1. TransportEnergyInfrastructure
Roadmapto2050
MAINREPORT
PreparedfortheLowCVPbyElementEnergyLtd
CelineCluzel&AlastairHope–Morley
JUNE2015

2. ProjectSteeringGroup
AutogasLimited
BOCLimited
BEAMA
CalorGasLtd
EDFEnergy
ElectricityNetworksAssociation
NationalGrid
OfficeforLowEmissionVehicles
RenewableEnergyAssociation
TransportforLondon
TransportScotland
UKPetroleumAssociation
LowCVPProjectManager
JonathanMurray,
PolicyandOperationsDirector
Contractor
PreparedbyElementEnergyLtd
Authors
CelineCluzel
AlastairHope-Morley
TransportEnergyInfrastructure
Roadmapto2050
MAINREPORT
JUNE2015
Disclaimer
Whiletheauthorsconsiderthatthedataandopinionscontainedinthisreportaresound,allparties
mustrelyupontheirownskillandjudgementwhenusingit.Theauthorsdonotmakeany
representationorwarranty,expressedorimplied,astotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthereport.

3. 3
Contents
Backgroundandobjectives
Approach
TransportInfrastructureRoadmaps
Conclusions

4. 4
Background-a‘TransportInfrastructureroadmap’isneededto
complementexistingvehicleandfuelroadmaps
Source:AutoCouncilandLowCVP
Vehicleroadmaps
Transportfuelroadmaps
Source:AutoCouncilandElementEnergyfortheLowCVP
Inthecontextoftheexpectedtransitiontolowercarbonpowertrains
andfuels,theAutoCouncilvehicleroadmapshaveproventobea
usefultooltofocusresearch,fundingandpolicy,bringingintoone
placetheindustry’sviewsonfuturetechnologyoptions,deployment
stepsandcorrespondingpolicydrivers.
Tocomplementthesepowertraintechnologiesroadmaps,the
LowCVPcommissionedaRoadTransportFuelsRoadmapin2013-14,
whichalsoprovedsuccessfulinbringingclaritytothefueloptions
availableandmappingtheenablingmilestones.
ThisInfrastructureroadmapisthe‘missingpiece’thatwillsupport
newpowertrainsandnewfuels.Thisroadmapisallthemore
necessaryastheneedsandbarriersfordeploymentofelectric,
hydrogenandgasrefuellingstationsdiffersignificantlyand
refuelling/recharginginfrastructureisakeyenablerforlowemission
vehicles.
TheobjectivesoftheInfrastructureRoadmapareto:
−Assesstheinfrastructureneedsandbarriersfordeploymentof
electric,hydrogenandgasrefuellingstationsto2050,including
impactonupstreamdistribution,aswellastoconsider
‘conventional’liquidfuels
−Makerecommendationsfordeliveryofinfrastructure
deployment,bothatnationalandlocalgovernmentlevel.
Source:ElementEnergy

5. 5
TheInfrastructureRoadmapcoversprivateandpublicinfrastructure,
forallmainroadvehiclesandbothcurrentandfuturefuels
Depotbasedrefuellingforfleetoperatorsandreturntobase
operators
Homerechargingforprivateand(some)commercialvehicles
Publicforecourtrefuelling/recharging
Refuellinginfrastructuretypes
Fuels/energyvectorsconsidered
Zerotailpipeemissionfuels:electricityandhydrogen
‘Conventional’liquidfuels:gasoline(E5toE20,inlinewith
theTransportFuelsRoadmap),diesel,LPG/bio-propane
Methane:CompressedNaturalGas(CNG),LiquefiedNG(LNG)
andbiomethane
Niche/futurefuels:methanol,liquidairandahighbioethanol
blend(E85)
TheUK’slegallybindingtargettoreducetotalGHGemissionsbyatleast80%(relativeto1990levels)by2050,
andtransportcontributestoc.25%ofUKtotalGHGemissions;
EUlevelregulations(gCO2/km,AirQualitytargetsandEUROspec),Directives(RenewableEnergy,FuelQuality,
CleanPowerforTransport)andTransportWhitePaper
Driversforchangeinthetransportenergysystem
Vehicletypes
Source:ElementEnergy

6. 6
Contents
Backgroundandobjectives
Approach
TransportInfrastructureRoadmaps
Conclusions

7. 7
ThedevelopmentoftheInfrastructureRoadmapbenefittedfrominput
fromawiderangeofstakeholders,manyconsultedthroughworkshops
Developuptakescenarios
for%salesofelectricand
ICEvehicles
InputintoElementEnergy
fleetmodel
Outputnumbersof
vehiclesinthefleetand
MJusedperenergyvector
ICEvehicles:diesel,petrol,LPG,gasvehicles
Electricvehicles:Battery(BEV),Plug-inHybrid(PHEV),
Range-Extended(RE-EV)andhydrogenfuelcell(FCEV)
Niche/futurefuelsconsidered:E85,methanol,liquidair
PrepareInfrastructure
Roadmap
Reviewexistingliterature
onrefuellingand
upstreaminfrastructure
Industryconsultation
withLowCVPFuels
workinggroup
ReviewbySteering
Committee
Preparedraftreport
Completefinalreport
Hoststakeholder
workshops
Fourdedicatedfuelworkshopswereconducted
Workshopthemes:electricity,liquidfuels,methane,hydrogen
38attendeesincluded:Infrastructuremanufacturers,installers,
operators,DNOs,energycompanies,fuelsuppliers,OEM/vehicle
suppliers,endusers,localgovernment/regulator
Reportpreparation
Externalinput
Source:ElementEnergy
vkt:vehiclekmtravelled
Seefullreportsfor
furtherdetailsoffuel
uptakescenarios
Scrappagerate,stockandmileageinputsbasedonDfTdata/projections:c.40%increaseinstockand
vktby2050(39millionvehicles,740billionvkt);VehicleefficiencybasedonCommitteeonClimate
Changemodelling

8. 8
Thefuturefueldemandandassociatedinfrastructureneedsarebasedon
ambitiousvehicleuptakescenariosinlinewiththeUKGHGreductiontargets
Source:ElementEnergyinconsultationwithLowCVPFuelsWorkingGroup.Refertothefullreports(issuedseparately)for
moredetail.‘Diesel’referstoablendofB7anddrop-inrenewablediesel,aspertheFuelRoadmap
Proposedpolicy-leduptakescenarios–focusonalternativefuels
Thescenariosarenotintendedtocoverallpossibleoutcomesbutinsteadfocusoncaseswithambitiousuptakeof
alternativefuelsinlinewithtargetssetbytheCarbonPlan
Theyrepresentpossiblefutureswherelowandultralowemissionpowertrainsaresuccessfullydeployed,andare
illustrativeratherthanbasedondetailedmodellingoftechnologycostsandcustomerdecisionmakingbehaviour
InaccordancewiththeLowCVPFuelsRoadmap,blendshigherthanB7arenotconsideredforthemainstreamfuels
andE20isconsideredonlyfromthe2030s
2050
100%
2050202020152030
PH/REEV
BEV
FCEV
92%
80%
15%
40%60%
4%5%
5%
2%2%
2020
15%
10%
2030
10%
50%
20502040
10%
BEVDiesel,includeshybrid
(Bio)methaneFCEV
94%
79%
45%
20%
10%
5%
10%5%
20%
10%
1%
1%
15%
20302040
25%
20%
40%
2050
1%
2020
Methane
FCEV
BEV
Diesel,includeshybrid
Dieseldualfuel(LPG)
Newtrucksalesscenario:Newbussalesscenario:Newcar/vanEVsalescenarios:
Moderate
ambition
CCC
targets
60%
20202030
30%
3%
100%
9%
2015
100%
2050
CCCtargets
Moderateambition

9. 9
Fourdifferentroadmapshavebeendevelopedtobestcapturethe
diversechallengesofeachtypeofenergyvector
Theroadmapsandassociatedrecommendationsarepresentednextforeachenergyvector:
Sectionsforeachfuel
areindicatedbya
specifictag:
Astructuredapproachwasadoptedtoassessthebackgroundandstatusquoforeachfuelidentifyingcurrent
supplypathwaysandtrends,geographicdistributionandkeystakeholders
Thisenabledidentificationoffutureinfrastructurerequirementsandbarrierstodeploymentsupportedby
quantificationofprojectedfueldemandandstationsnumbers
Thefocusoftheroadmapisonthebarrierstoinfrastructurerollout,thewiderbarrierstoadoptionof
alternativefuelledvehicles(suchascostpremium,supplyetc.)arenotinvestigatedhere
Thecostestimatesalsofocusontherefuelling/recharginginfrastructure(capitalcosts)andexcludecostssuch
asnewfuelproductionunits,potentialvehiclesubsidiesandcoststosetupnewdistributionsystems
Thisreportcontainsonlythekeyfindings,theextensiveanalysissupportingthemisissuedseparately,infour
distinctreports(electricity,methane,liquidfuels,hydrogen)
Source:ElementEnergy

10. 10
Contents
Backgroundandobjectives
Approach
TransportInfrastructureRoadmaps
Conclusions

11. 11
Theexistingelectricitynetwork,exploitedwithsmarttechnologies,is
wellsuitedtosupporttheelectrificationoftransport
Electricitytransmissionanddistributionsystemsalreadyinplace,forotherpurposesthantransport,
andelectricityisinprocessofbeingdecarbonised(-80%and-50%gCO2/kWhby2035comparedto
2013in‘Noprogression’and‘Slowprogression’projectionsfromNationalGrid)
Additionaltransportdemandwillpresentapeakdemand(GW)challengeratherthanaproduction
(TWh)challenge:withoutchargingmanagement,EVscouldadd28GWofdemand(c.+50%of
currentpeakdemand).However,EVsareonlyonecontributortothefuturepeakdemand,among
othertechnologiesearmarkedaspartoftheUKdecarbonisationplan(notablyheatpumps)
Themaindemandforelectricitywillbefromcars,whichrequirebothresidentialchargepointsand
anationalpublicnetwork
51
84%
20502013
317
Transportdemand
TotalUKdemand
Electricitydemand
TWh/year
Thequoteddiversifiedpeakpowerisbasedoncurrentlyobserveddiversityfactors(forwhichdataislimited)andassumestono
demandmanagementisinplace,i.e.thisisanupperboundpeakpowerrequirement-basedonscenariospresentedp.9

12. 12
20152050202020302025
2050202020302025
Solutionstoprovidecertaintyof
accesstohomesw/ooff-streetparking
Charging
infra-
structure
network
3-7kWoff-street
orsharedon-street
Millionsofchargepoints(mostlyresidential)willbeneededtosupport
widespreadEVdeployment,withuncertaintyoverchargingtechnologies
Rolloutofprimarilyconductiverapid(40+kW)chargingpointsinshortterm
Futuretypeandrateswilldependontechnologydevelopments
c.500
Residential
3/7/22kW
Cars/vans
>40kWCP(plugandwireless)
installedwithconcurrenttrialsof
alternativepowerdeliverysystems
Potentialrolloutofalternativepowerdeliverysystemse.g.
dynamicchargingonhighways,batteryswaporoverheadcables
Public
network
Technology
Depot/
workplaces
Cars/vans
Busesand
HGVs
EVrelatedDSR
commercial
arrangements
formalised
300-370k
4-7
million
10-15
million
8-10k
100-
200k
400-550k
4-5k20-25k
Uptoc.£20bnfortransmission
and£30-45bnfordistribution*
*TohandledecarbonisationofthegridanduptakeofEVs,heat
pumpsanddistributedgenerationsuchasPVpanels
c.2,200
Dependanton
BEV/PHEVsplit
andchargingrates
Fullnational
coverage
Cost£20-40m
c.1,100
£130-
230m
Costestimatesarecumulativecostsfrom2015
CP=Chargepoint
£300-
530m
c.10charge
pointspersite
Introducesmartsystemsalongside
conventionalnetworkupgrades
Dashedlinesrepresent
highuncertainty
Majormilestone
/enabler
Investmentinelectricity
networks
(transmission&distribution)
–cumulativefrom2015
Legend
Totalsites
Cars
Vans
HDVs
Thousandvehicles
Projectionsarebasedonpolicy-
leduptakescenariospresented
onpage9
Datasupportedquantificationof
infrastructurerequirements
Infrastructureroadmap
Plug-inelectricvehiclesstock
20,000-
25,000
3,400-
4,000
130
4,000-
8,000
700-
1,300
20
1,500-
2,500
250-
400
10
300
60
<5
Many
sitesbut
variable
offer
Visibleand
accessible
networktoall
drivers

13. 13
Avisible,accessibleandreliablepublicchargingnetworkshouldbe
rolledoutforlightvehicles
EnduserexperienceofpublicchargepointsEconomicsofpublicchargepoints
12
Thebusinesscaseforpublicchargepoints
remainschallenging
Recommendations
Centralgov.:Continuefundingprogramandmonitor
progress,embedenduserexperiencecriteriain
supportprograms
LocalAuthorities:supportprogramswherelocal
fleetscanprovideabaseloadtochargepointsthat
canalsobeaccessibletothegeneralpublic;facilitate
exchangebetweenrelevantstakeholders(DNOs,end
user,chargepointoperators)tohelpoptimumsiting;
sharebestpractisefindingswithotherLAs
On-goingtrialprograms:Sharekeylearnings
relevanttobusinesscaseandenduserexperience
(e.g.currentRapidChargingNetworkproject)
Industry:DNOscouldcommunicateareasof
adequatenetworkcapacitytoinfrastructure
developerstoavoidhighconnectioncosts
Currentpublicinfrastructureisfragmentedwithseveral
operatorsofferingvariousaccessconditionsand
variablereportedreliability
Beyondthenumberofchargepoints,anetworkshould
meetsomecriteriatobeusefultoEVdrivers:
−Wellmarketedtodrivers(e.g.clearsigns,uniform
signageacrossthecountry)
−Easytooperate(e.g.multisocketconnections,simple
paymentsystem,etc.)
−Immediatelyaccessible(e.g.PAYG,dynamicbooking
systems,livestatusinformation)
Recommendations
R&D/industry/LAs:Improveandbuildonexisting
networkanddevelopanationalplatformcompatiblewith
multiplevehicletypestoremotelycommunicatewith
publicinfrastructure(e.g.dynamicbooking,simple
paymentsystems,availabilitynotification)andconsider
joiningcrossplatformprojects(e.g.EMi3);embedcriteriain
relevantfundingprograms
Source:ElementEnergy

14. 14
Solutionstofacilitateovernightchargingwillberequiredacross
residentialareasanddepots
PurchasinganEVrequirescertaintyofaccessto
charging,whichisbestprovidedbyaccesstoovernight
homecharging
Ambitiousuptakescenariosandunbalancedaccessto
offstreetparkinginurban/ruralareasmeanmany
householdswillneednewsolutionforaccessto‘home
charging’
Recommendations
LocalAuthorities:Continue(orbegin)toinvestigate
solutionstoinfrastructureforhomeownerswithoutoff-
streetparkingandsharefindings;implementatenants’
righttoinstallinfrastructureforrentedproperties;support
carclubinstallationofchargepointsindedicatedbays;
implementrulesfornewbuildsandretrofittobe‘socket
ready’(successfullydoneinWestminsterCityCouncil)
R&Dbodies&industry:developidentificationsystemsfor
residentialinfrastructuresharedbetweenmultipleusers
ResidentialareasDepots/workplacesandfleets
34
FleetoperatorsofHDVsarelikelytobefacedwith
highlocalnetworkreinforcementcosts(already
observed)–aninvestmentinassetsnotownbythe
fleetoperator:anunfamiliarriskandprocedure
Recommendations
Localgov.:facilitatetheinterfacebetweenDNOsand
fleetoperatorsandpredictionof‘demandcluster’for
optimisedinvestment;socialiseearlyadoptercase
studiestosharelessonslearnt
Centralgov.andregulator:alignEVuptakeambition
withnetworkreinforcementneedstoallow/encourage
‘top-down’strategy(upfrontinvestmentinadvanceof
need)
R&Dbodies:supporttrialofnewtechnologies(e.g.
inductive,ultrafastconductive,‘automaticplug-in’etc.)
thatwouldbemorepracticalforfleetsthancurrent
technologies
CentralGovernment:Continuetomonitorprivatesectorinvestmenttrendsforresidentialanddepotbased
infrastructureandadjustsupportasneeded
Source:ElementEnergy

15. 15
Mitigatingtheimpactofelectricvehiclesonthenetworkwillrequire
newtechnologiesandnewcommercialarrangements
Withoutmanagementofthechargingtime,EVscould(whenaddedtoothertechnologiessuchasheatpumps)
requirelargeinvestmentinnewdistributioninfrastructure(substations,cables)andpossiblynewgeneration/
interconnectioncapacity.TheSmartGridForumidentifiedthat‘smart’technicalandcommercialsolutionscould
saveintheorderof£15bnondistributionnetworkreinforcementcostsby2050
DNOswillneedinformationonEVlocationanduptaketoplaninvestmentandsmartsolutionsrolloutaccurately
Researchisneededtounderstandrelativeimpactof3kWvs7kWchargepointdeployments
Althoughlessstudiedbenefitstothegridcouldalsobeavailable:asflexibleloads,rechargingEVscouldprovide
importantgridbalancingservicestomaintaingridfrequency,tomanagesupplyandreducerenewablecurtailment
Recommendations
CentralGov.&regulators:supportDNOstoaccessgeographicallydisaggregatedEVuptakedata;
InstallersandDNOs:improveplatformforcompilingchargepointinstallationnotifications(asstipulatedbyIEC)
Regulators,electricitysuppliersandDNOs:developnewcommercialarrangementsandtariffsrequiredfortheuptake
ofsmartchargingsolutionsandforcustomerengagement[Ofgem’sLowCarbonFundalreadysupportstheseactivities]
On-goingtrialprograms:disseminatefindingsonlocalnetworkmanagementsolutionstoDNOsandrelated
stakeholders
R&Dbodies&DNOs:Investigatenetworkrelatedtopics:charging/demandmanagementtechnologies,Vehicle-2-Grid,
impactonbatterylife,co-locatingenergystoragedeviceswithrapidchargepointstoalleviatestrainonweakgrid
Impactonelectricitynetwork5
Refertothefullreportformoredetailonsmartsolutions
Sourceforquotedcosts:SmartGridForum,AssessingtheImpactofLowCarbonTechnologiesonUKpowerdistribution,2012

16. 16
ManyopportunitiesexistforHeavyDutyVehiclestousenaturalgas
supportedbymaturerefuellingtechnologies
TheUKbenefitsfromanextensiveandadvanced(uniquehighpressurenetwork)gasgrid,although
notfullyexploitedfortransportapplicationsyet.
EvenifthecurrentnetworkintheUKislimited(<50stations),internationally1000sofgasstationsare
activeindicatingtechnologymaturity
Theprojectedaddeddemandfromtransportisnegligiblecomparedwiththecurrentgasdemand.
However,furtherdistributioninfrastructuremightberequiredforLiquefiedNaturalGas(terminals)
Themaindemandforgaswillbefromheavydutyvehicles,whichrequirebothbunkeredrefuelling(at
depots)andpublicrefuellingforthecaseoflonghaulapplications
UKnaturalgasdemand
2013
64,001ktpa
(850TWh/year)
3,770ktpa
(50TWh/year)
2050
-94%
Busesdemandseries
HGVsdemandTotalUKdemand
Transportdemandforgasbasedonuptakescenariospresentedonp.9
Futuregas
demandfrom
transportis
negligible
comparedto
currentgas
demand

17. 17
Financialsupportmainly
towardsfleetoperators
Communicatereal-timestationavailabilityandfuelpricedatatoendusers
20152050202020302025
CommercialdeploymentalongkeytruckingroutesWidernationalnetworkexpansionexpectedtobe
fullycommercial
Regulatorybarrierswillbetheprimaryfocusforenablingnaturalgas
infrastructure,whilstanumberoftechnicalissuesmustalsoberesolved
Prioritisehigherpressuregridconnection(2-70bar,LocalTransmissionSystemandIntermediatePressure)
wherepossible.L-CNGstationdeploymentwhereLNGlogisticsaremoreaccessiblethangridconnection
c.370
Network
characteristics
(relevantto
bothpublic
andprivate
infrastructure)
Location
OptimiselogisticsfordeliveryofLNGto
stations,improvingoverallWTWemissions
StrategicdeploymentofnewLNGimportterminalstominimise
deliverydistancetoLNGrefuellingstations
Totalstations
CNG
LNG
c.£340mTotalcost
Access
Continueddevelopmentofcooperativesemi-public
infrastructuresharedbetweenfleets
Greaterfleetuptakeprovidessufficientinvestment
confidenceforlargepublicstationsdeployment
<50800-1,000
c.£1bn
c.130
c.£68m
Dashedlinesrepresent
highuncertainty
Majormilestone
/enabler
EUDirectiveguidancemet:CNGandLNGstationsonTEN-TCore
Network,<150kmand<400kminter-stationdistancerespectively
Multiplesafety
standardsmay
limitLNGstorage
to15-20t
LNGsafetyregulationsmodified
MulticompressorsstationsforCNG
LargerLNGand
CNGstations
Station
capacity
Targetedsupportforlowerthroughputregions
HGVs
<18t
HGVs
>18t
Buses
Thousandvehicles
Projectionsarebasedonpolicy-
leduptakescenariospresented
onpage9
Datasupportedquantificationof
infrastructurerequirements
Naturalgasvehiclestock
105
85
17
26
24
9.7
13
12
5.1
4.0
4.0
2.0
Infrastructureroadmap
2050202020302025
Stationsize
range:2,5,10,
15tonnes/day
Indicativefueleconomy:dualfuelHGV=60kg/day,dedicatedHGV=75kg/day
Costsbasedindustryinput,futurecostreductionsnotincluded

18. 18
PlanningguidanceforLocalAuthoritieswillhelpspeedupstation
deploymentswithkeyoutstandingsafetyissuesaddressed
ConsultwithexperiencedLocalAuthorities,
regulators,industryandutilities
PlanningguidanceSafetyissues
12
IssueaCallforEvidencetounderstand
mostcommonlyadoptedstandards
Collate
existing
relevant
standards
Healthandsafetyregulationsand
codesofpracticeonlypartially
addressinfrastructure
requirements
Forexample,naturalgas
infrastructureoperatorshave
identifiedon-sitestorage
allowancesandsafetydistancesto
beincompatiblewithrefuelling
stationdeploymentdueto
regulatorunfamiliaritywiththe
useofnaturalgasasaroadfuel
Recommendations
Regulators:Re-evaluateandconsider
amendmentofexistingstandardsfor
on-sitenaturalgasstorageallowances
andsafetydistances
Anumberofwellinformed,robuststandardshavebeendevelopedto
addresstechnicalissuesassociatedtheinstallationofnaturalgas
refuellingstations
Infrastructureoperatorshaveidentifiedinconsistentinterpretationof
thesestandardsbyLocalAuthoritiestosignificantlydelaystation
installation
Recommendations
CentralGovernment:developplanningguidancedocumenttofacilitate
theuniformimplementationofinfrastructureequipmentstandards
Developguidancedocument
NGVNetwork=NaturalGasVehicleNetwork,aplatformofgasgridoperators,gasandLNGsuppliers,
CNG/LNGstationproviders,gasvehicleOEMsandotherrelatedstakeholders
Crosscuttingrecommendation:CentralGov.,LAsandregulators:EstablishregulardialoguewiththeNGVNetwork,to
addressplanning,safetyandothertechnicalissuesaswellasgetindustryinputonfunding/infrastructurestrategies

19. 19
EnduserexperienceshouldbeharmonisedacrossUKnetworkthrough
standardisationofequipmentandimprovedcommunicationsystems
Industryassertedthateconomicsforoperating
infrastructureinhighthroughputareasdoesnotneed
support,asevidencedbycommercialorganisations
offeringturn-keysolutions
AminorityofUKinfrastructureprojectshavereceived
grantfunding1;furthersupportshouldtargetareasof
lowervehiclethroughput/lowerbasedemand
Areasforoptimisationincludecostsforhighpressure
gridconnectionandventingpreventiontechnologies
Recommendations
CentralGovernment:Focusonlongtermsupportfor
naturalgasvehicledeploymentandtheassociated
infrastructurewillfollowgrowingdemandifthecorrect
regulatoryandlegislativearrangementsareinplace
Gasnetworkoperators:allowcompetitioninLTS
connectiontoreduceconnectioncosts
R&Dbodies:Reducecostsforventingprevention/
methanecapturetechnologies
StationeconomicsandsupportEnduserexperience
34
Inconsistentinfrastructureimplementationhasled
toafragmenteddriverexperienceatstations
Vehicletankreceptaclesarecompatiblewith
differentnozzlestypesanddispensingpressuresbut
nostandardstipulatesaspecificrequirement
Stationdowntime(e.g.formaintenance)isoftennot
communicatedtodriversandfuelpricevariations
cansignificantlyimpactfleetoperations
Recommendations
CentralGov.&regulators:Workwithindustryto
developthemostappropriatenozzle/pressurestandard
tomeetUKfleetoperatorneedsforCNG,LNGandL-
CNGstations
Industry:Developcommunicationsystemtonotify
driversoftechnical/economicfactorsforinfrastructure
(e.g.stationtype,fuelpriceandmaintenanceschedules)
1-e.g.TEN-TfundedprojectsandOLEV£4mfundforfuturestationdeployments
LTS:LocalTransmissionSystem(highpressuregasgrid)

20. 201CleanPowerforTransportprogram–Directiveon‘thedeploymentofalternativefuelsinfrastructure’(October2014)
Innovativeapproachessuchassemi-privatestationsprovideatransition
strategybeforewidervehicleandstationdeploymentinthe2020s-2030s
Anumberoffleetoperatorshavedeployedsemi-private
refuellingfacilitiesundercooperativecontractual
arrangementsallowingpre-agreedoperatorstoshareeach
othersfacilities
Advantagesofthisapproachincludemaximisingstation
throughputandreducingdependencyonpublicinfrastructure
rollout
Opportunitiesforfurtheradoptionofcooperativestation
ownershipmodelswillenableatransitiontosignificantvehicle
uptakewhensufficientinvestorconfidenceexistsforlarger
publicinfrastructuredeployment
Recommendations
CentralGovernment:considercountingsemi-privatestations
(wherefacilityissharedbetweenmultiple,pre-agreedusers)as
‘public’intheImplementationplantobesubmittedtotheECas
partofDirective2014/94/EU1
Industry:developcommercialarrangementsthatfacilitatefurther
adoptionofthecooperativemodel
Depotinfrastructuresharing5
Publicallyaccessible
Privateorsemi-private
Naturalgasrefuellingstationnetwork
Keyinfrastructureoperators:

21. 21
Whilefurtherresearchisneeded,measuresthatminimisetheGHG
emissionsrelatedtodistributionanddispensingofgasshouldbeadopted
Well-to-Tank(WTT)emissions
6
InkeepingwithnationaltargetsforreducingtransportGHGemissions,
emissionsrelatingtologisticsanddispensingofgasshouldbeminimised
CurrentanalysisisincompleteandUKnon-specific,howeversome
emissionfactorsarewellunderstood:
−CNGstationsitingactivitiesshouldaimtoaccesshighpressuregrid
connectionpoints
−LNG/L-CNGstationsitingactivitiesshouldaimtooptimisedelivery
logisticsandadoptstate-of-the-artventingpreventionandcapture
systems
BiomethaneachievesgreaterWTTemissionsavingsthannaturalgasbut
UKproductionislimitedandincentivesinplacedivertittoapplications
otherthantransport
Recommendations
LocalAuthorities:ConsiderWTTemissionfactorsinconjunctionwith
planningguidancewhenapprovingnaturalgasstationinstallations
CentralGovernment:FutureinfrastructurestrategyshouldconsiderUK
specificfindings(on-goingETIledanalysis)
R&Dbodies:Reducecostsforventingprevention/methanecapture
technologies
NationalGridupperand
lowerboundscenariosfor
biomethaneproduction
NationalGridhasdeveloped
severalscenariosof
biomethaneproduction,inthe
highestcaseit’s35TWh/year
i.e.<5%oftotalgasdemand
Underpresentincentives,the
‘Noprogressionscenario’isthe
mostlikelycase
UKbiomethaneproductionpotential
Graphunits:ktpa(TWhshownasreference)
1141144996
14TWh
2015
1,048ktpa35TWh
2025
2,624ktpa
2035
GoneGreen
NoProgression
Source:ElementEnergy

22. 22
Thewidespreaduseofhydrogenformobilitywillrequiresubstantial
growthinexistingproductionanddistributioninfrastructure
Refertothefullreportforfullreferencingoftheanalysis
Productionofhydrogeniscurrentlylimitedtomeetmostlyanindustrialdemandandoftenusedon-
site,withlimiteddistributionbyroadingaseousandliquidforms
Stronggrowthindemandformobility,drivenbyuptakeofhydrogenvehiclessuchaspassengercars,
commercialvehicles,busesandforklifttrucks,willneedtobemetbynewproduction
Asuccessfulrolloutinallvehicletypes(i.e.reachingmillionsofvehiclesafter2030)willrequirea
quadruplingofexistingproductioncapacity,metbyconventionalandgreensources
Whiletherelativegrowthofhydrogenineachvehicletyperemainsuncertain,itisclearthata
nationalrefuellingnetworkwillberequiredtosupportpassengercarsandprivatecustomers
CurrenttotalUKhydrogenproduction
capacityandfuturetransportdemand
kt/year
2,300
690
2050
+233%
2015
Transportdemand
Existingproductioncapacity
-basedonscenariopresentedp.8
Source:ElementEnergy

23. 23
Basicnationalcoverage
Public
accessHRS#’s
First65‘small’HRS
HDVdepots
Pressure
350bar
Van/smalltruckdepots
Indoorforklifts350bar
Nextc.250‘medium’
and‘largeHRS
Nextc.700‘medium’
and‘large’HRS
Continuedgrowth
basedondemand
700barSAE-compliantfuellingforcars.HRS
investorsencouragedtomake350barH2available
tosupportothervehicletypeswhereneeded
Upto5additionalc.
1t/daydepot-basedHRS
Emergenceofmulti-tonne/daydepotsinmajor
urbanareas,coveringmultiplerouteseach
Nationwidedeployment
oflargebusdepots
GradualgrowthinindoorHRSasmarketdevelops,
movingfromsmall(<50kg/day)tolarge(>100kg/day)
Conversionofmultiplelargelogisticscentres
frombatteriestofuelcellswithindoorlargeHRS
TheH2infrastructureroadmapreflectsthediverserefuellingneedsof
differentvehicletypesandtheuncertaintyaboutthespeedoftherollout
Location
20152050202020302025
Fullnationalcoverage
Dashedlinesrepresent
highuncertainty
Majormilestone
/enabler
Productioncapacitylargely
forindustryapplication
Providebaseloadtounderutilisednetworkinearlyyears
H2supplyand
logistics
c.3ktpa
Production
capacity
Transport
demand
Provisionofnewcentralisedcapacity
tosupporton-sitedeployments
2015
production
capacity
exceeded
c.190ktpac.2.3Mtpa
Increasingforecourtintegration/decreasingstand-aloneHRS
Limiteduseofdepot-basedrefuelling
wherecost-effective/convenient
HRS:hydrogenrefuellingstation
Cars
Vans
HDVs
ThousandvehiclesHydrogenvehiclestock
4,200-
16,800
750-
3,000
130
680-
1,400
100-
200
8
180-
350
30-60
3
2
<1
<1
Infrastructureroadmap
2050202020302025
c.£40mc.£180m£400-700mc.£6,800bn
Projectionsarebasedonpolicy-
leduptakescenariospresented
onpage9
Datasupportedquantificationof
infrastructurerequirements

24. 24
Industryandgovernmentwillneedtoworkcloselytosecurethe
deploymentoftheearlypublicHRSnetworkandhydrogenvehicles
SecuringdeploymentoftheearlypublicHRSnetwork1
AcertainnumberofHRS(e.g.65setoutbythe
H2Mobilitystrategy)islikelytobeneededtomeetthe
needsoftheearliestcustomersandtocontinueto
attractOEMstotheUK
LowutilisationmeansthattheseearlyHRSwillneed
publicfundingtoattractprivateinvestment
HRSinvestorswillalsorequireconfidencefromvehicle
suppliersonthetimingandambitionofvehicle
deployments
Customerincentivesarelikelytobeneededto
encourageearlyvehiclesalesasOEMstransitionto
lowercostsecondgenerationvehicles
Thenetworkwillalsoneedtoofferaconsistentandhigh
qualitycustomerexperience,intermsofthestation
‘lookandfeel’,easeofuse,paymentmethodsetc.
Source:ElementEnergy
Recommendations
CentralGovernment:Providefinancialsupport
toearlyHRS,usingfundingconditionstoensure
highqualityuserexperienceandcoherent
geographicstrategy.Providesupporttovehicles
throughexistingULEVincentives
LocalGovernment:Helpprovide‘baseload’
demandtopublicHRS(e.g.FCEVprocurement
forpublicfleets)andmakesitesavailablefor
refuellingstationswherepossible
OEMs:Providetransparencyonnumbersand
locationsofvehicledeployments(asfaras
possible)tomaximiseconfidenceofHRS
investors
HRSoperators/suppliers:Workcloselywith
vehiclesuppliersandtheircustomerstoensure
thatHRSsitingandspecificationsmeettheir
needs

25. 25
Ensuringinfrastructureiscompatiblewithallvehicletypesandpublicly
accessiblewillmaximisestationutilisation
MaximisingutilisationofearlystationsCoordination
23
Asthenetworkgrows,coordinationofHRSsitingis
likelytobeneededtooptimisecoverageand
customerconvenience
Coordinationisalsolikelytobeneededoncross-
cuttingtopicse.g.securingdeploymentsof‘green
hydrogen’productioncapacity,meteringandbilling,
progresstowardsfullyforecourt-integratedstations
IfuseofstandaloneHRScontinues,HRSoperators
shouldworkcloselytodefineaconsistentapproach
tositingand‘lookandfeel’toallowdriverstofind
andusetheinfrastructure
Recommendations
AllH2stakeholders:Identifyanappropriateforumto
allowdiscussionofthesecoordinationactivities,andto
presentanalignedUKstrategyinoutreachto
internationalOEMstomaximiseappetitetobring
vehiclestotheUK
Earlynetworkislikelytouse700barrefuelling,
basedonrequirementsofOEMpassengercars
Othervehicletypes(e.g.vans,smalltrucks)
currentlyuse350bartankswhicharenot
compatiblewithhigherpressuredispensers
Theuseofdual-pressurestations(700/350bar)
allowspublicHRStomeetrefuellingdemandsof
thesevehicles,increasingearlyusagewhere
demandexists
Fleetvehicleusersshouldalsobeencouraged
tousepublicHRSratherthandepotsolutions
wherefeasibletofurtherincreaseutilisation
Recommendations
HRSinvestors:Workwithvehiclesuppliersto
identifyneedsfordual-pressureHRSsites
Localgovernment:Encouragefleetstationstobe
publiclyaccessibleforprivatecustomerswhere
feasible(e.g.throughplanningsystem)
Source:ElementEnergy

26. 26
Existingregulationsshouldbeamendedtoharmonisetheplanning
approvalprocess,therebystreamlininginfrastructureinstallation
Sitingandplanningprocess4
LackofguidanceonHRSsafety
requirementscanleadtoplanningdelays
andinconsistentuserexperience
Transitionfromstandalonetoforecourt-
integratedsiteslikelytowards2020
WorktoincludehydrogenintheBlue
Book1isunderwaytorepresenthydrogen,
inparticularaddressingelectrical
hazardouszonesandsafetydistances,
givingclearguidanceforusebydevelopers
andpetroleumofficersindesigningand
approvingHRSonforecourts
Recommendations
LocalAuthorityplanningteamsand
regulatoryauthorities:Supporttheapproval
ofintegratinghydrogeninfrastructureinto
existingforecourts;produceguidance
documentsforstandaloneHRS
1NationalGuidancedocumentjointlypublishedbytheEnergyInstituteandAssociationforPetroleumand
Explosives(APEA)usedtoassessandsignoffthesafetyofnewforecourtinstallationsandupgrades
Innovationopportunities5
ReducingthecostofHRS,H2production
anddistributionandvehicleswillbe
requiredtoallowmass-market
deployments
QualityassuranceofH2(lowercost
analysis,continuousmonitoringetc.)needs
tobefurtherdevelopedandstandardised
Engineeringsolutionsarerequiredforlarge
scaledepotrefuellingbeyondcurrentfleet
sizes(e.g.c.100busdepotrequiringc.2
tonnes/day)
Fullintegrationofwaterelectrolysersinto
thegridwillrequirefurthertrialsof
technicalandcommercialarrangements
Recommendations
Innovationfundingbodies:Workwithindustry
todefineclearinnovationneedsthatcanbe
deliveredthroughR&Dfundingandtrials

27. 27
Newpolicymayberequiredinthemediumtermtoensurethatthe
futurehydrogenproductionmixdeliversCO2emissionssavings
Hydrogenproductionpathways6
CurrentUKhydrogenproductioncapacityis
insufficienttomeettransportdemandfromthe
mid2030s
Thereforenewproductioncapacitywillneedto
beintroducedconcurrentlywithvehicledemand
growth,takingintoaccountGHGemission
reductiontargets
Astrategywillbeneededonhowthiscapacity
willbedelivered(basedontheexpected
volumesofhydrogenvehicles)whileensuring
thattheoverallproductionmixdeliversverylow
well-to-wheelemissions
Recommendations
CentralGovernment:Considerpolicymechanisms
toensuresufficientvolumesoflowcarbonhydrogen
sources
R&Dbodies:Investigatelowcostgreenhydrogen
productiontechnologies
Technologytype
1.Distributedwaterelectrolysis
2.Conventionalwaterelectrolysis
3.Coalgasification+carboncaptureandstorage
4.CentralisedSMR+carboncaptureandstorage
5.IGCC+carboncaptureandstorage
6.Distributedsteammethanereforming
7.Conventionalsteammethanereforming
8.Internalgasificationcombinedcycle
9.Coalgasification
Source:Aportfolioofpower-trainsforEurope:afact-basedanalysis,McKinsey&Co,2011
Targets:technicaltargetstoreducecarbonfootprintofhydrogenasatransportfuel

28. 28
Afullyfunctioninginfrastructurefordominantliquidfuelsexiststo
supplytheUKvehicleparc
Basedonvehicleuptakescenariospresentedp.9,theyassumea50:50splitbetweendiesel&petrolcars
Liquidfuels(petrolanddiesel)arethecurrentdominantfuelsforallroadtransportvehiclesandassuch
haveaextensivedistributionandrefuellingsystems,forbothpublicforecourtsandprivatebunkering
Demandforliquidfuelsintransportwillsignificantlydecreasepost-2030,withatotaldecreaseof50%to
80%by2050comparedtotoday(dependingontheuptakeofPlug-inhybridEVvs.batteryorfuelcell
EVs)
ThecaseofLPGisdifferent,withapossibleincreaseindemand(mostlybasedonAirQualitypolicy
drivers)fromc.100kttodaytoaround300-400ktby2030,wellwithinUKproductioncapacity
Amongniche/futurefuelsinvestigated,liquidairisthemostpromisingone,especiallyfortransport
refrigerationunits
Liquidfueltransportdemand
Milliontonnes/year
2623
89
13
20152030
31
35
2050
3
-53%
7
3
16
4
2050
-81%
Lightvehicles(petrol&diesel)
Heavyvehicles(diesel)
Highzeroemission
vehicleuptake

29. 29
Infrastructuregrowth
entirelymarketdriven
Operatorstrialnichefuelwith
smallnumbersoffleetvehicles
Keyfindingsfromtrialsinform
futureoperatorinvestment
Withapredicteddemanddecreaseforliquidfuels,forecourtsmay
havetointegratenewfuelsand/orreceivesupportincertainlocations
Continuedslowrateofclosuresfromc.8,600stations
Increasedcoexistenceofmulti-fuel
infrastructuretomaximiseutilisation
Public
forecourts
Growingproportionofbunkereddemand
willshifttoutiliseforecourtswithfuelcards
Private
depots
20152050202020302025
Supportmeasuresforsomeareasmightbeneededtomaintainnetwork
c.£250m-£600minvestmentrequiredfor
upgradesandcapacityinstallations
Trialintegrationofmultiple
fuelinfrastructures
Dashedlinesrepresent
highuncertainty
Majormilestone
/enabler
c.2,000c.1,400c.3,000
Nichefuels
Diesel
Integration
E20forecourt
investment
Coverage
PotentialtransitiontoE20would
requireupgradestoexistingforecourts
Dependentonfeasibilityof
multi-fuelintegration
and/orspecificsupport
mechanisms
Publicselling
points
LPG
Depotinfrastructurefullycommercial–growthtofollowdemand
Cars
Vans
HDVs
ThousandvehiclesLiquidfuelvehiclestock
6,000-
31,000
1,000-
5,000
360
32,000
4,300
700
32,000
4,300
700
30,000
4,000
700
By2050carsaremostlyRE-EVs/PHEVs
50-80%
decreasein
fuel
demandon
2015levels
Infrastructureroadmap
2050202020302025
c.2,000
Projectionsarebasedonpolicy-
leduptakescenariospresented
onpage9
Datasupportedquantificationof
infrastructurerequirements

30. 30
Delaystoplanningtomodifyforecourtsshouldbeminimisedtoavoid
investoruncertaintyandfinancialsupportmaybeneededincertainareas
Stationeconomicsandsupport1
Steepdeclineindemandbeyond
2030islikelytosignificantlyimpact
commercialviabilityoffuelretailing,
(particularlyforsmallpublic
forecourtslocatedinruralareasof
theUKtostartwith,butmore
widespreadissueinlongterm)
Atransitiontoahigherbiofuel
blendwillrequirelargeinvestments
fortankreplacementsand/or
upgrades
Recommendations
CentralGovernment:Consider
mechanismstoensureminimumfilling
stationcoverage,particularlyinrural
areas
LocalAuthorities:Identifyanylocal
supplyshortagesandforecourtsmost
affectedbydecliningfueldemand
Planningpermissionguidance2
Acquiringplanningpermissionto
upgradeexistingforecourt
facilitiescanoftenbedelayedor
rejected
Delaysforupgradeapprovalcan
causepartialunavailabilityand
negativelyimpactcommercial
operation,therebydirectly
acceleratingforecourtclosure,
particularlyforunderutilised
areas
Recommendations
CentralGov.andLAs:Workwith
regulatorstoidentifycommoncauses
ofdelaysandimproveplanning
permissionguidelinesasappropriate
Innovationopportunities3
Biodieselandbioethanol
requireadditionalhandling
considerations
Higherbioethanolblendscan
damageregularrefuelling
facilitiesbycausingstress
corrosioncrackingofsteel
anddegradationof
elastomers,therefore
significantinvestmentwillbe
requiredtoupgradeexisting
infrastructure
Recommendations
R&Dbodies:Investigatecost
reductionopportunitiesfor
stationupgradestohandlehigher
biofuelblends
Source:ElementEnergy

31. 31
Asdecliningliquidfueldemandcausesstationclosures,facilitating
optimaluseofremainingforecourtsislikelytoberequired
Multi-fuelinfrastructureintegration4
Thetransportsystemisexpectedtobedecarbonised
throughmultiplealternativefuels/energyvectors
Existingforecourtsarestrategicallysitedtooptimally
servicedriverneedsbymajorroadsandjunctions
Co-locatinginfrastructureformultiplefuelsat
forecourtscouldensureutilisationismaintained
Recommendations
Regulators:Developstandardsforco-locatingmultiple
infrastructuresandworkwithcentralgovernmentto
developplanningguidanceforLocalAuthorities
R&Dbodies:Identifytechnicalbarrierstoco-locating
multipleinfrastructures(e.g.highpowerrapidcharge
pointsadjacenttoliquidfuels)
Industryandgov.:LiaisewithAPEAtoupdateBlueBook1
accordingly
Communicationofforecourtavailability5
Asforecourtclosurescontinue(andnew
blendsareintroduced),therewillbean
increasingneedtoensuredriverscaneasily
accessinformationdetailingstation&blend
availabilityandlocation
Communicationsystemstoinformdriversof
real-timefuelavailabilityatnearbypublic
forecourtssupportedbyanationaldatabase
couldbedeveloped
Centralcoordinationofsoftware
developmentwillensureaconsistent
interfacebetweendriversandpublic
infrastructuree.g.allowingusewithexisting
navigationsystemproviders
Recommendations
Industry:Developcommunicationsystem
+
1NationalGuidancedocumentjointlypublishedbytheEnergyInstituteandAssociationforPetroleumand
Explosives(APEA)usedtoassessandsignoffthesafetyofnewforecourtinstallationsandupgrades

32. 32Source:ElementEnergyandindustryinput
Methanol
Consultedindustrystakeholdersare
doubtfulofthepotentialof
methanolintheUK,onthebasisof
safetyconcernsandneedfornew
HGVsenginedevelopment(HGVs
aretargetvehiclesformethanolin
theUK)
Furthermore,theairquality
benefitsandCO2benefitsarenot
unclear
IfusedforUKtransport,highblend
methanolwilllikelybebunkered
(notatforecourts)
UKwouldneedtodevelopcodesof
practiseforstorageandhandlingof
methanolaswellasplanning
guidance;inputfromindustry
playersandcountriesfamiliarwith
methanolwillbevaluable
LiquidAir(LAIR)
Existingliquidnitrogen(LIN)production
willbeusedfirst,beforededicated
liquidairproductionisstarted
LIN/LAIRwillbeusedmostlyforcooling
and/orforhybridapplications,as
opposedtobecomingaprimemover
ItisexpectedLAIRwillbeused
exclusivelybyfleetswithdepot
refuelling
Specialistskilledworkerswillbe
neededforliquidairdistribution(e.g.
cryogenicengineersandtechnicians)
Skill-setoverlapwithothersectorsmust
beinvestigatedandconsistenttraining
programmesdevelopedasrequired
ProductionofLIN/LAIRrequire
electricitybuttheenergyvectorcan
alsobeusedasaformofenergystorage
E85
Consultedindustry
stakeholdersaredoubtfulof
thepotentialofE85,onthe
basisofthelackofvehicle
supply,barrierstoadoption
ofnewgradeatinland
terminalsandforecourtsand
lowenergycontent(adding
issuetoconsumer
acceptanceandfuelduty
issueifpriceparitywith
E5/E10(perkm)mustbe
supported)
AdoptionofE85couldnot
bepossibleifE20isadopted
(limittonumberofgrades)
Distributionwouldbeasfor
E10:blendedatinland
terminalsandtransportedby
truckstoforecourts
Liquidairhasthehighestpotentialanddevelopingadistribution
infrastructurefortransportmightrequireinvestmentinUKskills

33. 33
LocalAuthoritieswillhaveasignificantroleinthedeliveryofthe
InfrastructureRoadmap
Source:ElementEnergyforBirminghamCityCouncil,ACityBlueprintforLowCarbonFuelrefuellingInfrastructure,2015
Inpractice,theInfrastructureRoadmapmustbetranslatedintoinfrastructurestrategiesdevelopedandledat
locallevelasdemandforfuelsandopportunitiesarespecifictoaregion/city.CitiesalsohavevaryingfocusonCO2
emissionsorAirQualityissues
Localrefuellingstrategiesmustaccountfor:
•thelocaldemandfromfleetandpublictransport,andthecurrentinfrastructureinplace
•thelocalopportunitiesforproductionoflowcarbonfuelordistribution(e.g.accesstohighpressuregasgrid,
tohighvoltagenetwork)
BirminghamCitystrategy
Encourageandcontributetotheuptakeoflowcarbonvehicles–e.g.
adoptioninCouncilfleet,settinglocalincentives
Useplanningguidancetodeliverstrategyrecommendationsfor
infrastructure–e.g.regardingsitingandtechnicalspecifications
Assistinfrastructureprovidersinfinding/assessinglandforinstallation–e.g.
identifyowner,provideroadaccessandtrafficdata
Streamlineplanningprocessesforrenewablefuelproductionand
infrastructure
Includelowcarbonfuelsfortransportintothedevelopmentofenergy
systemstrategies–e.g.transportconsiderationscanbeintegratedtoreview
ofwastestrategy(biomethanecanproduceheat,electricityorusedasfuel)
Workcloselywithprivatefleetsondemonstrationanddeploymentactivities
forlowcarbonvehicles–e.g.encourageformationofstakeholdergroupfor
experiencesharing,jointprocurementandconsortiaformationforfunding
SpecificactionsLAscantaketosupporttherolloutofrefuellinginfrastructure

34. 34
Contents
Backgroundandobjectives
Approach
TransportInfrastructureRoadmaps
Conclusions

35. 35
Thedeploymentofpublicrefuellinginfrastructurefortransportwill
requiresignificantnewinvestmentandlongtermpolicyclarity
1Includesstationscapitalcostsonly,opportunitiesforcostreductionto2050arenot
included.Investmentrelatedtogridreinforcementnotincluded
£0.2bn
£2.1bn
£10bn
202020502030
Methane
Electricity
Liquidfuels
Hydrogen
Cumulativepublic
infrastructureinvestment1
Investmenttodeliverthefuturerefuelling/recharging
infrastructurewillrequire:
–Strongconfidenceforprivateinvestors,i.e.clear
andlongtermgovernmentpositionfordifferent
fuelsandpolicydrivers,confidenceinlongterm
revenuestojustifyupfrontinvestment
–Fundingsupportinsomecasesinearlyyears
(whenassetutilisationlevelsarelow)
–Coordinationacrossgovernment,regulators
andindustrytoremovecertainbarriersto
installationofnewinfrastructuree.g.lack
of/unclearplanningguidance,harmonisationof
safetyprocedures,integrationofnewfuelsin
existingforecourts
Earlyinvestments
needingsupport
Privateinvestments
inprofitableassets

36. 36
BothcentralandlocalGovernmentsandindustryhaverolestoplayin
thisdeployment–coordinationofeffortswillbeneeded
AQ=AirQuality,LA=LocalAuthorities
RoleofCentralGovernment
TheRoadmapcouldbeused
forfuturepolicydesign,for
examplesupportingearly
infrastructureinvestments,
mechanismstoencourage
continued/increased
productionoflowcarbon
fuels,targetedR&Dactivities,
identifyingstrategicneedsin
specificUKlocations
CoordinatingLAsand
communicatingconsistent
infrastructureplanning
guidelineswillavoiddelays
andensureconsistent
infrastructurerollout
RoleofLocalAuthorities
TheRoadmapcouldbe
translatedintolocalstrategies
developedandledatlocallevel
asdemandforfuelsand
opportunitiesarespecifictoa
region/citywithvaryingfocuson
CO2emissionsorAQissues
Localstrategiesshouldconsider
localdemandfromfleetand
publictransport,existing
infrastructure,andlocal
opportunitiesforproduction
and/ordistributionoflow
carbonfuel
Roleofindustry
TheRoadmaphighlightsthe
importanceofdeployinga
nationallyharmonised
infrastructureforeachfuel
typerequiringanindustry
led,coordinatedapproach
Thisroleextendsto
ensuringaconsistentand
highqualitycustomeroffer
fornewfuels
Industryarealsowell
positionedtopursue
infrastructurecost
reductionopportunities
providedabusinesscase
canbeestablished

37. 37
Enduserexperiencekeytoacceptanceanduptakeofnewfuels;further
innovationisrequiredtofullymeettheneedsofmass-marketcustomers
EVs:ElectricVehicles,WTT=Well-to-Tank
Ensuringsufficientaccesstopublicrefuelling/recharginginfrastructureaswellas
harmonisingtheenduserexperienceofinfrastructureiskeytosupportinglowemission
vehicleuptake
Innovationwillbeneeded:
–Communication/ITsolutions:forsharingchargepointsorrefuellingstationsacross
privateusers,fornewservicessuchasdynamicbooking,forecourtchoiceand
availability
–Technologies:e.g.toidentifymostappropriaterechargingtechnologyfordepots;
hydrogenmeteringandqualityassurance;optimisingequipmentforhandlinghigher
biofuelblends
–Commercialarrangements:e.g.tominimisenetworkimpactofEVswith‘smart’
solutions(e.g.DemandSideManagement)allowwaterelectrolyserstosecure
revenuesfromprovidinggridservices
MinimisingWTTemissionsassociatedwithproductionandlogisticsoffuels(inparticular
methaneandhydrogenasdecarbonisationtargetsarealreadyinplaceforelectricity)
shouldbeconsideredforfutureinfrastructuresitingandtechnologyselectiondecisions

38. 38
Theroadmapcapturesthefutureinfrastructuredevelopment
needsbasedontoday’sknowledgeofrefuelling/recharging
technologiesandbasedonambitiousuptakescenariosfor
alternativefuels
TheRoadmapwillhavetobeupdatedonaregularbasisforits
outputstoremainrelevantastechnologiesevolve:
−Innovationsoninfrastructuretechnologiesareexpected,
especiallyaroundchargingtechnologies,wheredeployment
ofnewsolutionscouldsignificantlychangethestrategy(e.g.
dynamicwirelessvs.ultrafastcharging)
−Vehiclesareexpectedtochangetoo,notablywiththe
introductionofautonomousvehicles.Opportunitiesand
developmentenablersforautonomousvehiclesto
refuel/rechargeduringnon-operationalwindows,thus
removingtheneedfordriver-infrastructureinteractionneed
tobebetterunderstoodandincludedinfutureroadmaps
TheInfrastructureRoadmapwillhavetobeupdatedtoevolvewith
theexpectedinnovationsinbothrefuellingandvehicletechnologies
Source:ElementEnergy

39. 39
Acronymsandreferences

40. 40
Acronyms
BEVBatteryElectricVehicle
CCCCommitteeonClimateChange
CNGCompressedNaturalGas
COMAHControlofMajorAccidentHazard
CPChargePoint
DECCDepartmentofEnergy&ClimateChange
DfTDepartmentforTransport
DNODistributionNetworkOperators
DSRDemandSideResponse
ECEuropeanCommission
ETIEnergyTechnologiesInstitute
EUEuropeanUnion
EVElectricVehicle
FCEVFuelCellElectricVehicle
FCHJUFuelCellHydrogenJointUndertaking
H2Hydrogen
HGVHeavyGoodsVehicle
HRSHydrogenRefuellingStation
HSEHealthandSafetyExecutive
ICEInternalCombustionEngine
IECInternationalElectro-technicalCommission
IGEMInstituteforGasEngineersandManagers
ktpathousandstonnesperannum
LALocalAuthority
LBMLiquidBiomethane
LCNGLiquefiedandCompressedNaturalGas
LINLiquidNitrogen
LNGLiquefiedNaturalGas
LPGLiquefiedPetroleumGas
LTSLocalTransmissionSystem
MtMilliontonnes
NGVANaturalGasVehicleAssociation
OEMOriginalEquipmentManufacturer
OLEVOfficeforLowEmissionVehicles
PAYGPayASYouGo
PHEVPlug-inHybridElectricVehicle
R&DResearchandDevelopment
REEVRangerExtenderElectricVehicle
SGFSmartGridForum
SMESmallandmediumenterprises
SMRSteamMethaneReforming
STORShortTermOperatingResponse
TEN-TTrans-EuropeanTransportNetworks
ToUTimeofUse
TSOTransmissionsystemoperator
TTWTank-to-Wheel
ULEVUltra-LowEmissionsVehicle
WEWaterElectrolysis
WTTWell-to-Tank
WTWWell-to-Wheel

41. 41
Mainreferences
RefertotheTechnicalAppendix(issuedseparately)forafulllistofreferences
−Aportfolioofpower-trainsforEurope:afact-basedanalysis,2011
−AEAforDfT,Modes3study,2011
−DECC,EnergyconsumptionintheUK,2014
−DfTpresentationatNGVday,LowCarbonTruckandRefuellingInfrastructureDemonstrationTrialEvaluation,June2014
−DFT,RTFOBiofuelStatistics,2014
−DUKESChapter3,4,5,2015
−ECF,FuellingEurope’sFuture:HowautoinnovationleadstoEUjobs,2013
−Ecofys,UKBiofuelIndustryoverview,2013
−ElementEnergyandE4TechfortheFCHJU,DevelopmentofWaterElectrolysisintheEuropeanUnion,2014
−ElementEnergyforBirminghamCityCouncil,ACityBluePrintforLowCarbonFuelRefuellingInfrastructure,2015
−ElementEnergyforCLNR,Reviewofexistingcommercialarrangementsandemergingbestpractice,2013
−ElementEnergyfortheCommitteeonClimateChange,Infrastructureinalow-carbonenergysystemto2030:Transmissionand
distribution,2013
−ElementEnergy,Ecolaneandal.fortheCommitteeonClimateChange,PathwaystohighpenetrationofEVs,2013
−ERTRAC,EnergyCarriersforPowertrains,2014
−ETI,AnaffordabletransitiontosustainableandsecureenergyforlightvehiclesintheUK,2013
−EuropeanParliamentandCouncil,Directive2009/30/EC,2009
−JRC,WTTanalysisoffutureautomotivefuelsandpowertrainsintheEuropeancontext,2014
−LiquidAirEnergyNetwork,LiquidAirontheHighway,2014
−NationalGrid,FutureEnergyScenarios,2014
−RicardoAEA,AssessmentoftheexistingUKinfrastructurecapacityandvehiclefleetcapabilityfortheuseofbiofuels,2011
−Roads2HycomDeliverable2.1and2.1a,2007
−SmartGridForum,AssessingtheImpactofLowCarbonTechnologiesonUKpowerdistribution,2012
−UKH2MobilityPhase1,publicreport,2013
−UKPIA,StatisticalReview,2014
−UKPNforLowCarbonLondon,Impactandopportunitiesforwide-scaleElectricVehicledeployment,2014