Example Of Social Pedagogy

Example Of Social Pedagogy
Social Pedagogy
Social pedagogy offers a holistic way of working with children and their families in ways that
support their well–being, learning and growth. At the heart of social pedagogy lies a belief that each
person deserves to be treated with dignity and has potential.
In early year's settings, this requires meaningful and authentic relationships that enable practitioners
to recognise a child's potential, their qualities, strengths and interests, and to create learning
situations in which children can experience their resourcefulness and develop new abilities.
To help children develop, practitioners will carry out adult led activities with pedagogical strategies
to ensure that children receive the best learning experience and to ... Show more content on
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Relationships with others help children to define their self–concept, self–esteem, and ability to
express feelings. Social development is the ability to get along with others in a group. Interacting
with others allows children to begin to develop a sense of fairness and understand abstract concepts
like sharing with others.
Physical Development
Physical Development is the process of how children master control and coordination of their body.
There are two areas of physical development: gross motor (sometimes called large muscle) and fine
motor (sometimes called small muscle).
Gross motor activities involve movement of the entire body or larger parts of the body. Examples
include creeping, crawling, rolling, running, jumping, and dancing.
Fine motor activities involve movement of smaller parts of the body, like hands and feet. Examples
include grasping reaching, holding, banging, spinning, clapping, and hand–eye coordination.
The Zone of Proximal Development
The zone of proximal development, often abbreviated as ZPD, is the difference between what a
learner can do without help and what he or she cannot do. The concept was introduced, but not fully
developed, by psychologist Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934)

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The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Sociocultural Perspective
Psychology is one of the newest sciences. Because it is the science of the mind and behavior, it is
also less concrete than some of the other sciences. Over the years, social scientists have developed
theories or perspectives based off of their observations, research, and the perspectives of other
scientists. Although there is some overlap, each of the major perspectives of psychology is unique.
As a result, they each have strengths and weaknesses and explain psychology in a different way.
One theory, the sociocultural perspective, is exactly what its name suggests. It's the idea that the
society and groups that an individual belongs to are what influences development, thoughts, and
behavior. The sociocultural perspective was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Language is one of the most recognizable tools but some tools are more subtle. For example,
technology is a tool in western society that less industrialized societies aren't exposed to. An
individual that has grown up with complete access to all the latest technology is going to think
differently than an individual that has never seen any form of technology. Overall, some behaviors
and ways of thinking can only be caused by exposer to specific social and cultural contexts, as this
perspective explains. A second strength of the sociocultural perspective is the emphasis on the role
of adults in childhood cognitive development through guided participation. Vygotsky introduced the
idea that children learn in a zone of proximal development. Meaning the distance between what an
individual can do alone and what they can do with guidance and assistance from a capable member
of society (Mcleod, 2010). Any skills outside the zone would be already mastered or still too
difficult to attempt alone. "To Vygotsky, learning in collaboration with more knowledgeable
companions drives cognitive development (Sigelman)." This is true throughout the world. Children
in many cultures learn from a teacher, from family members, and many others. In other cultures,
children learn skills from relatives, members of their village or tribe, or from other skilled members
in their group. This perspective satisfies the need to recognize the role of adults in

Vygotsky 's Theory Of Internalisation
Vygotsky also introduced his theory of internalisation, one of the main concepts that differentiated
from that of Jean Piaget (Duchesne, S., & McMaugh, A. 2016. P.103). The theory of internalisation
put forward by Vygotsky is an idea that suggests an individual is able to observe and internalise the
ideas and processes of their surroundings as they partake in social interaction defined as, "new ways
of thinking" (Duchesne, S., & McMaugh, A.,2016p.103). During social interaction the individuals
thinking is successively transformed by interaction with others, similarly to the concept developed
by Piaget, Vygotsky also characterised children as "active agents in their development". (Duchesne,
S., & McMaugh, A.,2016p.103). As explained by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ZPD was an indication of the students' ability to understand and learn tasks, according to
Vygotsky learning happened within the zone of proximal development (Davey,2014) Vygotsky's
theories mainly focused on the development of cognition by the use of social interaction in children
(Davey,2014) Vygotsky 's' theories suggest that 'pretend play or make believe play' within the zone
of proximal development, as a lot of make believe play involved the imitation of adults and the
grown–up world they see , for example a child putting on heels that belong to their mother and
carrying a handbag is imitating the roll or skill of an adult is the child has seen in their life dress as
hence, the child is acting out the behavior the child will use when they're much older. Partaking in
different roles to which a child must learn how to self–regulate emotions and behavior in order to
participate in the make–believe play allows the child to use his or her skills to be able to

Social Learning And Teaching Play Essay
There is a part in the handbook, learning and teaching play. Play involves the holistic child, from the
physical, psychological, intellectual, social, and emotional. Either by working independently or
group work. Play is now a big part of the curriculum as doesn't just help with the teaching side, but
it also gives the children a way to relax and be themselves, and to express their feelings or what is
going on in their life through play. (http://ccea.org.uk accessed on 29th November 2016)
Tina Bruce would also be a big influence on play, creativity. She is a 'social learning theorist'. Tina
identified ten principles of early childhood education. Some of these principles where, that a child
needs to be a child. Focus on what children can do – taking that as the starting point and lastly the
essential interaction between child, context, and curriculum context if education is to be successful.
(How children learn 3, L. Pound, pg.12–13) Tina Bruce correlates with some of Vygotsky's theory,
with the Zone of Proximal Development. The ZPD is the distance between and student's ability to
perform tasks under guidance from teachers or teaching assistants and being able to solve problems
independently. This was seen in the observation when child A was 'taking' child B's sand. However,
when child B confronted child A he panicked and walked away from the sand table.
The point that Tina Bruce made about focusing on what children can do and make that the starting
point. Is like

Reading Volume Is Central Of The World
According to Allington (2014), though reading volume is central to the development of reading
proficiencies, typical commercial core reading programs tend to provide material to engage students
in only 15 minutes of reading each day. With the remaining 75 minutes allocated to completing
workbook pages and answering lower–level comprehension questions, many students receive very
little time to engage in reading. Cunningham (2005) reminds us that as early as 1977, Richard
Allington pleaded, "If they don't read much, how they ever gonna get good" (p.1). Reading volume
is defined as the time students spend reading in addition to the number of words they consume as
they read (Allington, 2012). This combination impacts all aspects of students' cognitive abilities,
ranging from vocabulary development as well as knowledge of the world (Cunningham & Zibulsky,
2013). In one of the most extensive studies of independent reading, Anderson, Wilson, and Fielding
(1988) connected reading growth to the time students spent reading outside of school. They found
that independent time spent reading was the best predictor of reading achievement. In this study, the
researchers determined that fifth–grade students that read forty minutes per day scored in the 90th
percentile on standardized tests. Simply put, those who read more than an hour outside of school
outperform their lower achieving peers. Not only has independent reading been found to have
profound affects on student achievement, but

Unit 7- Play and Learning in Children's Education Essays
Unit 7 – Play and learning in children's education Diploma in Child Care and Education Cache
Level 3 E4 Include examples of different theoretical models of how children play and learn E5
Include an explanation of how observations can inform planning to meet children's learning needs
D2 Include an explanation of the key issues in recording assessments C1 Analyse the importance of
planning and providing learning opportunities to meet children's diverse needs E6 Include TWO (2)
examples of information from agencies outside the setting which may contribute to the assessment
of learning needs E7 Include TWO (2) plans for curriculum activities which show different
approaches to planning learning opportunities D1 Provide evidence of how ... Show more content on
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As children grow they add more detail into their play. The next step is the 'zone of proximal
development' which means the difference between problem solving a child can do independently
and problem solving which the child is capable of doing with support. This defines how mature the
child is and what level of development they are at. This help suggest a appropriate target for that
individual. Each child has there zone of actual development this is the level they are already at but
they all have a target to get them to the zone of proximal development. To reach the target that child
need lots of help and not steps which are to big as this could knock there confidence. Another stage
Vygotsky has is 'the importance of play' he believed that play provides essential skills to improve
their social, personal, and professional activates. This means that children can play and do things
beyond what they can do in real life– such as play mums and dads, pretend to drive a car. Though
play they talk to each other and pretend they are in a different world with only their friends. Play is
another way they can reach the zone of proximal development. Reconstruction is another stage
which means child experience the same situation again and again as they grow up. Each time they
have this experience they can deal with it at a higher level. This means

Sociocultural Theory And Social Rules
When looking at sociocultural factors one is faced with a variety of models that attempt to provide a
social explanation of how language is acquired. This includes an examination of such influences as
the social characteristics of the setting and the learner and the social rules for second language use.
While typically associated with these models, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, which is based in his
study of psychology, does not attempt to use culture to explain how language is acquired. Instead,
Vygotsky identifies the relationship between language and culture as a dynamic, reciprocal and
constantly evolving experience whereby language and culture are constituted in and of each other.
Lev Semenovich Vygotsky developed what is now called 'The Sociocultural Theory ' in Russia
during the 1920s and 1930s. The core of his idea was that it is the interaction between people and
their surroundings that results in deeper human development. Central to his belief was the important
role community plays in helping humans, especially children, progress and integrate in their social
environment. While often represented as a complete concept, Vygotsky was still investigating and
testing many of his theories when he died suddenly in 1934. His book, Thought and Language,
originally published the year of his death came under widespread criticism and was not translated
into English until 1962. In the 1980s, Vygotsky's works gained wider audiences after being
republished in Russia and

Realism Of Film And Film Of The 1950s And 40s Through The...
Realism's relationship with cinema and film form is one which has been debated since the
beginnings of film theory. There are many different arguments on how best to capture realism on
film. It came to the forefront of film theory in the 1930s and 40s through the Italian neorealism
movement. Andre Bazin was a french film critic and theorist who is best known for his writing on
realism in film. He argued that cinema is fundamentally realistic and that filmmakers should not
alter what an audience views, with exception. He favours the long deep focus shot such as those
used in Orson Well's Citizen Kane. Sergei Eisenstein, a soviet director and theorist, favoured the
opposite approach to achieving realism in film. Basing his theory around early work by Kuleshov
and Pudovkin, Eisenstein championed montage as the only way to capture realism in film. His
theory is based around the idea that reality is dialectical, with much of his work stemming from the
politics of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. He argues that as reality is dialectical, then the
filmmaking that seeks to capture this reality must also be dialectical. On the face of it these methods
are polar opposites however they both attempt to solve the question of how best to capture realism
in the cinema. Through this shared goal there is similarity in the two different theorists approaches
that hint at neither method necessarily being more effective in capturing reality. Despite the debate
on how best to capture realism,

Lev Vladimirovich Kuleshov and The Moscow Film School Essay
When film first started gaining popularity, it want's as obvious that be connecting two different
images, we would assume their relation. Film simply document events that occurred, it wasn't until
the enterprising pioneers of early cinema took hold that they began to manipulate their audience into
following a story their way and feeling it in those exact steps. Lev Vladimirovich Kuleshov a Soviet
filmmaker and film theorist in the 1920s who taught at and helped establish the world's first film
school, the Moscow Film School. He was one of the very first film theorists and one the great
pioneers of early editing regarded amongst worldwide filmmaker and he is famous for what became
known as Soviet Montage.
From Kuleshov perspective, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is order to show how editing changes viewer's interpretations of images and how film uses
psychology. Kulsehov experimented with this and achieved the Kulsehov theory. This technique is
known as juxtaposition, one the most effective tools on cinema just by juxtaposing a variety of
concepts one can get a funny joke across, or complete lie across the audience.
Kuleshov coined the term collective geography to describe cinema ability to link entirely unrelated
material into coherent sequences. This discovery provided filmmakers with arms of varies
techniques to manipulate the audience but in this they also recognized the audience has an active in
creating meaning. Kuleshov was not just concerned with editing; he believed that the key to
effective filmmaking was in organization.
In addition to his theoretical work, Kulsehov was also a director of many feature films and he was a
leader in Soviet montage theory, which was an approach to understanding and creating cinema that
relies heavily upon editing. Some consider Kulsehov the father of Soviet Cinema, having been the
first to publish about the formal possiblites of the medium and the power of montage editing.
A montage is French for assembly or edit, it involves pieces of footage to make a film. During the
Russian Revolution Kuleshov documented the war on the Eastern Front in documentary on the Red
Front in the 1920s. Around that time, Kuleshov was deeply impressed and

Vygotsky´s Zone Proximal Development Essay
Vygotsky has had a profound impact on developmental psychology. One of his main contributions
was the idea of zone proximal development. He places emphasis the shaping of cognitive
development. He is one of the first in children development that emphasized on cultural context. I
have chosen his theory and what it entails for this paper because its very interesting and some
certain parts of his theory like scaffolding and the zone proximal development were relatable to my
experience at my field site. This theorist believed that our minds, cognition, and psychological
abilities could be development with mental tools as much our physical tools expand our physical
abilities. This concept is called the "tools of the mind". This is something ... Show more content on
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They get a chance to interact with other students and children. Children make friends and can start
to develop social relationships. Students can get the attention they need that they don't get at home
or maybe from teachers at afterschool programs. The programs provide a positive surrounding for
students to be. Social environments do have an effect on them. It can be positive or negative, so it's
important that where they decide to be is going to have an optimistic and profound effect on
children. As a service learner, I learned that by just being around and being there with them weekly
is giving them a positive social environment that they might not get at home or the neighborhood
they reside. Also the afterschool program allows them to keep friendships and permit them to
flourish. The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) another part of Vygotsky theory is applied a lot
in classrooms by teachers. By definition it is the difference between what a learner can do without
help and what he or she can do with help. Apart of that is a concept called scaffolding, which helps
us understand how aiming coaching within a students/child's ZPD can stimulate and increase
knowledge and development. Although this theory is practiced predominantly in the classroom, us
service learners can attempt to use it as well. For example a student at my field site asked me for
help with an assignment she was given by her teacher. She

The Role Of Nature And Nurture In Language Development
There has always been a considerable debate over many of the developmental areas for early
childhood, however throughout this essay it is going to discuss the roles of Nature versus Nurture in
children's language development. Language development can be understood by in which the way
children will learn to communicate language in early childhood. Nature and nurture both play vital
roles for learning language in young children, as it is fundamental skill to learn language. Thames
and York's (2004, p. 603) reference states there are a range of factors that are involved in developing
literacy; suggesting that both nature and nurture contribute together in language development. To
dig a little deeper, we need to understand that there are four main components to language
development: Phonology, Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics. The nature – nurture debate can be
asked in two questions. First, do children learn and acquire language through a prewired section
that's built into their brains from birth? Or secondly, do children learn language through the
participation in their environment? (Berk, 2013, p. 359) Language is an important skill that children
acquire, as it's the key to communicating, learning and thinking. Children will develop in all
developmental areas through play experiences, observing, interacting with others while mimicking
some of these actions, this refers to how phonology is such an important component of language
development. Phonology is the way in which

Vygotsky And Vygotsky 's Theory Of Cognitive Development...
Instituto Modelo Almafuerte
English and Its teaching
Delvalle, Ailín Florencia
Thought and Language: independent processes.
With the passing of time, the development of thought and language has been the object of study for
psychologists such as Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. The former drastically influenced the study of
thought and speech with his theory of cognitive development and his clinical method. The latter also
made his contribution with his sociocultural theory. Although language and thought may be analysed
as associate one to the other, both of them may be considered as independent and dynamic processes
which belong to different roots. Considering the book Thought and Language by Lev Vygotsky, it
might be possible to debunk the fundamental concepts of Piaget and Vygotsky's theories and to
expand on their main differences.
As regards language, Piaget and Vygotsky coincided on the inkling that the development of
language is an intricate interaction between a child and the environment. Both psychologists opined
that when a child accomplishes the development of language, a system of symbols is created in
order to help them comprehend the world. Nevertheless, they did not agree on how language and
thought may interact in the development of a child. According to Jean Piaget, the cognitive
development of a child activates the growth of language. Basically, that means that thought is going
to appear before language. Besides, it might be claimed that cognitive development

Seamless Editing In The Field Of Film Making
Film editing was the concept related with the process of film making. However as the developments
are taking in the field of technology; hence this concept has changed towards the use of digital
technology. The film editor works with the raw footage, selects the best shots and then combine
them into sequences to create a finished motion picture.
Film editing is defined an art that can be used in various ways. It can create sensually provocative
montages; help in bringing out the emotional truth in an actor's performance. Also it can be used for
telling of a story and also for creating illusions.
Editing is considered an important part of film making as it helps in creating the mood and theme
which is being thought of portraying in the eyes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The concept of seamless editing was used because it was one of the first films to use more than one
scene. This was the first narrative film that audiences could see going somewhere and was very
successful amongst different audiences. This film became so successful because alongside using
traditional editing techniques; it included new techniques such as Parallel Editing, Minor Camera
Movement and Crosscutting.
Later editing was also made to add color to the movies through the process of colorization. Also
specific techniques like flashbacks, close up and parallel actions were given in the movies to arouse
specific reaction from the audience (Poland, 2007).
Theories of editing
Soviet montage theory is an approach to understand and create cinema that relies heavily upon
editing. This was based on the concept of montage which was idea that arises from the collision of
independent shots wherein each sequential element is perceived not next to the other, but on top of
the other.
The following montages were used during editing:
Metric – where the editing follows a specific number of frames cutting to the next shot no matter
what is happening within the image. This montage is used to elicit emotional reactions in the

Constructionism
When people hear the label 'digital natives' or 'millennials' a typical shared though by many is that
they, the young people that these labels are referring to, are good with technology–usually this
assumed technological gift is equated to something ridiculous such as they are born with a cell
phone in their hands and that they will be a computer genius before they can walk. Though these
outrageous assumptions are often made in jest, there does seem to be a bit of underlying belief to
them; this belief can restrict the amount of technological skill still developing children who are, in
fact, not born with advanced knowledge of technology are able to gain. Because of this, through an
observation conducted at a Sphero Robot programming event ... Show more content on
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The program I observed took place on Saturday, April 29th in the children's center story time room
at the central branch. The program was called Sphero Robots, and it was targeted at children ages
eight and up. The summary and description listed on the library's website explain that children will
learn basic programing of a BB–8 droid (spl.org). The program was scheduled from noon to 2 pm,
and when I arrived at 11:30 am there was already a child and parent waiting for the program to
begin. The program was a part of teen service learning–which is a partnership between the library
and high schools where students receive service learning credits while learning valuable skills.
There were seven high school students who were completely in charge of creating and running the
program; they were supervised by one of the Teen Services Librarians who only stepped in when
one of the teens requested she do so. I wanted to see how the children interacted with the droids–
were they excited to learn to program, or were they more excited to just play with them. I also
wanted to see how the parents and teens interacted with the children while they were in control of
the droids–what kind of instruction methods they would use, how much independence they would
give the children, and how they would react to the children who were uninterested in learning to
program and just wanted to play

The Philosophy Of Knowing And Learning
Knowing and learning can be interpreted in many different ways, but my philosophy of knowing
and learning is based on my understanding through the personal experience in the tutoring situation.
As a Tutor for students who were 9 years old, majority of the time was spent reading to develop
their English. An aspect that impacted the students' learning progress tremendously was the tutor's
responsibility to understand the student's capability, needs and interest to support their learning
progress. When tutoring the students, there were some theories that were appropriate to aid the
students' in reading and influenced the tutor's techniques employed to support the students' learning.
The philosophers that influenced my tutoring techniques were Etienne Wenger, Jerome Bruner,
Albert Bandura, Ivan Pavlov, Burrhus Frederic Skinner, Jean Lave, Wolfgang Kohler and Lev
Vygotsky. Wenger's social theory believed that adding meaning and interest into an activity
encourages learning (Lave & Wenger,1991). The Gestalt Approach influenced Kohler's idea where
the student would need to know the basic elements before being able to learn and acquire more
knowledge (Phillips & Soltis, 2009). To build up new ideas from the initial basic elements,
Scaffolding by Bruner and Modelling by Bandura were the two learning strategies utilized to
support the student's learning (Nalliah & Idris, 2014). The student is made aware that the new
acquired skill or knowledge taught by Scaffolding and Modelling

The Early Years Learning Framework For Australia
The Early Years Learning framework for Australia Document is important to have in our Schools; as
it talks about how Children are confident and involved learners, we need our student's to be
confident and involved in all aspects of learning in the classroom. Having this in place means
children get more hands on experience in the classroom and more room for activities, exploring and
learning new things and not being afraid to step out of their comfort zone to learn. This means more
creativity from students and their individuality to reveal and explore more. Having this in place
means that children can connect with nature and the world and be able to communicate and have
upright people skills from a young age. The early years learning ... Show more content on
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There are still similarities between the early child hood teaching scene and higher grades, they still
need inquiry based learning, scaffolded tasks and they still need to work in groups and learn from
peers. The differences are, not as much play based learning, Students do become more independent
learners so they do not need as much explicit instructions, or help as they have developed enough to
do this on their own. Students will change the way they 'Show what they know' with more extended
writing and more detailed work. Students are all different in the way that they learn it is important to
keep learning accessible to students with a diverse range of needs. It is important to keep open–
ended tasks so that there is opportunity for all students from all different entry levels. Having the
Early Childhood learning framework in place means that our students can have all this in the
classroom and be able to have these learning experiences which I think is extremely important.
I am going to discuss and focus on Lee Vygotsky and his theory of Constructivism. One of Lee
Vygotsky main theories was in fact constructivism; it is interesting to read about Lee Vygotsky view
on constructivism as it is about how people learn and is based on a scientific study. One of the main
meanings behind constructivism is "Constructivism is people who construct their own understanding
and

Early Cinema Versus Modern Bodies Of Work
When looking at early cinema compared to modern bodies of work, one thing that has changed
dramatically was the way films were edited. From the 1900s through the 1960s, films such as
L'Arroseur arrosé, Battleship Potemkin, The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari and Citizen Kane, all had their
own way of telling a visual narrative. I'm going to give examples of how editing evolved and what
techniques were developed. When looking at the Lumiére bros, one of their earlier works
'L'Arroseur arrosé', the editing was very simple. What we see on screen is a wide angle two shot of a
man working in a garden, using a hose. Now here 's the key component, by choosing a wide angle
shot, we 're able to see a second man walk into frame stepping on the ... Show more content on
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In his experiment, Kuleshov placed actor Ivan Mosjoukine with shots of three different subjects: a
hot plate of soup, a girl in a coffin, and a pretty woman lying in a couch. The footage of the actor
was the same expressionless gaze. The audience thought his performance was amazing, even though
in each shot he looked hungry, then sad, then lustful. As mentioned in Sikov, Film Studies: An
Introduction, Eisenstein used montage to convey and explore revolutionary ways for the audience to
watch films. Eisenstein believed that montage must consist of colliding shots. Editing the shots
rapidly, to exhibit conflict, making a sequence that more intense. His film, Battleship Potemkin, is a
great example of the soviet montage. There's one sequence in particular, The Odessa Step that helps
express this. It starts out with a wide angle shot of the crowd, followed by multiply medium shots of
the citizens waving to the sailors. shows their facial expression, as they have wave to the ship. Then
suddenly, we get a closeup shot of a woman in distress, quickly followed by a extreme closeup shot
of the same woman, looking even more frantic. As we see the citizens of Odessa run in terror, one
thing that stands out, is the woman with the white umbrella. As the citizens run franticly down the
steps, the woman runs directly into the camera, by doing so, she creates her own cut in the clip. Next
he swiftly cuts to a extreme long shot showing a soldiers following the

Lev Vygotsky's Theory Of Human Development
Lev Vygotsky was a soviet psychologist born at the end of the 19th century. His theory of human
development was very different from Carl Rogers. Vygotsky believed that children learnt by
interacting with others and those with strong family cultural social or peer grow groups learnt well.
He thought that an individual could improve an increase in knowledge through social interaction. He
developed an idea we would learn from MKO which stood for 'more knowledgeable other'.
Someone who has a better understanding. If an infant or learner was given a task that was too easy,
they would lose interest and get bored and if it was too hard they would give up and think they
couldn't do it. So, by bringing someone else into the equation to help, the child learns through social
interaction in something that Vygotsky called the ZPD this is the 'zone of proximal development'
this is by the means of what he called 'scaffolding' so using varying methods by describing, hints,
verbal gestures were used to assist the learner.
The ZPD could be described as like an apple cut in half. The outer section which is the skin is what
the learner cannot do. The inner section which is the flesh of the Apple is what the learner can do
with guidance, which is the ZPD. In the heart of the Apple where the core is, the seeds and buds of
learning take place this is what the learner can do unaided.
Vygotsky's work to this day is hugely influential in modern day education. The processes of these
developmental

Who was Vsevold Pudovkin? Essay
Vsevold Pudovkin was a Russian Soviet director, actor and screenwriter. He was on of the great
innovators, he taught be the father of Soviet cinema Lev Kuleshov. He called to fight in World War
1 whilst studying engineering at Moscow. After escaping the Germans captivity he was 25 when
returned to Russia he started studying Chemistry and physics but after seeing D.W. Griffiths film "
Intolerance" he was inspired to follow film. He applied to the Sate Institute of Cinematography at
Moscow in 1919. However in 1919 film was still a very young art form and ideas and techniques
that are commonplace today were just being developed at that time. Pudovkin most influential role
in the world cinema was his theories on editing. He recorded that ... Show more content on
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His theory of montage can be called " Linkage montage". Pudovkin would usually cut between two
images to suggest a symbolic link or connection between them. These two shits combined together
encourage the audience to figure out that there is a psychological relationship. Pudokvin came up
with 5 editing techniques that could be used to show an emotion or idea without clearly saying it. He
describe ways editing can be used to increase the viewer's understanding of a story and they are
made to create a specific reaction from the viewers, he called this relational editing. For him the
purpose of editing was guiding the audience's emotional response. Pudovkin set down five editing
techniques in the 1920s and they are still used to this very day, he name these 5 techniques as the
following 1. Contrast– by cutting from one shot to a drastically different shot a film editor can force
the audience to compare those two scenes in their mind. Pudovkin used this by showing a miserable
starving man; the story will impress the audience if associated with a senseless gluttony of a man
who is well off. The impression of this contrast is vividly increased; one can relate the starving
sequence to the gluttony sequence whilst forcing the audience to compare two actions. Pudokvin
said "The editing of contrast is one of the most effective, but also one of the commonest and most
standardised, of methods, and so care should be taken not to overdo

Identity Should Form a Part of Any Pedagogical Theory and...
Introduction "My discovering my own identity doesn't mean that I work it out in isolation, but that I
negotiate it through dialogue, partly overt, partly internal, with others...My own identity crucially
depends on my dialogical relations with others" (Taylor, 1995, as cited in Abbey, 2000). If dialogical
relations form the basis of how we understand ourselves in the world, it figures is should also form a
part of any pedagogical theory and practice. While this is not the only consideration for a teacher, it
provides a centre from which a number of useful educative considerations can be made. Firstly:
students come with identities that are informed by many dialogical relations and that they learn by
being in social communities. Secondly: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through active engagement with students, teachers assess students' competencies and continually
adjust the guidance and learning support as necessary (O'Donnell, 2012, p. 114). This is where
Vygotsky's zone of proximal development (ZPD) becomes a valuable theoretical tool. The ZPD is
the "distance between the actual developmental level", as specified by autonomous problem solving,
and the level of possible development determined via problem solving "in collaboration with more
capable peers" (Schunk, 2012, p. 243). According to Vygotsky, the ZPD is critical to teaching for it
is where cognitive development occurs (O'Donnell, 2012, p. 114). Teaching in the ZPD requires the
teacher and student to share cultural tools. However, students do not passively receive cultural
knowledge from these mediated interactions (Schunk, 2012). Students come to the exchange with
their "own understandings to social interactions and construct meanings by integrating those
understandings with their experiences in the context" (Schunk, 2012, p. 244). The ZPD very clearly
establishes learning as a moment situated in a social exchange. It also establishes the role of the
teacher as not only guide, but as assessor of the ZPD. This requires constant dialectic engagement
on the teachers behalf. Perhaps what is missing in terms of a constructivist approach in Jane's class
is that while she does offer the students an opportunity to chose their

Role Of Play On Early Childhood Education
Role of Play on Early Childhood Education Bharati Saha
Early Childhood Education Department, University of Oklahoma
This paper is submitted for the EDEC 5970 – Social & Emotion in Early Childhood as part of the
course requirement.
Abstract
Early childhood development occurs in six domains. This paper discusses the role of play and its
effects on these domains in children learning. Different types play and play centers were discussed
to show connectivity of the play type and domain development. Interactions among children during
play can enhance cooperative learning using methods and materials used in the play center. Teacher
plays important role to set–up the play center, method and materials to be used, and create the
learning environment with specific goal setting. Intervention approach by asking different types of
questions help them to engage, make learning fun, and effective collaborative learning.
Introduction
. Early childhood development takes place in six domains including physical, language, social,
cognitive, emotional, and cultural. Figure 1 shows all six domains in early childhood development.
Physical domain involves learning to use "big" muscles (gross motor skills) and "small" muscles
(fine motor skills) in our body. Activities such as crawling, walking, running, hopping, ups and
downs are a few examples of gross motor skills. Writing, drawing, cutting with scissors and walking
on a line are a few examples of fine motor skills.

The Proposition of a Museum Design for Media Essay examples
Research conducted over the past decade has shown the important role new media plays in
contemporary society. While many of us engage with new media in our daily lives, the ideals behind
archiving, curating, and exhibiting it are still difficult to approach. As more types of new media and
digital media are created, we struggle as interior designers to understand how to represent these
works spatially. The proposition of a museum for new media will be outlined by assessing a variety
of emerging topics. Investigation regarding the historic ideologies of object oriented artwork as well
as classic philosophies of the art scene will be contrasted to the modernized requirements of new
media. Opportunities regarding displays, casework, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Creating an engaging experience which encourages the presence of audience participation as well as
a space which facilitates interactions at a human–scale plays a crucial role (Xia & Li, 2009, p. 3).
Research regarding anthropometrics and user interaction could assist in the programming of these
issues. Exhibiting and archiving new media in the most appropriate manner is an important
consideration during the design phase of this typology. Xia and Li (2009) state that "The essential
purpose of exhibition is the transmission of information. We need to transmit the information from
the exhibits to the public and improve their understanding" (Xia & Li, 2009, p. 1). Designing a
space which facilitates improved user comprehension could be accomplished through research
regarding lighting, air quality, signage, or other interior factors. Poor lighting or signage could affect
the users understanding of the works in the museum, therefore attention to detail as well as
craftsmanship will play an important role. The typology of a new media museum also allows for
experimentation within the realm of design. Many of the projects being exhibited are met with a
variety of spatial constraints and opportunities. Designing a space which allows the work to interact
with users in a harmonious environment is an experimental process. Shelly Bernstein, the Chief of

Montessori Cultural Competence
Cultural competence methods involved materials related to the arts, science, and social science.
Montessori cultural activities have an important language component. Teaching different cultures to
children are important. It helps them to have an appreciation for other nationalities, cultural
backgrounds, spiritual beliefs, languages, and act. Dr. Maria Montessori would create classrooms
that were filled with many different objects that are associated with other parts of the country. Each
student will take part of the activity that involves the paths of culture. As children learn different
aspects of culture this allows the children to understand how each culture differs and hopefully
become a participating and contributing member of society. Montessori education for young
children helps to increase their independency to adult hood. Children are allowed to learn at their
own pace, rather than learn at another child pace. This learning concept helps to develop long term
experiences that the child will carry on into adulthood. It focusses on less dependency on a teacher
for guidance. It allows a child to make decisions based on their way of learning. The teachers are
present during the learning phases. However, the child is responsible to think strategic and come to
realistic conclusions. In return, the child will succeed because the child is learning at his/her own
pace. Lev Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist that believed that play was made up of several roles

How Did The Odessa Steps Sequence Influence The Theory Of...
Kal Bur
How did The Odessa Steps sequence influence the theory of montage in film?
The Battleship Potemkin, is a soviet film directed by Sergei Eisenstein in 1925. Sergei Eisenstein
was a brief student at The Kuleshov Workshop, which was a class run by Soviet filmmaker, Lev
Kuleshov at the
Moscow Film School. The school was established in 1919, and is the world's first film school.
The Kuleshov Workshop explored the effects of juxtaposition in film, and how sequential shots
convey a specific meaning. Kuleshov and his students analyzed many films for research, and one of
them in particular was the most influential film in Russia during 1916, Intolerance directed by D. W.
Griffith.
A whole year later in 1920, the Kuleshov effect was found, and its theory was to identify how the
order of images can change an audience's perception. 'Kuleshov discovered that depending on how
shots are assembled the audience will attach a specific meaning or emotion to it' (The Kuleshov
Experiment http://www.elementsofcinema.com/editing/kuleshov–effect, 2016). Alfred Hitchcock's
1960 film Psycho is an example of this trope, as the audience's comprehension of the shower scene
is predominantly psychological, and is determined by the ordering of images and sound, not the
actual content.
After the success of Sergei Eisenstein's first full length feature film, Strike in 1920, he was
commissioned by the Soviet government to make a film commemorating the historical uprising of
the revolution in 1905,

Grossman Grow Up Not So Fast Analysis
The story "Grow Up? Not So Fast" was taken from Time magazine on January 16, 2005 from writer,
novelist, and journalist, Lev Grossman. Grossman was born in 1969 and grew up in Lexington, MA,
to English professors, which essentially inspired him to become the writer he is today. From his
childhood, adolescence, to his college years he read a lot and eventually gained a career in writing,
his passion. The first novel of his that was published was called, "Warp" in 1997, followed by
"Codex" in 2004, which was an international sensation. Interspersed with his career in writing
successful novels, Grossman has been a book critic at Time magazine, he has analyzed many stories
that have come across his desk and has written many stories that have appeared in famous papers
and magazines like the Wall Street Journal, New York Times, and even Time. The story, "Grow Up?
Not So Fast" is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not So Fast" he talks about a new generation called the "Twister". They are young adults from about
the age of 18 to 25 who just will not grow up. Grossman goes on to argue in various ways to appeal
to the readers emotional, ethical, and logical senses throughout his story. Grossman concentrates his
story with what seems to be real life examples, people in today's society considered twixters, which
embody every ounce of this new identity. They do not own their own house, they have had many
jobs, they are not married nor do they have kids, and some even live at home. He then goes on to
argue why this new subculture came to be and what this new subculture entails, filling each with
personal examples from real life people and every now and then comparing them to the past as to
show how bad things are. However, there are a few instances in Grossman's piece that he fails to hit
the mark, and some instances where he blatantly ignores an aspect of it just to prove his point, which
is understandable but is easily seen

Research Paper On Constructivism
Constructivism: A Review
Abstract
Constructivism is an all–encompassing theory of learning that emerged as a prevailing paradigm in
the last part of the twentieth century. Constructivism is a theory which brings cogitation to pedagogy
(Bruner, 1966). Constructivism capitalizes on the ways in which human beings create their own
personal construct of reality by understanding and experiencing the world. The cornerstone of
constructivism is that constructing personal meaning is ingrained in individuals right from the birth
(Vygotsky, 1978).
The Overview
Constructivist approach explains the ways in which learners make their own personal senses of
learning tasks, the environment, the teacher, and the actual process of learning (Vygotsky, 1962).
Constructivism ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In education teacher acts more akin to a mediator consulting and helping learner grow. Social
constructivism adopts its stance as internationalist perspective operating within social context.
Learners are actively involved in the process of learning shaping their experiences about the world
by other significant people (Vygotsky, 1962).
3
Constructivism is part of educational psychology which places the learner at the central focus.
Learner learns by interacting in a social context of teacher and text. Each individual learner is sui
generis, no two learners are the same. The ways they view the world are not the same. Learners
bring these differences to the learning situation. Teachers must be cognizant of these differences.
Furthermore no two teachers and teaching situations are ever the same. Like students, teachers
should become self–aware of their beliefs and attitude to the teaching and learning and make their
own contributions to the learner as the situations arise (Williams and Burden, 1997). While learners
are interacting with the task beforehand, teachers are required to take the learners response to the
tasks to see if they are appropriate to their levels of developments congruent

The Ideas And Implementation Of Cooperative Learning
This paper explores the ideas and implementation of cooperative learning, and how it can benefit the
classroom. It looks at different sources that show research on this teaching strategy and the benefits
that it could have on students social skills, academic success, and over all attitude towards school. It
also explains some different types of cooperative techniques that teachers can use in their
classrooms.
1
Introduction
In the education world, things are always changing. There are several different theories that
educators look to when they are deciding the best ways to teach their classrooms. These theories
also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They will need to rely on each other in order to successfully complete their own job which will help
the group complete the entire task. It is important to remember that each group member will be held
accountable for their own roles, and also how they participate in the group. 2
History.
Lev Vygotsky, a Soviet psychologist created a theory which believes that humans need social
interaction for their cognitive development. Gallagher (1999) states "Basically Vygotsky 's theory
suggests that development depends on interaction with people and the tools that the culture provides
to help form their own view of the world". Another part of this theory is the Zone of Proximal
Development. The idea here is that a student will complete a task that they cannot do alone, with the
help of a more skilled peer, or even the guidance of an instructor. Throughout this process the child
will become more socialized and then in turn, this will improve their cognitive development
(Gallagher 1999).
The Benefits of Cooperative Learning. There are some subjects, where working in groups is
practiced more frequently than others. For example, many students are use to working in groups on
a science experiment, or working as a team in physical education courses, or maybe even for a
project in social studies. However, working with their peers

Lev Vygotsky And The Zone Of Proximal Development
Lev Vygotsky and the Zone of Proximal Development
Under normal circumstances, a child will physically develop without outside assistance. While there
can be variations by way of culture, class, and ability, it is difficult to contest that human nature is
the driving force behind the bodily changes that take place from birth until adulthood. In contrast,
when it comes to determining the ways in which a child thinks and learns, there are numerous
theories on what primarily influences cognitive growth and development. One theorist that offered
an innovative look into this latter process was Russian born psychologist, Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky
theorized that children learn by doing, and their process of development is primarily influenced by
the people and the systems that comprise their environment. What made him stand out from other
theorists of the time is that instead of centering his ideas in behavior, Vygotsky instead focused on
the learning process and the potential for a child to learn. He showed the value pairing learning with
a practical application, and that in doing so, it could make for more effective learning on the part of
the child. The result of such a theory was that provided families and educators an insight on how
they might be able to influence the development experience for a child.
Lev Vygotsky was born and raised in Communist Russia. When he first made his mark in the world
of child development, it was not as an educator, but rather a psychologist. Due the

Early Childhood Course At Savannah Technical College Essay
Introduction
Throughout the ECCE 1101 Introduction to Early Childhood course at Savannah Technical College
there were several theorists introduced in the course that had a major impact on molding the
foundation for an understanding of early childhood as a whole. Although the scope covered a broad
spectrum of early childhood, majority of the main focus was on early education. The work of Lev
Vygotsky greatly influenced the field of early education. This paper will include a brief summary of
Vygotsky's life, a description of his major ideas, and how those ideas impact early education today.
Vygotsky's Life
According to "New World Encyclopedia" (2014), "Lev Vygotsky was born was born in Orsha,
Belarus (then Russian empire), into a well–to–do family of Jewish ancestry, on November 17
(November 5 in the Old Style), 1896. Soon after Lev 's birth, his father was appointed department
chief of the United Bank of Gomel and the family moved to Gomel, where Vygotsky spent his
childhood. Vygotsky 's mother had trained to be a teacher, but saw her priority in being at home to
provide a stimulating and enriching environment for her eight children. Vygotsky completed his
primary education at home with his mother and a private tutor, and then entered public school for
his secondary education. Vygotsky graduated from secondary school with a gold medal at the age of
seventeen. He entered the University of Moscow and initially studied medicine, then switched to
law. Vygotsky continued his

The Development Of Human Development Essay
Human Development in Children aged 11years
Human development refers to the biological and psychological development in the human being
throughout the lifespan. It consists of the development from infancy, childhood and adolescence to
adulthood.
In this essay I will analyse two practiced based experiences to demonstrate my understanding of
human development. For my first practiced based experience, I will be drawing on Lev Vygotsky's
Sociocultural Development Theory. His key concepts of The Zone of Proximal Development, More
Knowledgeable Others, and Internalisation.
For my second practiced based experience I will draw on Erik Erikson's Theory of Identity
Development. His key concept of psychosocial development stages.
My first experience concerns an 11year old girl named Ella.
I was sitting in the library with Ella after she had completed her E–asTTle testing. While we were
waiting to head back to the classroom Ella was completing a math's project. She explained to me
that she was in a higher learning level math's group and was completing a math's badge. Mrs. Jones
head of math's for year 7/8 is assisting Ella with her math's badge and told me that Ella is doing
extremely well.
My second experience was observing a group of 5 girls that had gone outside to practice their
presentation of an Anzac day story to be delivered before their peers. When one of the girls
proceeded to deliver her part of the presentation, Katy another of the girls in the group sidled up to
her,

Early Education Into Inquiry-Based Learning Case Study
Early education into inquiry based learning approach encourages children to be inquisitive, and
helps children make sense of their world through the humanities and social sciences. Notably,
inquiry constitutes to effective lifelong learning which Murdoch (1998) explained that inquiry
pedagogy for developing comprehension about the world remains as effective tool and continues to
modern classroom settings. The inquiry method indicates a notion that active participation on behalf
of students builds on their knowledge and is vital to a positive and effective learning environment.
As an illustration, the Early Years Learning Framework (Department of Education, Employment and
Workplace Relations for the Council of Australian Governments [DEEWR], 2009, p.33) identifies
inquiry as an active involvement and an essential element in learning to build children's perceptions
and knowledge. Another key point in this pedagogical approach specifies in the Learning Outcome
Four (DEEWR, 2009, p. 35) that children are confident and involved learners where they acquire the
ability and technique to solve problems, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the purpose of this essay the focus is on all three learning areas except Economics and Business
from aged four to eight. Through learning these areas, (ACARA, 2016) state that students develop
an analytical mind and thinking. Pondering and answering to issues requires a basic understanding
of important historical, geographical, political, economic and social facts, and how these facts are
related. Furthermore, this area of discipline, the humanities and social sciences, contributes to vast
insight to children of the world they live in and gives insight into how people engage with each
other in their communities

Comparing Piaget And Vygotsky's Zone Of Proximal Development
Vygotsky's zone of proximal development(ZPD) has been interpreted as: "the distance between the
actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential
development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with
more capable peers" (Vygotsky, 1978, p. 86) Lev Vygotsky sees communication with associates as a
viable method for developing skills and techniques. He recommends that instructors utilize
cooperative learning sessions where less able students improve with assistance from more able
peers, inside the zone of proximal improvement. Vygotsky trusted that when a student is in the ZPD
for a specific task, giving the suitable assistance(scaffolding) will give the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Both Piaget and Vygotsky believed that development happens in the light of the fact that the child is
a dynamic learner. Children are required in the learning and development process as they give input
to the grown–up or instructor about their level of comprehension. Likewise, they both trust that
development decreases the older a person gets. Like Piaget, Vygotsky believed that there were a few
issues out of a child's scope of comprehension. In any case, conversely, Vygotsky believed that
given the appropriate help, youngsters could solve an issue that Piaget would consider to be out of
the child's mental capacities. Additionally, Piaget and Vygotsky differ in the way they approach
discovery learning. Piaget upheld discovery learning with little educator interruption, whereas
Vygotsky encouraged guided discovery in the classroom. Guided discovery includes the educator
offering fascinating inquiries to students and having them find the appropriate responses through
experimenting with hypotheses. Piaget's theory expresses that cognitive development is affected by
social transmission, which basically means learning from other individuals. In contrast, Vygotsky's
theory expresses that cognitive development is affected by peer collaboration, which suggests that
when an individual takes part in an interactive activity, his language and cognition are developing.
Vygotsky's theory is all around put to practice in educating methods. Piaget's theory, however,
suggests a liking in discovering and learning done by the people

The Theories Of Nature Vs. Nurture
Through history, the idea of nature vs. nurture has been a hotly debated issue. Nature, or genetics is
often believed to be the most important aspect of a persons' upbringing, as nature is something
intrinsic to any one person. However, many debate that nurture, or the care and encouragement of
any human life, trumps nature. The earliest evidence and rebuttals of these theories have been honed
and developed over time by specific psychologists and educational theorists – all who hoped to
prove their own ideas as fact at one time in history. John Locke was the forefather of the
Educational Constructivist movement, which theorized that children and learners construct their
personal knowledge in both social and individual situations. Though his opinions were often
disputed, Locke had many opinions and theories of the habits and social conventions for the
education of young children. Specifically, and perhaps most importantly, he believed that "It is more
accurate to think of the child's mind as a blank slate, and whatever comes from the mind is from the
environment" (Crain 7). This 'blank slate', or tabula rasa idea founded the theory of nurture.
According to his theory, as babies we are born without knowledge of what we should fear or how
we should act, it is up to our environments to teach us how to act and behave. In contrast to Locke,
Jean–Jacques Rousseau, a strict Naturalist, was more concerned with the development of a person's
character and moral sense. Rousseau was

Why Stalin Emerged as the Sole Leader of the U.S.S.R. and...
Why Stalin Emerged as the Sole Leader of the U.S.S.R. and Not Trotsky Trotsky was a leading
Bolshevik and played a pivotal role in the revolution, persuading Lenin to delay the revolution until
the Bolshevik's had a much stronger place in the country. He also was crucial to the civil war, as he
organised the troops and motivated them. Stalin on the other hand was in charge of all the dull jobs
within the Bolshevik party and In Lenin's last Testament, he was referred to as rude and he needed to
be removed. So why did Stalin, and not Trotsky emerge as Lenin's successor. It's a mixture of
Stalin's luck and skill, and Trotsky's misfortune, which will be explained in the following
paragraphs. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These Were: · Factionalism · The N.E.P. · Socialism In One Country/ permanent Revolution · His
Power Base Factionalism was the Idea that if a member of the party discusses ideas which did not
have the majority vote by the party. There were 2 main Ideas about the N.E.P. , these were the left
wing and the right wing. The left wing said it should go and the right wing said it should stay as it
would aid Industrialisation, as it allowed free trade to sell goods on the open market which would
give money into the open market. Stalin's powerbase was due to him being the general secretary,
who was in charge of recruiting people, so when the Lenin enrolment scheme was introduced, Stalin
recruited "malleable recruits who wouldn't be impressed by Trotsky's intellect. This was skill on
Stalin's part, but also a mistake on Trotsky's behalf, as he had paid no attention previously to Stalin,
calling him a "grey blur" Permanent Revolution was the idea that Russia would change, but at the
same time help other countries to change and receive their help. Stalin had an opposing idea to this,
which was socialism in one country, which was basically that Russia revolutionise on it's own with
no input from other countries. 1924 was the first stage of the power struggle When Zinoviev,
Kamenev and Stalin sided against Trotsky, as Zinoviev and

Explain How Children and Young People’s Development Is...
Cypc 31.2 task2 Explain how children and young people's development is influenced by a range of
personal and external factors. 2.1 And 2.2 Personal Factors * During pregnancy–: If the mother
smokes ,takes drugs, becomes ill or suffers from stress or anxiety this can result in premature birth
and health problems for the baby such as –: low birth weight, undeveloped organs, problems with
sight and hearing. These are all problems that could delay their development. Some children are
born with conditions that could affect their development such as a blood disorder. * Health–: health
problems can be genetic or caused by the environment the child grows up in. If the child lives in
poor quality houses with damp this could trigger ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Operate Conditioning–: People learn and are influenced by the results of what they do. It's also
when people's behaviour is affected by consequences, reinforcements and learning based on
exploration of the environment. Skinner divided the consequences of actions into these three
groups... 1. Positive reinforcement – using positive reinforcement such as stickers, attention and
praise. 2. Negative reinforcements – this also makes children repeat behaviour but in different ways
e.g.: If a child does well in an exam therefore they don't have to do their chores. 3. Punishers –
designed to prevent you from repeating behaviour e.g.: if a child burns themselves on a hot oven
they wouldn't touch it again. Skinner found that unpredictable reinforcements work better than
continual. Influence on practice We use positive reinforcements in practice today. Giving children
lots of praise to help them learn positive behaviour we also give out stickers to encourage repeated
good behaviour. Pavlov and Watson are both associated with classical conditioning which is when
you are taught to act a certain way by association and instruction. We do not use this in practice
today but it helps us to understand phobias such as a child being scared of spiders because mummy
is and always screams when she sees one. Cognitive development–constructivist theory Looking at

Competency: Balanced Participation
The individuals may have balanced or imbalanced power in the decision making process.
Competency is a term that is directly correlated with guided participation. Competency is having the
necessary ability, knowledge, or skill to do something successfully. While the definition of guided
participation used in the current study does not differ from that used by Radziszewska and Rogoff
(1991, p. 386), the researchers of this study documented three different patterns in the role of the
more competent other. The patterns that emerged were varying levels of competency within a small
group, adult to child dyad where the child was the more competent other, and a small group of
children where competency was fluid. The first set of data analyzes the

The Toy Soldier And War
The Toy Soldier and War Commemoration
War cannot simply be set aside or forgotten; war creates a sense of national mood that infiltrates
various aspects of society and culture and reaches entire populations, not solely adults. When
looking at the significance and history behind classic dolls, a large toy store transforms into a
warehouse for the preservation and education of war. This paper will examine the history of toy
soldiers, discuss the importance of war dolls on education, and access the dialogue surrounding the
psychological effects of war and play. In so doing, I hope to paint a broad understanding of the
significance of dolls, specifically toy soldiers, in terms of war commemoration and their impact on
society.
The childhood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These small figurines, standing at 2 ¼ inches tall, represent uniformed personnel and combatants
and convey a vast history of battle. They exemplify major battles and even provide other fighters
like Samurais. The extensive collections of stand–alone characters and boxed sets, along with
landscape scenery, allow children and collectors to recreate entire battle–scenes. Thus, not only do
children play with the figurines, they also learn intensive history about various wars through this
interaction. The manufacturing of toy soldiers continued to increase, and in the United States, "lead
and plastic soldiers were so widely available, [that] many baby–boomers grew up collecting both."
Though they suffered a minor setback due to growing anti–war sentiment in America during the
Vietnam War, many children of the 1960s reminisced as adults about their collections, only to find
out their parents sold their figurines. This led to a resurgence in the popularity of toy soldiers.
Furthermore, the cheap availability of plastic allows for toy soldier production at increasingly
exceptional rates. Additionally, the Internet allows for further expansion of the toy soldier as
websites allow for like–minded collectors to come together to discover information about toy

The Pros And Cons Of Unauthorized Immigrants
In 2014, former President Obama introduced the Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and
Lawful Permanent Residents (DAPA) policy which would allow for unauthorized immigrants who
are parents of U.S. citizens or permanent residents to be protected for deportation. This also
included being granted a working permit. The DAPA program was projected to provide working
authorization for over 3.7 million immigrants. According to a report done by the MPI–Urban
Institute, it found that more than 10 million people live in a household with at least one adult that is
eligible for DAPA (Capps). In order to be considered for DAPA program there were certain
eligibilities that parents had to meet. Besides being the parent of a resident, the person had to be
living in the U.S. since 2010, be a high school graduate or a GED recipient and had never been
convicted of a crime. To receive approval the process would take a while because proof would have
to be submitted for each eligibility. The DAPA application also had a fee total of $465 which
included the employment authorization application and a fee for fingerprints (NILC). If put in effect,
the program would've granted a renewable three–year working permit. Even though the program
was signed in 2014, it was never allowed to be implemented because of an ongoing blockage from
courts. In the United States v. Texas case, 26 states filed a lawsuit against the Obama Administration
arguing that the program went against the constitution. This

Vygotsky 's Theory Of Human Development
Lev Vygotsky was an educator and a theorist known primarily for his sociocultural theory. Vygotsky
developed the sociocultural theory, which is the theory of human development through social and
cultural influences (Aimin, 2013), during the 1920's–30's. One of Vygotsky's focuses was the
concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD), which is the idea of a child being appropriately
challenged, this will be discussed further on. His theory stemmed from how children's learning is
impacted greatly through guidance of peers, cultural relations (language), social interactions,
teachers and any other adult figure in their environment. In the last 10–15 years, teachers,
caregivers, and educators have been attending more to Vygotsky's theory and his concept of the zone
of proximal development, because his work impacts how children learn in their optimal environment
(Trawick–Smith, 2015). Vygotsky's sociocultural theory will be discussed through historical insight,
explanation of the theory itself, how sociocultural and society relate to each other, and how the
theory is applied in the educational society.
[Historical information]
When Vygotsky died in 1934 there were still parts of the theory that needed to be researched on and
expanded upon, which was left in the hands of other theoreticians (Wang, Bruce, Hughes 2011). On
the historical foundation line with Locke on one end and Rosseau on the other end, Vygotsky is one
of the only theorists that falls directly in the middle

Example Of Social Pedagogy

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