The document compares Intel Core i3, i5, and i7 processors as well as Core 2 Duo processors. It provides details on the architecture and features of each: - Core i3 processors have dual cores with hyper-threading. Core i5 processors have dual cores with slightly higher clock speeds than i3, hyper-threading, and turbo boost. Core i7 processors have dual or quad cores with higher clock speeds than i5, hyper-threading, turbo boost, virtualization support, and new instruction sets. - Core 2 Duo processors were Intel's previous dual-core processors before the Core i-series. They provided benefits of multitasking over single-core processors but were about 20

1. Difference between i3 and i5 and i7 and core 2
duo
Generally speaking the current generation of Core i3/i5/i7 have about 20% more processing power than
their Core 2 Duo counterparts.
Core i3:
-Dual Core CPU
-Hyper Threading
Core i5:
-Dual Core CPU
-Slightly higher clock speeds than core i3
-Hyper Threading
-Turbo Boost (it's like an automatic overclock if the CPU is not too hot)
Core i7:
-Dual Core CPU (models ending with M)
-Quad Core CPU (models ending with QM)
-Higher clockspeed than the Core i5
-Hyper Threading
-Turbo Boost
-Virtualization (you can run multiple operating systems at the same time)
-Has circuitry that allows for easier and more secure remote access for corporate IT departments to
trouble issues in a business environment.
-AE5 New Instruction set
Dual core processors are new generation processors which have two cores in one processor. Like
Pentium 4 processors had only one/single core in them but after 2005, intel produced dual core
processors and named it "Core 2 Duo". With one core processor, u can do multitasking but it will slow
down ur computer. but with dual core processors, u can do multitasking without slowing down ur pc. Like
with intel's dual core processor "Core 2 Duo" with speed of 2.2GHz, u can allot one core to scan for virus
and simultaneously u can play a game!!
Intel's Core 2 Duo is now behind Intel's Core 2 Quad processors where u have 4 cores!! Intel's Core 2
Extreme processors are also quad processors but are specially produced for gaming rigs!!
Turbo Boost Technology
Intel® Turbo Boost Technology 2.01
automatically allows processor cores to run faster than the
rated operating frequency if they’re operating below power, current, and temperature specification
limits.

2. Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 is activated when the Operating System (OS) requests a frequency
higher than the rated frequency of the processor. Whether the processor enters into and the
amount of time the processor spends in the Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 state depends on the
workload and operating environment.
Maximum turbo frequency indicates the highest possible frequency achievable when conditions allow
the processor to enter turbo mode. Intel Turbo Boost Technology frequency varies depending on
workload, hardware, software and overall system configuration.
Due to varying power characteristics, some parts with Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 may not
achieve maximum turbo frequencies when running heavy workloads and using multiple cores
concurrently.
Availability and frequency upside of Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 state depends upon a number
of factors including, but not limited to the following:
 Type of workload
 Number of active cores
 Estimated current consumption
 Estimated power consumption
 Processor temperature
When the processor is operating below these limits and the user's workload demands additional
performance, the processor frequency will dynamically increase until the upper limit of frequency is
reached. Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 has multiple algorithms operating in parallel to manage
current, power, and temperature to maximize frequency and energy efficiency. Note: Intel Turbo
Boost Technology 2.0 allows the processor to operate at a power level that is higher than its TDP
configuration and data sheet specified power for short durations to maximize performance.
What is workstation
A workstation is a special computer designed for technical or scientific applications. Intended
primarily to be used by one person at a time, they are commonly connected to a local area
network and run multi-user operating systems. The term workstation has also been used loosely to
refer to everything from a mainframe computer terminal to a PC connected to a network, but the
most common form refers to the group of hardware offered by several current and defunct
companies such as Sun Microsystems, Silicon Graphics, Apollo Computer, DEC, HP and IBM which
opened the door for the 3D graphics animation revolution of the late 1990s.
Workstations offered higher performance than mainstream personal computers, especially with
respect to CPU and graphics, memory capacity, and multitasking capability. Workstations were
optimized for the visualization and manipulation of different types of complex data such as 3D

3. mechanical design, engineering simulation (e.g. computational fluid dynamics), animation and
rendering of images, and mathematical plots. Typically, the form factor is that of a desktop computer,
consist of a high resolution display, a keyboard and amouse at a minimum, but also offer multiple
displays, graphics tablets, 3D mice (devices for manipulating 3D objects and navigating scenes), etc.
Workstations were the first segment of the computer market to present advanced accessories
and collaboration tools.
The increasing capabilities of mainstream PCs in the late 1990s have blurred the lines somewhat
with technical/scientific workstations. The workstation market previously employed proprietary
hardware which made them distinct from PCs; for instance IBM used RISC-based CPUs for its
workstations and Intel x86 CPUs for its business/consumer PCs during the 1990s and 2000s.
However by the late 2000s this difference disappeared, as workstations now use
highly commoditized hardware dominated by large PC vendors, such asDell and HP & Fujitsu,
selling Microsoft Windows or GNU/Linux systems running on x86-64 architecture such as
Intel Xeon or AMDOpteron CPUs.
What is Bit Slice Processor?
Bit slicing is a technique for constructing a processor from modules of smaller bit width. Each of
these components processes one bit field or "slice" of an operand. The grouped processing
components would then have the capability to process the chosen full word-length of a particular
software design. Bit slice processors usually consist of an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) of 1, 2, 4 or 8
bits and control lines (including carry or overflow signals that are internal to the processor in non-
bitsliced designs). For example, two 4-bit ALUs could be arranged side by side, with control lines
between them, to form an 8-bit,16-bit,32-bit words (so the designer can add as many slices he wants
to make it to manipulate longer words lengths). A microsequencer or Control ROM would be used to
execute logic to provide data and control signals to regulate function of the component ALUs.
Examples of bit-slice microprocessor modules can be seen in the Intel 3000 family, the AMD's
Am2900 family the National Semiconductor IMP-16 and IMP-8 family, and the 74181.
what is tri-state buffer
We've had a long discussion about what a tri-state buffer is, but not about what such
a device is good for.

4. Recall (from earlier) that a common way for many devices to communicate with one
another is on a bus, and that a bus should only have one device writing to it, although
it can have many devices reading from it.
Since many devices always produce output (such as registers) and these devices are
hooked to a bus, we need a way to control what gets on the bus, and what doesn't.
A tri state buffer is good for that.
Here's an example:
There are three devices, each of which output 32 bits. These devices have their
outputs hooked to a 32 bit bus.
We want to prevent more than one device from writing to the bus. Ordinarily, these
devices always generate output, so we're in trouble merely by attaching more than one
device's output to the bus.
As long as at most one of the following control bits, c0, c1, c2, is 1, the bus is fine.
That is, the bus will not have two devices attempting to write to it at the same time.

5. Alternative: Using a MUX
Tri-state buffers are one way of preventing an output from making it to the bus.
An alternate way is to use a MUX. For example, we might have a 32 bit, 3-1 MUX.
The advantage of a MUX is that we're guaranteed only one device makes it to the bus.
The drawback is that we might want no devices to make it to the bus.
One solution is to add an enable input to a MUX. When the enable is active, the
output is selected from one of the inputs. When the enable is not active, then the
output is Z.
Summary
A tri-state buffer is a device that allows you to control when an output signal makes
it to the bus. When the tri-state buffer's control bit is active, the input of the device
makes it to the output. This is when the "valve" is open.
When it's not active, the output of the device is Z, which is high-impedance or,
equivalently, nothing. This is when the "valve" is closed, and no electrical signal is
allowed to pass to the output.
The "valve" analogy helps make it easy to understand the behavior of a tri-state
buffer.
1) What type of architecture used in 8085 microprocessor?
Ans. 8085 has Von Neumann architecture. It is named after the mathematician John
Von Neumann. It is based on the concept of stored program control. In this architecture
both the data and the program is stored in the same memory.
2) What is the function of accumulator?Interview Questions on Microprocessor 8085
Ans. Accumulator is an 8 bit register which stores data and performs arithmetic and logical
operations. The result of the operation is stored in the accumulator. It is designated by the letter
‘A’.
3) What are the different types of flags in 8085 microprocessor?Interview Questions on
Microprocessor 8085

6. Ans. There are 5 different flags in 8085 microprocessor. Though the flag register is of 8 bit but 3
bits are not in use. Only 5 bits are used for the different flags. They are:-
a) Sign flag(s)- This is designated by the letter ‘S’. If sign bit is 1 then the sign flag is set to 1
and if the sign bit is zero then sign flag is reset to zero.
b) Zero flag(z)- This is designated by the letter ‘z’. If the result of any arithmetic or logical
operation is zero i.e. all the bits are zero then zero flag is set to 1 else it is set to zero.
c) Auxiliary carry- (AC) This flag is set to 1 only when any intermediate carry is produced. Else
it is reset to 0.
d) Parity flag (P) – when the result of any operation has odd number of ones then parity flag is
set to 1 else if it has even number of ones then it is reset to 0.
e) Carry flag(C) – this flag is set to 1 only when a carry is produced in the result i.e. the carry bit
is 1 else if the carry bit is zero then the flag is reset to zero.
4) What are the types of general purpose registers in 8085?
Ans. There are 6 general purpose registers in 8085 microprocessor. They are designated by the
letters – B, C, D, E, H, and L. These are 8 bit registers and are used to store data temporarily
during the execution of any program. These registers can also be used to store 16 bit data by
using them in pairs i.e. BC, DE and HL. These pairs cannot be changed as B cannot pair with
any other register other than C.
5) What is the length of stack pointer in 8085 microprocessor? And what is its use?
Interview Sample paper question answer on 8085 Microprocessor.
Ans. stack pointer is of 16 bits length and is used to point to the value at top of the stack for the
currently executed instruction.
6) What is the memory size of 8085 microprocessor? Placement Interview Sample paper
question answer on 8085 Microprocessor
Ans. 8085 has 8 data lines and 16 address lines. The memory size of any microprocessor depends
on the number of address lines. The general formula is 2^n, where n= number of address lines.
For 8085 there are 2^16= 64 Kbytes memory size.
7) How many bits is 8085 microprocessor? Sample Paper Interview question answer

7. Ans. Microprocessor is named on the basis of number of data lines in it. 8085 is a 8 bit
microprocessor as it has 8 bit data lines.
8) What are the various interrupts in 8085 microprocessor? Which is the highest priority
interrupt? Important questions on Microprocessor 8085
There are 5 types of interrupts in 8085. They are
a) TRAP
b) RST 7.5
c) RST 6.5
d) RST 5.5
e) INTR
TRAP has the highest priority among all the interrupts.
9) Which type of cycle is used for fetch and execute instruction? Sample Paper Interview
question answer
Ans. Instruction cycle is used for the fetch and execute instruction.
In this cycle the instruction is fetched, decoded and executed to produce the required output.
10) How many address lines are there in 8085 microprocessor? Sample Paper Interview
question answer
Ans. There are 16 address lines in 8085. They are multiplexed address and data lines. Address
bus of 8085 is of 16 bits. During the first machine cycle these address lines are used as data lines
and in the next machine cycle all the 16 lines act as address lines.
The multiplexed 8 address and data lines refer to lower order address bit and the rest 8 for higher
order address bits.
11) What is a Microprocessor?
Ans:- Microprocessor is a program-controlled device, that fetches the instructions from memory,
decode it & executes the instructions. Generally Microprocessor are single- chip devices.
12) Why crystal is being preferred as a clock source?

8. Ans:- Reasons-high stability, large Q (Quality Factor) & the frequency that doesn’t drift with
aging. so crystal is used as a clock source most of the times.
13) Name High order / Low order Register in 8085 microprocessor?
Ans:-Flag is called Low order register & Accumulator is called High order Register in 8085
microprocessor.
14) Describe Tri-state logic?
Ans:- Three Logic Levels are used and they are known as High, Low, High impedance state. The
high and low are said to be normal logic levels where as high impedance state is electrical open
circuit conditions. Tri-state logic has a enable line as third line
15) What will happen if HLT instruction is executed in processor?
Ans:- The Micro Processor will enter into Halt-State and the buses will be tri-stated.
16) Which Stack is used in 8085?
Ans:- LIFO (Last In First Out) stack is used in 8085.In this type of Stack the information which
is stored last will be taken out or retrieved first.
17) Describe briefly Program counter?
Ans:- Program counter does either of the two things that is it holds the address of either the first
byte of the next instruction to be fetched for execution or the address of the next byte of a multi
byte instruction, which was not completely fetched. In both the cases it is incremented
automatically one by one as the instruction bytes will be fetched. Program register also keeps the
next instruction address.
18) Name the 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th generation processor?
Ans:-The processor are made of PMOS / NMOS / HMOS / HCMOS technology which is called
1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th generation processor, and that is made up of 4 / 8 / 16 / 32 bits respectively.
19) Name the processor lines of two major manufacturers?
Ans:- The Processor lines names of two major manufacturers are as follows:- At High-end: Intel
– Pentium (II, III, IV), AMD – Athlon. At Low-end: Intel – Celeron, AMD – Duron. 64-bit: Intel
– Itanium 2, AMD – Opteron
20) Mention the speed and device maximum specs for Firewire?

9. Ans:-IEEE 1394 (Firewire) with speeds up to 400 Mbps can support the maximum of 63
connected devices
21) Where’s MBR located on the disk?
Ans:- The place where MBR is situated is in sector 0, track 0, head 0, cylinder 0 of the primary
active partition.
22) Where does CPU Enhanced mode originate from?
Ans:- Intel’s 80386 was the first 32-bit processor, and so the company had to backward-support
the 8086. All the modern Intel-based processors run in the enhanced mode which are capable to
switch in between real mode and protected mode, which is the current mode of operation.
23) What are the types of buses?
Ans:- Three types of buses are there:-
Address bus: It carries the Address to the memory to fetch either instruction..
Data bus : It carries data from the memory.
Control bus : It carries the control signals like RD/WR, Select etc.
24) What does EU do?
Ans:- Execution Unit receives both program instruction codes & data from Bus Interface Unit
and then executes these instructions and the result is being stored in registers.
25) Mention RST for the TRAP?
Ans:- RST 4.5
26) Can an RC circuit be used as clock source for 8085?
Ans:-Yes,RC circuit can be used as clock source if in case an accurate clock frequency is not
required. The cost of RC is low as compared to LC.
Microprocessor interview questions on 8086
27) What are the types of flags in 8086?
Ans:- In 8086 there are 9 types of flags which are as follows Carry flag, Parity flag, Auxiliary
carry flag, Zero flag, Overflow flag, Trace flag, Interrupt flag, Direction flag, and Sign flag.
28) What are the various interrupts in 8086?

10. Ans:- Two types of interrupts:-Maskable interrupts, Non-Maskable interrupts.
29) What is meant by Maskable interrupts?
Ans:- An interrupt that can be turned off by the programmer is known as Maskable interrupts are
those interrupts which can be turned off by the programmer or can be ignored by the
programmer.
30) What is Non-Maskable interrupts?
Ans:- A processor interrupt which can be never be turned off (i.e.disabled) or cannot be ignored
by the programmer is known as Non-Maskable interrupt.
31) Which interrupts are generally used for critical events?
Ans:- Non-Maskable interrupts are generally used in critical events. For example- Power failure,
Emergency, Shut off etc.
32) Give some examples for Maskable interrupts?
Ans:- Some examples for maskable interrupts are as follows:- RST 7.5, RST6.5, RST5.5
33) Give some example for Non-Maskable interrupts?
Ans:- Trap is called as Non-Maskable interrupts, which is used during emergency condition.
34) What is the Maximum clock frequency in 8086?
Ans:- 5 Mhz
35) Name the various segment registers in 8086?
Ans:- The various segment registers in 8085 are- Code, Data, Stack, Extra Segment registers.
36) Which Stack is used in 8086?
Ans:- FIFO (First In First Out) stack is used in 8086.In this type of Stack the information which
is stored first is taken out or retrieved first.
37) What is SIM and RIM instructions?
Ans:- SIM is Set Interrupt Mask. which is used to mask the hardware interrupts. RIM is Read
Interrupt Mask which is used to check whether the interrupt is masked or not.
38) Which is the tool which is used to connect the user and the computer?
Ans:- Interpreter
39) What is the position of the Stack Pointer after the PUSH instruction?
Ans:- The address line is 02 less than the earlier value.
40) What is the position of the Stack Pointer after the POP instruction?
Ans:- The address line is 02 greater than the earlier value.