save icon .
Figure
SD1-12
The Standard PO number will be displayed at the bottom of the
screen. Write down this
number for future use. And, grab a screen shot of the bottom
portion of the screen
showing both the PO Number AND your GBI-###. Paste the
screen shot into a Word
document used to document your work.
Click on the exit icon to return to the SAP Easy Access screen.

of 18
Step 2: Goods Recept Purchase Order
Receive into inventory the stock items ordered from Space Bike
Composites in the previous
task. A goods receipt document will be created referencing our
purchase order
To create a goods receipt for a purchase order, follow the menu
path:
Logistics ► Materials Management ► Inventory Management
► Goods Movement
► Goods Receipt ► For Purchase Order ► GR for Purchase
Order (MIGO)
Menu
path
Make sure that Goods Receipt and Purchase Order are selected
in the dropdown lists.
Enter your PO number in the field next to them.

Figure
MM2-1
After you PO number is entered, press Enter or click the Enter
icon which will populate
your PO data into the fields (Figure MM2-2).
You should see two lines with 20 ea for Water Bottle and 30 ea
for Water Bottle Cage.
If the background color in Line 1 or 2 is blue, then close the
detail data section by clicking
the Detail Data icon .
Page 11 of 18
Figure
SD2-2
Checking OK box and Enter TG00 for SLoc (Storage location).
Figure
MM2-3

Finally, to post your goods receipt.
Page 12 of 18
The Material document number will be displayed at the bottom
of the screen. Write down
this number for future use. And, grab a screen shot of the
bottom portion of the
screen showing both the Material document Number AND your
GBI-###. Paste the
screen shot into a Word document used to document your work.
Page 13 of 18

Step 3: Enter Incoming Invoice
Enter an invoice received from Space Bike Composites for
470.00 associated with the recent
PO and goods receipts. This invoice will be posted to an
existing G/L expense account in
your Chart of Accounts and saved as an Accounts Payable to
Space Bike Composites
To record the picking of the material, we change the delivery
document. To change the
delivery document, follow the menu path:
Logistics ► Materials Management ► Logistics Invoice
Verification ► Document
Entry ► Enter Invoice
Enter today’s date as Invoice date using F4 and enter the
amount from the invoice above
(470.00) in the Amount field and select XI as Tax Code (field
next to Tax Amount). Then,
type in Your Number ### as Text and click on .
Figure
MM3-1
Enter (or find) your PO number in the middle of the screen
(next to the drop-down field
with Purchase Order/Scheduling Agreement) and press Enter or
click on .
The system loads vendor data and displays the updated Invoice
screen.
Enter TX0000000 in the Jurisd. Code field.

of 18
Figure
MM3-2
Click on to save the Invoice document.
Write down this number for future use. Grab a screen shot of
the bottom portion of
the screen showing both the Invoice Number AND your GBI-
###. Paste the screen
shot into a Word document used to document your work.
Figure
MM3-3
Page 15 of 18

Step 4: Post Outgoing Payments
Issue a payment to your Space Bike Composites vendor to
settle their entire Accounts
Payable balance. Note that the amount due to them includes
both of the invoices that you
have previously entered
To post payments to a vendor, follow the menu path:
Accounting ► Financial Accounting ► Accounts Payable ►
Document Entry ►
Outgoing Payment ► Post
In the Post Outgoing Payments: Header Data screen, enter (or
select) today’s date as
Document Date.
In the Bank data field group, enter Account 100000 (Bank
Account), the amount you are
going to pay (470), and your number in the Text.
In the Open item selection field group, your vendor number
105### for Space Bike
Composite in the Account box.
Page 16 of 18

Figure
MM4-1
Select . This will produce the following screen.
Invoices selected will be displayed in blue. At the bottom of the
screen, you should see that
the total amount has been fully assigned.
Page 17 of 18
Figure
MM4-2
The Post Payment Document is updated and Document number
screen appears.
Figure
MM4-3
Grab a screen shot of the screen showing both the Post Payment
Document Number

AND your GBI-###. Paste the screen shot into a Word
document used to document
your work.
Page 18 of 18
Step 5: Submission
Write your name and GBI-### User ID at the top of the Word
document and ensure
that it contains screen shots with the following elements and
submit to Blackboard.
Screen Shot #1: Standard PO (5 points)
Screen Shot #2: Material document number (5 points)
Screen Shot #3: Invoice document number (5 points)

Screen Shot #4: Post Payment document number (5 points)
The Post Payment Document is updated and Document number
screen appears.
Figure
MM4-3
SALES AND DISTRIBUTION (SD)
CASE STUDY
BUAD3050: Information Technology Management- SAP case
study
Page 1 of 20
SALES AND DISTRIBUTION (SD) CASE STUDY

Table of Contents
Step 1: Create Customer Order
····································································· 2
Step 2: Creat Oubount Delivery Document
······················································ 9
Step 3: Change Oubount Delivery Document (Pick Materials)
····························· 11
Step 4: Change Oubount Delivery Document (Post Goods Issue)
························· 13
Step 5: Create Invoice for Customer
····························································· 14
Step 6: Post of Incoming Customer Payment
·················································· 16
Step 7: Review Document
Flow··································································
18

of 20
Step 1: Create Sales Order
To create a sales order, follow the menu path:
Logistics ► Sales and Distribution ► Sales ► Order ► Create
This will produce the following screen.
Menu
path
Figure
SD1-1
Double-click Create, the next screen to appear is the Create
Sales Order: Initial screen
(Figure SD1-2)
Figure
SD1-2

Enter Order Type OR (Standard order), UE00 (US East), WH
(Wholesale), and BI
(Bicycles).
Page 3 of 20
Figure
SD1-3
Click the Search icon to the righ of Sold-To Party box . This
will produce the next pop-
up search window shown in SD1-4
Figure
SD1-4
Search using the Customer (general) tab. If the Customer tab is
not selected, click the
Display List icon . Then select the Customers (general) choice
as shown. Enter last three
digit of your user ID ### in the Search term box, then click the
Search icon

of 20
Figure
SD1-5
A list of customers is shown (Figure SD1-5). After double-
clicking on the PHILLY
BIKES, you are returned the Create Standard Order: Overview
screen (SD1-6). Notice that
the PHILLY BIKES ID number appears in the Sold-To Party
box.
Figure
SD1-6
Enter the PO number (654321) provided by PHILLY BIKES to
link between the Purchase
Order and Sales Order. Enter PO Date (Today’s date) and
Req.delv.date (One week from
today). Click the Enter icon , and a warning pop-up widonw will
appear (Figure SD1-7)

of 20
Figure
SD1-7
Click the Enter icon to continue .
Figure
SD1-8
On this screen, we will enter the Material we are selling. To
find the material number for
the Deluxe Touring Bike Black, click the Material box as shown
and click the Search icon
Page 6 of 20
Figure

SD1-9
Search using the M:Material by descrition tab. If the M:Material
by descrition tab is not
selected, click the Display List icon . Then select the
M:Material by descrition choice
as shown. Enter *###* in the Material box, then click the
Search icon
Figure
SD1-10
Double click DELUXE TOURING BIKE (BLACK). This will
return you to the Create
Standard Order: Overview screen. Then material number for the
DELUXE TOURING
BIKE (BLACK) is now displayed in the Material column
(Figure SD1-11)
Page 7 of 20
Figure
SD1-11
Enter Order Quantity (5) then click the Enter icon .

System will check availability and retrieve Item Number, Total
Weight, Net Value and
other data.
Click the Save icon to save the Sales Order.
Page 8 of 20
Figure
SD1-12
Click on the Cancel button if you have a Print pop-up.
The Standard Order number will be displayed at the bottom of
the screen. Write down this
number for future use.
Page 9 of 20

Step 2: Creat Oubount Delivery Document
To start the process that will fulfill The PHILLY BIKES’s
order, we need to create a
delivery document. To do this, follow the menu path:
Logistics ► Sales and Distribution ► Shipping and
Transportation ► Outbound
Delivery ► Create ► Single Document ► With Reference to
Sales Order
Menu
path
Figure
SD2-1
Enter MI00 for Shipping Point.
Enter a selection date one week from today (you can use F4 to
call up the calendar
window).
Then click on the enter icon .
Figure
SD2-2

of 20
The Outbound Delivery Create: Overview screen is displayed
containing the data from the
Sales Order (Figure SD2-2).
Click the Save icon to save the Sales Order. By saving the
document, the SAP system
ensures that the material is available and can meet the delivery
date.
After clicking on , a delivery document will be created with a
unique document number.
Write down this number for future use. (Figure SD2-3)
Figure
SD2-3

of 20
Step 3: Change Oubount Delivery Document (Pick Materials)
When a sales order is picked, the material is moved from a
storage location to the packing
area. The picking, packing and shipping activities are
accomplished by the warehouse
manger.
To record the picking of the material, we change the delivery
document. To change the
delivery document, follow the menu path:
Delivery ► Change ► Single Document
Figure
SD3-1
The Outbound Delivery document number should be loaded. If
the document number does
not load, enter the Oubbound Delivery document number you
wrote down at the end of Step
2.
After clicking on the enter icon , you will get the following
screen Outbound Delivery
Change: Overview(Figure SD3-2).

of 20
Figure
SD3-2
Notice in the item detail seciont that the Item Overview tab has
been selected.
Click on the Picking tab, then enter FG00 for SLoc (storage
location) and the appropriate
quantity for the picked quantity (5 for DXTR1###). Click on to
save the picking
information. You should get the following message at the
bottom-left corner of the screen.
Figure
SD3-3

of 20
Step 4: Change Oubount Delivery Document (Post Goods
Issue)
After the picking materials, Global Bike Inc. accomplishes
packing activity. Posting
(Shipping) occurs next.
To post the goods issue (change the possession of the material
from Global Bike Inc. to The
PHILLY BIKES), follow the menu path:
The menu for this activity Change Outbound Delivery is the
same as the Step 3.
Delivery ► Change ► Single Document
Figure
SD4-1
Confirm the Outbound Delivery document number which is
already loaded. If the document
number does not load, enter the Oubbound Delivery document
number you wrote down at
the end of Step 3.

With the correct delivery document number filled in, click on
the Post Goods Issue icon.
You should get the following message at the bottom-left corner
of the screen.
Figure
SD4-2
Page 14 of 20
Step 5: Create Invoice for Customer
With the delivery complete, the customer can be invoiced. This
activity creates an invocie
for DELUXE TURING BIKE (BLACK) and the invoice is sent
to the customer. To do this,
follow the menu path:
Logistics ► Sales and Distribution ► Billing ► Billing
Document ► Process Billing

Due List
Figure
SD5-1
The first screen is the Maintain Billing Due List (Figure SD5-1)
Enter UE00 for Sales Organization and your customer number
for Sold-To Party.
Then, click on the Display Bill List icon. This will produce the
following screen.
Page 15 of 20
Figure
SD5-2
The bill list will be displayed with new bill highlighed like
Figure SD5-2
Select you line item and click on Collective billing document,
which will produce the
following screen.

Figure
SD5-3
After you click the Collective Billing Document icon, the
background color of this row will
disappear. Click on the Cancel button if you have a Print pop-
up.
The Maintain Billing List screen now complete. The billing data
is automatically saved.
Click on the exit icon twice to return to the SAP Easy Access
screen.
Page 16 of 20
Step 6: Post of Incoming Customer Payment
We sent a bill to PHILLY BIKES in the Step 5. After The
PHILLY BIKES mails its
payment $15,000, it needs to be recorded. To do this, follow the
menu path:
Accounting ► Financial Accounting ►Accounts Receivable

► Document Entry ►
Incoming Payments
This will produce the following screen. Post Incoming Payment:
Header Data
Menu
path
Figure
SD6-1
The first screen is Post Incoming Payment: Header Data.
Enter to enter the Today‘s date for the document date. Enter
US00 for Company Code,
USD for Currency/Rate, 100000 for Account, and 15,000 for
amount.
Under Open item selection, enter your PHLLY BIKES customer
number (3###) for
Account.
Click the Process Open Items button.
Page 17 of 20

Figure
SD6-2
The Not assigned value should be 0.00 as shown Figure SD6-2.
If the Not assigned field does not show a 0.00 balance, double-
click on the 15,000 amount
to assign the payment to the accounts receivable. Then click on
the save icon to post the
payment. The system will assign a document number
automatically.
Figure
SD6-3
Click on the exit icon , which will produce the following pop-up
window.
Figure
SD6-4
There is no data to be lost, so click on the Yes icon to return to
the SAP Easy Access menu.
Yes

of 20
Step 7: Review Document Flow
The document flow tool links all documents that were used in
The PHLLY BIKES‘ sales
order. Again, there are many ways to access the document flow
tool. One way is to start by
displaying the sales order document.
To display the document flow, follow the menu path:
Logistics ► Sales and Distribution ► Sales ► Order ►
Display
Figure
SD7-1
The Sales Order document number should be loaded. If the
document number does not
load, enter the Sales Order document number you wrote down at
the end of Step 1.
To access the document flow tool, follow the pull-down menu
path:
Environment ► Display document flow

of 20
Figure
SD7-2
The document flow for The PHLLY BIKES will look like the
following (Figure SD7-3).
Review the documents for The PHLLY BIKES‘ order. You
may select any document and
click on to look at it in detail.
Page 20 of 20
Figure
SD7-3
Capture the Document Flow screen and paste into MS-word
document. Be sure that your

GBI USER ID is in view (in the status area of the SAP window).
Save the word documet as
‘ yourlastname_SAPSDcase.docx‘ and submit on the
blackboard.
Standard Order status: completed 4pt.
Outbound Delivery status: completed 4pt.
GD goods issue status: completed 4pt.
Invoice status: completed 4pt.
Accounting document status: cleared 4pt.
SAP Case Study
In this assignment you are to work through the cash to cash
business cycle and processes using
SAP.
Specific instructions for the assignment are in the Sales Case
Study (document: SD Case
Study.pdf) and Materials Management Case Study (document:
MM Case Study.pdf). Read
those documents and complete the steps outlines therein.

Before starting the case study – (after successfully logging in to
SAP), set your environment to
display your USER ID in the status area. The screen below will
help you make that setting.
You will be required to capture screen shots to document your
progress and completion of the
case study. Your USER-ID must be in view on those screen
shots. Copy and paste the screen
shots into a Word Document – identifying the Case Study and
step being captured. Organize
those screen shots and ensure that the data is easily read.
Put your name and your assigned GBI UserID (GBI-###) at the
top of the Word document, insert
your screen shots and submit it to Blackboard.

Dania Galdo Section 03EDHOMO NALEDI FOSSILS 5Homo Na.docx

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