Biotechnological strategies in forestry & wasteland management

1. BIOTECHNOLOGICAL STRATEGIES IN
FORESTRY & WASTELAND MANAGEMENT
Name : Sharanjeet Kaur
Roll No. : 32
M.Sc (F) EVS
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2. CONTENTS
 BIOTECHNOLOGY
 FOREST BIOTECHNOLOGY
 WHY BIOTECNOLOGY IN FORESTRY
 METHODS
I) VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
II) MOLECULAR GENETIC MARKERS
III) GMOs
 FUTURE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN FORESTRY
 FOREST GM ACTIVITIES WORLDWIDE
 BENEFITS AND RISK
 WASTELAND
 CAUSES
 METHODS TO MANAGE
 STATUS OF RESTORATION OF WASTELAND
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
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3. BIOTECHNOLOGY ? ?
Biotechnology is defined as any technological
application that uses biological system, living
organisms or derivatives to make or modify products
or processes for specific use.
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4. FOREST
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Forest
biotechnology
used as a tool to
grow trees with
special
characteristics.
When used
responsibly,
society & the
environment
can benefit
from advanced
tree breeding
technologies.
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5. WHY BIOTECHNOLOGY IN FORESTRY??
Forests are under extreme pressures
• Global trade pressure
• Human population growth and demand
• Land converted out of forests
• Climate change, biofuels, illegal logging, invasive
threats….
BOTTOM LINE
Unsustainable demands on current forests
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6. Forest biotechnology is associated with a broad
spectrum of modern methods applicable to agricultural
& forests science, only some of which are related to
genetic engineering.
Forest biotechnology can be classified in many ways,
but here it is grouped under three major categories :
Use of vegetative
propagation
methods
Use of molecular
genetic markers
Use of genetically
modified
organisms (GMOs)
or transgenic
trees.
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7. 1. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
Propagation refers to the process of creating new
plants from seed, grafting, cutting, tissue culture
method.
Vegetative propagation is divided into two types:
1. MACROPROPAGATION 2. MICROPROPAGATION
a) Cutting a) Organogenesis
b) Grafting b) Somatic embryogenesis
c) Layering
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8. 1. CUTTING : Vegetable parts is
detached from the mother plant
and is subjected to a condition
favourable for the regeneration of
roots and production of shoots.
2. GRAFTING : Connecting or joining two plant parts &
allowing it to unite and grow as one plant.
3. LAYERING : Adventitious roots are caused to form on stem
while still attached to the parent plant.
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9. MICROPROPAGATION
Cells removed
from plant &
grown as a tissue
culture in a
special medium.
Growth regulators
& nutrients added
so that growing
cells form a group
of similar cells
called callus.
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10. 1) ORGANOGENESIS : Growing a mass of cells in a tissue culture
that have the ability to produce shoots and grow into a full tree.
2) SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS : Rapidly proliferate plant tissue
via asexual reproduction that mimics steps of the normal embryo
development process.
CATEGORIES OF BIOTECHNOLOGIES USED IN FOREST TREE MICROPROPAGATION
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11. 2. MOLECULAR GENETIC MARKERS
Genetic markers
serve as random
locators on
nuclear or
organelle DNA.
Molecular
markers have
been used to
determine the
genetic
diversity.
Widely used
in different
plants such as
Pine.
Molecular markers use in forest
biotechnological activities
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12. 3. GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
It’s main aim is to introduce a novel trait to the plant
which does not occur naturally within the species.
It can be done by using vector or without vector.
Trees are being genetically altered to grow fast, yield
better wood, and even detect biological attack.
For eg: a) Australian eucalyptus trees have been
altered to withstand freezing temperature.
b) Loblolly pines have been created with less lignin,
the substance that gives trees their rigidity.
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13. 13

14. DISTRIBUTION OF REPORTED FOREST TREE GENETIC
MODIFICATION RESEARCH ACTIVITIES BY GENUS
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15. FUTURE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN
FORESTS MANAGEMENT ?
Herbicide
resistance
Drought
resistance
Fast growth
of firewood
or erosion
control
species.
Environment-
al tolerance
to poor soil,
or soil
contaminate-
d with toxins
(such as salt).
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16. 16

17. • Worldwide, more than 210 field trials of genetically
modified(GM) trees exist in 16 countries, but the greatest
majority occurs in the United States.
• Field trials of GM trees are largely to four genera (Populus,
51% ; Pinus, 23% ; Liquidambar, 11% ; and Eucalyptus, 7% ).
• Approximately half of all reported tree genetic modification
activities are related to methods development (e.g. gene
stability, gene expression).
• Of the remaining activities, herbicide tolerance (13%), biotic
resistance (12% ), wood chemistry (9%) and fertility issues
(6%) dominate the most studied groups of traits.
• Overall, genetic modification activities in forestry occur in at
least 35 countries and Populus remains the most commonly
studied tree genus (52% of activities).
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18. BENEFITS
 Enhance bio- based
products.
 Combat invasive
threats.
 Maximize forest
productivity.
 Replenish resources.
RISK
 Exceptional fitness.
 Effects on non- target
species.
 Loss of natural origin.
 Biodiversity effects.
BENEFITS AND RISK OF USING
BIOTECH TREES
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19. WASTELAND ??
• Land which is lying unproductive or which is not
being utilised to its potential.
• Land which are ecologically unstable, badly eroded
& degraded.
• Land which is incapable of producing material or
services of value.
• Land which produces less than 20% of economic
potential.
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20. CAUSE
• Overgrazing
• Side effects of development projects
• Indiscriminate & Over utilization of forest produces.
• Mis-use & unscientific land management.
• Drought, flood, salinization.
• Deforestation
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21. WASTELAND MANAGEMENT THROUGH
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL METHODS
The urbanization and increased human activity has led to
degradation of habitats. The restoration of degraded land can
be carried out by using biotechnology which involves the
manipulations of biological systems.
This restoration could be carried out by following
biotechnological methods :
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22. a) REFORESTATION THROUGH MICRO–
PROPAGATION.
 Develop strong & superior species.
 Cloned propagation of superior genetic stocks should be
used.
 e.g. Casuarina
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23. b) USE OF MYCORRHIZAE.
 Mycorrhizae formed on highly disturbed than on
undisturbed sites.
 e.g : Bioremediation of coal waste through VAM fungi.
 Inoculants like VAM fungi for mycorrhizae supplemented
with :
 Rhizobium - for legumes
 Azatobacter - for non legumes
 Phosphorus solubilizing microbes (PSM)
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24. c) USE OF MICROBES FOR IMPROVING SOIL
FERTILITY
 Nitrogen fixing bacteria like Rhizobium, or members of
actinomycetes genus Frankia used to induce nodule
formation.
 Induced both in leguminous & non- leguminous plant
species.
 Different Rhizobium strains suitable for different soils :
 Saline soils - R8
 Acidic soils - R36 and R73
 Non – legume nitrogen fixing systems - Alnus spp.
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25. d) DEVELOPMENT OF STRESS TOLERANT PLANTS
 Develop plants resistant to abiotic stresses
e.g : salinity, acidity, aluminium toxicity.
 Species resistance to salinity :
 Plant species : Brassica sps. , Nicotiana tabacum, etc.
 Tree species : Prosopis spicigera , Terminalia bellerica , etc.
 In vitro selection for tolerance to aluminium toxicity in
tomato, rice , etc.
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26. e) RESTORATION OF SOILS CONTAMINATED WITH
HEAVY METALS
 Selective use of engineered microbes.
 e.g. : (i) Plasmids enhance the recovery of gold from
arsenopyrite ores, by Thiobacillus ferroxidans.
(ii) Ganoderma lucidum, biosorbent material for heavy
metal pollution control.
 Certain algal, fungal & bacterial species are good absorber of
metals.
 Phytochelatin used as biomarker for metal pollution
detections.
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27. STATUS OF RESTORATION OF WASTELAND
 In New Zealand, large number of micro-propagated plantlets
of Pinus radiata were used for reforestation.
 In 1990, about 500 million plants of diverse nature were
produced in 60 countries.
 In Senegal and China , 1 million hectares of plantations with
Casuarina equisetifolia have been established effectively.
 In China, rice cultivar Zhong Hua 10 and Zhong Hua 11
having high degree of drought resistance have been planted.
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28.  In India, with the support from Dept. of Biotechnology(DBT),
a number of forest trees were used successfully for micro-
propagation under two Tissue Culture Pilot Plant (TCPP)
facilities that were initiated :
1) TERI, New Delhi
2) NCL, Pune
 Some of the trees which were used in these are Alnus spp. ,
bamboo, teak, neem , Eucalyptus spp. etc.
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29. CONCLUSION
Biotechnology is a way or a tool to develop trees with some special
characteristics i.e, used to improve the physical & genetic traits of
trees. With the advent of biotechnology, unprecedented opportunities
for the recovery of degraded ecosystem through the manipulations of
biological systems, have become available.
Thus ,we need sustainably managed trees and land for communication,
packaging, housing, food and renewable energy which will be fulfilled
by using forest biotechnology as well as by using these technologies to
manage the degraded land.
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30. REFERENCES
BOOKS
• P.K GUPTA, Biotechnology and Genomics, Rastogi Publications, page no.701- 705.
• Pradipta Kumar Mohapatra, Environmental Biotechnology, I.k International Publications, page no. 388-
390.
SITES
• https://www.plt.org/stuff/contentmgr/files/1/.../files/forest_biotechnology.pdf
• http://plantpropagation.com/cuttings.htm
• https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/426/426-002/426-002.html
• http://www.biotechnology4u.com/biotechnology_environment_role_%20biotechnology_restoration_degr
aded_lands.html
• http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/wasteland/wasteland-definition-classification-and-significance-of-
wasteland/29339/
• http://image.slidesharecdn.com/newevspresentation2-140627032951-phpapp02/95/wasteland-
reclamation-3-638.jpg?cb=1403839864
IMAGES
• http://anpsa.org.au/APOL7/qu-graft.gif
• http://www.edscience.net/files/2012/05/plant-cutting.jpg
• http://generalhorticulture.tamu.edu/lectsupl/Propaga/P90F3.GIF
• http://www.onestopgate.com/images/life-science/biotechnology/tissue/toti_a.gif
• http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae574e/AE574E24.gif
• http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae574e/AE574E10.gif
• http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae574e/AE574E14.gif
• http://bch.cbd.int/images/ra_training_manual/module1/mod1fig3.jpg 30

31. THANK YOU
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