1.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
The Electric Mobility opportunity
in South Africa
Maximising the impact
Research is using money to get knowledge,
Innovation is using knowledge to make money…

2.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd 2

3.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
Supporting our customers…
3
We help our customers develop, make and sell innovative
products through technical advice and engineering.
Complex productsRenewable Energy
Socio-economic benefit
In areas where it has high impact…
Manufacturing efficiency Energy efficiency
Resulting in…
Lower risk Lower costSatisfied customers
Greater profitability
Electric Mobility

4.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
Why EV’s make a difference in SA
Environmental benefits
4

5.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
http://knowledge.allianz.com/demographics/population_growth/?799/world-population-how-we-have-grown-since-1700
“Two-thirds of South Africa's population now lives in
urban areas, according to a recent survey”

6.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
http://mcensustainableenergy.pbworks.com/w/page/20638072/Food%20System
Transport fraction of energy used

7.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
http://osqar.suncor.com/2010/12/is-there-a-link-between-energy-use-and-standard-of-living.html
HDI is a comparative
measure of:
-life expectancy,
-literacy,
-education,
-standards of living
As countries develop they use more energy per person

8.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
As countries develop they use more energy per person

9.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
Finite
resources
Mostly
Transport
Most of our sources are not sustainable

10.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
Source: Nick A. Owen, Oliver R. Inderwildi, David A. King, The status of conventional world oil reserves—Hype or
cause for concern?, Energy Policy, Volume 38, Issue 8, August 2010, Pages 4743-4749,
Oil discovery slowing down and more expensive to extract

11.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
Source: http://www.castlecover.co.uk/historic-home-utility-prices/
www.forbes.com
Oil conflicts
Consequence – price instability

12.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
“The majority of greenhouse gases come from burning fossil fuels to
produce energy” – USA Environmental Protection Agency
Global Warming

13.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
Coal combustion in China causes an estimated 250,000 deaths per year
- Scientific Evidence of Health Effects from Coal Use in Energy Generation, E. Burt, P. Orris, S. Buchanan,
University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, Illinois, USA, APRIL 2013
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/China_Cost_of_Pollution.pdf
eMalahleni
(Witbank),
South Africa
(This is more than the total of all the nuclear-related disasters in the world!)
Air pollution

14.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
“Houston, we
have a problem !”
We must use sustainable energy.
We must use energy more
efficiently.

15.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
ESKOM Electricity gives you ~1015g CO2 per kWh
ESKOM annual report 2011
eMalahleni (Witbank), South Africa
Are EV’s just displacing the location of pollution and CO2?
But will e-mobility help SA?

16.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
Internal combustion engines are inefficient
17
Bosch Automotive Handbook - 4th edition

17.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
Oil as an energy source in conventional cars

18.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
Electric drivetrains are efficient
19
6% 2%
11%
81%
EV losses
Charging
Battery
Motor
Left for Propulsion

19.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
Coal-fired electricity as an energy source in electric cars

20.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
Joule CO2 compared to conventional cars
22
Source: Optimal Energy

21.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
What about Hydrogen-Fuelled vehicles?
23
https://cleantechnica.com/2014/12/01/fuel-cell-economics-vs-batteries/
Other problems to solve:
• Making hydrogen from non-fossil sources still a problem
• From renewable electricity FCV is ~26% efficient vs BEV’s 80%
• Refuelling infrastructure 10x the cost of EV charging
• EV’s can be charged at home

22.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
2008 Aug 28th
SAIAMC WORKSHOP

23.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
2008 Aug 28th
SAIAMC WORKSHOP

24.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
The opportunity of EV batteries
Local supply chain & integration
27

25.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
Everything is related – need Balance
Cost
•Material
•In-bound
•Out-bound
•Efficiency
•Labour rate
•CAPEX
•IP
Safety
•Chemistry
•Consistency
•BMS
•Pack Design
•Vehicle Design
Performance
•Pack Mass
•Charge acceptance
•Discharge character
•Cycle life
•Thermal range

26.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
SA Battery Industry
• CSIR gave birth to important Li-ion Chemistries
• Mile Thackeray - ANL
• ZEBRA battery
• New Li-ion research: UWC, CSIR, UL
• UWC also developed “Modular battery System” =>
29

27.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
Batteries are not all equal and can be unsafe
30

28.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
Chemistry dictates material & cell cost
31
Cells make up ~60% of pack cost
Integration with the EV is complicated

29.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
Choose the right chemistry: HEV vs BEV
32

30.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
Why SA needs a local EV
Industrialisation at a large scale

31.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
Economics of manufacturing SA-owned IP
34
For every person employed in automotive
assembly the are more than 5 jobs created
elsewhere.
For Joule, using local technology, this
would be ~8.
Joule would have created ~10 000 jobs…

32.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd 37Source: Optimal Energy

33.
38

34.
What’s inside?
39Source: Optimal Energy

35.
DRIVE SYSTEM
40
STM type
380Nm at standstill
70kW peak
55kW continuous
Regenerative braking
KPI’s:
-High Efficiency
-Low Cost
-Low Mass
Source: Optimal Energy

36.
BATTERY PACK
75 cells
per module
16 modules
per pack
Voltage: 400V Energy: 32kWh Power: 75kW peak (215A)
Mass: 300kg Life: 7 years Failures: 0
KPI’s: Low Cost, Low Mass, High Efficiency, Safe
Source: Optimal Energy

37.
Gerhard Swart
42
VEHICLE CONTROL, SW & INFOTEL
Integrated EV
Architecture
Optimised EV “feel”
Connectivity to cloud
In-house control of
vehicle performance
Source: Optimal Energy

38.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
What about electrification of other segments of transport?
Forecast Ex-factory value of EV sales in 2023 by application sector
SOURCE: IDTechEx, Hybrid & Pure Electric Vehicles for Land, Water & Air 2013-2023: Forecasts, Technologies, Players, Sept 2013

39.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
CONCLUSION
• We need to use less oil, urgently
– New oil refinery costs billions, rather invest in EV
• BEV’s use the least oil and emit least CO2, well-to-wheel (when
energy sources are sustainable)
• Don’t just focus on passenger cars!
• SA can still do a local EV/bus development
• Balance the job creation with the “green” issues
– don’t just import complete vehicles!!

40.
High-impact Innovation
CONFIDENTIALCopyright – Alphadot (Pty) Ltd
Thank You
Acknowledgements:
- UWC Energy Storage Innovation Lab
- Prof. Ben Bladergroen
- Optimal Energy