2. S T O N E foundation
Hard solid non metallic mineral matter of whish rock is made, as a building material.
Different kind of stones are found in different regions of Rajasthan
Black oxyn natural
Grey lime stone
Natural stone
Lihri pink stone
Jodhpuri stone
White natural stone
Red movement
quartzite
Talc mineral
Talcum natural
stone
Nimbahera stone
Agra red stone
Dimension stone
Silver grey
polished stone
Sandstone
Rough kota stone
Mirror polished
Waterproof stone
Slate stone
External wall
MARWAR MEWAR
DHUNDHAR HADOTI
STONES IN RAJASTHAN
3. ROCK FORMATION
Talking about rock formation in RAJASTHAN. We have two types of rocks. They are SEDIMENTARY and METAMORPHIC
found in different regions in rajasthan state.
RAJASTHAN
Sedimentary rocks
These kind of rocks are formed
through the gradual accumulation of
sediments for example, sand on a
beach or mud on a river bed.
Eventually the sediments will become
so dense that they would
essentially form a rock.
Metamorphic rocks
These are rocks which once existed as
igneous or sedimentary rocks but have
been subjected to varying degrees of
pressure and heat within the Earth's
crust. Metamorphic rocks are typically
found in areas of mountain building.
Rock system in
Rajasthan
Archaean Aryan Purana
Archaean Gneisses Dharwar Cuddapah VindhyanGondwana
ARCHAEAN SYSTEM
Archean rocks, also known as
Pre-Cambrian rocks are the
oldest rocks of the earth’s crust.
The Archean period covers
86.7% of Total geological history
VINDHYAN SYSTEM
The Vindhyan Mountains form a dividing
line between the Ganges plain and
Deccan Plateau. The Vindyan system is
named after Vidhyan Mountains. This
system rocks are extensively distributed
in India from Chittorgarh (Rajasthan) to
Sasaram (Bihar).
Stone types
MARBLE
GRANITE SANDSTONE LIMESTONE
SLATE
Marble was used for building
tombs, temples and palaces. For
a time it was considered as
Royal Stone. It is, however, now
used in hotels and homes too.
There are many varieties.
They are available in a number of
finishes and come with great
strength. However, Sandstone
like Rainbow is only available in
layered form and so is not
suitable when good thickness is
required and Jodhpur sandstone
is best when used in front
elevation and high
comprehensive strength.
Kotastone of Kota district and
Yellow Limestone of Jaisalmer
district of Rajasthan are the
prime limestone occurrences in
India. Limestone has numerous
uses: as a building material, an
essential component of
concrete (Portland cement), as
aggregate for the base of roads
Deposits in Rajasthan are
spread over the districts of
Alwar, Ajmer, Bharatpur,
Tonk, Sawai Madhopur, Pali,
Udaipur, Churu, and
Chittorgarh
Granite is nearly always massive
(i.e., lacking any internal
structures), hard, and tough.
Granite has poor primary
permeability overall, but strong
secondary permeability through
cracks and fractures if they are
present. A granitic rock with a
porphyritic texture is known as
a granite porphyry.
4. Quarrying of STONE
WITHOUT BLASTING
I. The Wedge Method :
The holes at carefully selected places on
the rock, are dug either manually using
Chisels and Hammers by the skilled
workers or drilled by special machines
called “Hammer Drills”
II. The Channeling Method :
When single large blocks of costly stones
like marbles and limestone are required,
the use of big machines called
“Channelizers” which have reciprocating
cutting tools and are power driven.
III. By Heating:
For obtaining small quantities of stones,
rocks are heated for a few hours by
burning heaps of firewood over their
surface.
SPLITTER STONE CUTTING
MACHINE
(PER SLICE OF STONE
TAKES 15 MINUTUES TO CUT)
STONE CUTTING MACHINE
(PER DAY,PER HOUR
100 PIECES CUT)
BLADES ARE USED IN
SPLITTER STONE CUTTING
MACHINE
5. Quarrying of STONE
WITH BLASTING
I. Drilling of blast-holes:
A hole of suitable diameter and depth
driven at a properly selected location on a
rock for being charged with an explosive.
It may be driven either manually or
mechanically.
II. Charging of Blast-hole:
The loading or charging of the blast-holes
with pre-determined quantities of the
selected type of explosive is to be done
with great care and caution.
6. DRESSING of STONE
To reduce the size of
the big rocks
To give a proper shape
of the stone
to obtain an appealing
finish
The process of giving a proper size, shape and finish to the roughly
broken stones as obtained from the quarry. It is done manually or
mechanically. A dressed stone is fit for use in a particular situation in a
building.
7. Types of DRESSING of STONEs
SMOOTH DRESSING ROUGH DRESSING
HAMMER AND CHISEL
DRESSING
TOOL IS USED FOR
ROUGH DRESSING
DRESSING IS DONE BY DRILLING MACHINE
TOOLS ARE USED
FOR DRESSING
TOOL IS USED FOR
SMOOTH DRESSING
8. Carving and finishing of STONEs
JACK IS USED FOR
TEMPOPARY SUPPORT
GRINDER/HAND MACHINE
(BATTI SIZE NO.7-40 ) IS
UESD FOR SMOOTH THE
EDGES
STONE/POLISH POWDER(BUFFING
POWDER) IS USED FOR FINISHING
THE STONE
COMPASS IS USED IS TO TAKE
MEASUREMENTS AND MARKS FOR CARVING
CARVINGS
9. Patterning of STONEs
CHEQUERBOARD WITH
PAVERS
SQUARE FRAME WITH
PAVERS
FAN PATTERN RANDOM SETS
For a more formal but highly
decorative pattern we can lay
rectangular slabs in a zigzag,
herringbone, basketweave or parquet
design. Alternatively create a basic
pattern from a square slab or a square
sets, framed by rectangular slabs.
Repeat this across the area to be paved
,perhaps separating each “frame” with
rows of sets.
Slabs can also be laid in curves and
circles using radius-cuts units, which
are ideal for creating a meandering
pathway or introducing curved
patterns in an overall geometric
designs.
10. STEPS
STONE foundation
A foundation is a lower
portion of building structure
that transfers its gravity
loads to the earth.
Site
preparation
Rubble Trench
and Drainage
Pipe
Stone
laying
Mortaring
Suitable where concrete is
expensive
Low cost
Good stability
Skilled labour
Good Resistance to :
Hurricane
Earthquake
Rain
Insects
11. STONE
COLUMNS
A column is a structural element
that transmits, through
compression, the weight of the
structure above to other structural
elements below.
Jain Temple, Kiradu, Rajasthan Jain Temple, Ranakpur, Rajasthan
Sikandra, Rajasthan Mandawa, Rajasthan Dausa, Rajasthan
Sikandra, Rajasthan Sikandra, Rajasthan
12. STONE BEAMS STONE BRACKETS
A beam is a structural
element that primarily
resists loads applied laterally to
the beam's axis.
A Bracket is a projection from
a wall, usually to carry weight
and sometimes to strengthen
an angle.
Brackets can support many architectural items, including
a wall, balcony, parapets, eaves, the spring of an arch,
beams, pergola roof, window box, or a shelf.
Some brackets are only ornamental and serve no actual
supporting purpose.
13. Landscape..
Benefits of using stone in landscape
•Toughnesstolast in all-weather conditions –rain,snow, heat
•More stability – less likely to move due tofrost/moisture levels
•Overall appeal –ages great, doesn’tfade over time
•Eco-friendly –using allnatural stone
•Adds a naturalelegance –professional yetinviting environment
•Flexibility –add-on otherstone landscape suchas ponds, waterfalls, fountains
•Cost effective – easy toclean, less long-term maintenanceover time
•Durability –can enduretough wear and tear, roughuse
•Variety– endless numberofshapes, sizes, texturesavailable
Incorporating stoneworkinto your landscape can drastically improve the aesthetic beauty
and functionality of your property.
Stone have been usedfor long in landscaping , it improves aesthetic and define landscape
through hardscape by pathways , lamps , fountains ,water bodies etc.
14. STONEBENCHES:-
Stonebenchesandseatings ingardenscomplimentthe
surroundings,
Andprovide well andbeautifulrest area where people can
enjoy theview ofgarden andTheir surroundings.
LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
WATERBODY:-
Water bodyor fountainaddsaesthic andworked as
centraland focalpoint in landscaping,it merges wellwith
nature andreflects it beautifully
SIGNAGE:-
StoneSignagesgives royal andvintagelook,
Itis durableandattractsfocusso thatit is easily
visibleandGet noticedfrom distance.
LAMPS:-
Stonelampsgivesadditionalbeautyto thegardenor Landscape
spaces, it defines pathwaysinnights by lighting ,And makes
them beautiful,carvedjalisandpatternsprovide Lattice shades
anddeign patternsof light andshadows.
15. TYPES
INTERIOR ELEMENTS, SCULPTORS,
ARTIFACTS OF VARIOUS SORT
Rajasthan is well known since
time immemorial for
its building and
dimensional stones like marble,
sandstone,
yellow stone.
Site
preparation
MARBLE
SANDSTONE KOTA STONE YELLOW STONE
GRANITE
PINK STONE
16. MARBLE YELLOWSTONE
MARBLE – found in
MAKRANA , NAGAUR
DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN and
RAJSAMAND , UDAIPUR
YELLOW STONE - Found in
KHATU, JAISALMER,
RAJASTHAN
FLOOR DECORATIVE
ELEMENTS
CHAIRS
TABLE RAILING WALL
FIRE
PLACE
WALL
PILLARS
17. SANDSTONE – found in
BANSI, PAHADPUR,
RAJASTHAN
KOTA STONE – found in districts
of KOTA , and RAMGANJ
MANDI RAJASTHAN
SANDSTONE
PINK STONESLATE
KOTA STONE
PINK STONE - found in
BANSI, PAHADPUR,
RAJASTHAN
SLATE – found in DISTRICTS OF
ALWAR, AJMER , BHARATPUR,
TONK , SAWAI MADHOPUR, PALI,
CHURU, CHITTORGARH and
UDAIPUR
WALL FLOOR FLOOR
TABLE TOP
FLOOR
18. TYPES OF STONE MASONRY
Fixer
Masons :
This type of masons have specialized into fixing the stones onto the buildings.
They might do this with grouts, mortars and lifting tackle. They might also use
things like single application specialized fixings, simple cramps, and dowels as
well as stone cladding with things like epoxy resins, mastics and modern
cements.
19. Rubble
masonry:
Rubble masonry is rough, unhewn building stone set in mortar, but not laid
in regular courses. It may appear as the outer surface of a wall or may fill the
core of a wall which is faced with unit masonry such as brick or cut stone.
20. Ashlar
masonry:
Ashlar masonry is a type of stone masonry which is formed using finely
dressed stones of same size, shape, and texture laid together in cement or
lime mortar of equal size joints at right angles to each other. The masonry
built using ashlar stones is rectangular where cuboid blocks are laid in
horizontal courses or layers. The joints between the stones are very thin,
regular, and of uniform thickness, which make the ashlar masonry very strong
and sturdy.
21. Slip formstone
masonry:
Slipform stonemasonry is a method for making stone walls with the aid of
formwork to contain the rocks and mortar while keeping the walls straight.
Short forms, up to two feet tall, are placed on both sides of the wall to serve
as a guide for the stone work. Stones are placed inside the forms with the
good faces against the form work. Concrete is poured behind the rocks. Rebar
is added for strength, to make a wall that is approximately half reinforced
concrete and half stonework.
22. EXAMPLES OF STONE WORK (RAJ.)
HAWA MAHAL (JAIPUR) MEHRANGARH FORT (JODHPUR)
BHANGARH FORT CHITTORGARH FORT
24. J
H
A
R
O
K
H
A
S
A jharokha is a type
of overhanging enclosed balcony used in
the architecture of Rajasthan. It was also used in
Indo-Islamic architecture. Jharokhas jutting forward
from the wall plane could be used both for adding to
the architectural beauty of the building itself or for a
specific purpose. One of the most important
functions it served was to allow women to see
outside without being seen themselves. Alternatively,
these windows could be used to position archers and
spies.
CUPOLA
PILASTERS
BALUSTRADE
CORBELLING
YELLOW SANDSTONE
JHAROKHAS, JAISALMER
ELEMENTS OF
JHAROKHAS
25. J
A
A
L
I
STONE JALI (MARBLE
FACTORY, SIKANDRA)
JAALI PATTERN IN
AMER FORT, JAIPUR
JUNAGARH FORT,
BIKANER
AMER FORT,
JAIPUR
A jali or jaali (meaning "net") is the
term for a perforated stone
or latticed screen, usually with an
ornamental pattern constructed
through the use
of calligraphy and geometry. This form
of architectural decoration is common
in Hindu temple architecture, Indo-
Islamic Architecture and more
generally in Islamic Architecture.
Early jali work was built by carving
into stone, generally in geometric
patterns, while later
the Mughals used very finely carved
plant-based designs, as at the Taj
Mahal. They also often added pietra
dura inlay to the surrounds, using
marble and semi-precious stones.
The jali helps in lowering the
temperature by compressing the air
through the holes. Also when the air
passes through these openings, its
velocity increases giving profound
diffusion.
26. With clean lines and
symmetry, these railing
incorporate purpose,
aesthetic appeal, and
sophistication. The stone
railing is used to give a
boundary to the building
and it also provides
protection.
RAILING
COPING
Coping consists of capping
and covering of wall.
SPLAYED or wedge coping
slopes in a single direction.
SADDLE coping slopes to
either side of the central
high point.
STONE SADDLE COPING
WITH tapkan,
JODHPUR
COPING ON PARAPET
WALL, JODHPUR
OFFICE OF
BUDDHARAM STONE
INDUSTRY, SIKANDRA
MARBLE RAILING,
SIKANDRA
