Plants require essential nutrients for their growth and development that are mainly acquired from soil by their roots. Nutrient stress is an environmental condition that can seriously affect the production and quality of crop produce. Biofertilizers are the organisms (Bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria, etc.) that enrich the nutrient quality of soil. Plants have a number of beneficial relationship with such organisms. Among these AM-Fungi are ubiquitous and form a mutuality relationship with roots of most plant species.

1. WEL-COME

2. Seminar on
Mitigation of nutrient stress in different crops using AM fungi
Presentation by
Khamkar Mangesh Shesherao
(REG.NO. 2018A/107M)
Research Guide
Dr. M. S. Deshmukh
Seminar Incharge
Dr. Syed Ismail
Head
Department of Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry
VNMKV, Parbhani.

3.  CONTENTS
 Introduction
 What is nutrient stress ?
 What is AM fungi ?
 Types of mycorrhiza
 Association and occurance
 Methods of detection
 Mycorrhizal biofertilizer
A) Mass production
 Applications of Mycorrhiza
 Role of mycorrhiza in plant nutrition
 Enhancement of nutrient supply by root exudates effects on symbiotic microbes
 Effects on pH and nutrient availability
 Response of AM in different crops.
 Conclusion

4. INTRODUCTION

5.  Plants require essential nutrients for their growth and development that
are mainly acquired from soil by their roots.
Nutrient stress is an environmental condition that can seriously affect the
production and quality of crop produce.
 Biofertilizers are the organisms (Bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria, etc.) that
enrich the nutrient quality of soil.
Plants have a number of beneficial relationship with such organisms.
 Among these AM-Fungi are ubiquitous and form a mutuality relationship
with roots of most plant species.
Contd…

6.  Under arid and semi-arid conditions the main benefit of mycorrhizae
to plants is to increase phosphorus and other macro and micro-
nutrients like N, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Zn and B uptake.
 Under drought stress conditions, AM fungi enhances the uptake of
water through the extension of root surface in the soil by extra –
radial mycelia.
 The application of AM fungi in saline soil improve plant growth and
salt tolerance ability through reducing uptake of sodium and chloride
ions as well as reducing their movement to plant aerial parts,
keeping ionic balance by improving uptake of nutrients and
stimulating selective uptake.
(Source: Rahul Dev et al., 2018 . Indian Farming.381-386)

7.  Principle of these fungi is roots infection. Fungi will expand the
absorption of nutrient and water uptake which is to support
growth and yield during drought stress, Brundett (2002).
 Water deficiency can reduce the availability of nutrients for
plants because the amount of water in the soil will affect
concentration of nutrients in soil and the rate of movement of
nutrients through the diffusion and transfer mass (Soheil, 2011).
 Plants given Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi is more resistant on
water deficiency than plants without AMF. The research of
Quilambo (2003) stated that AMF used as an alternative plan for
soil that suffer water stress and poor nutrients.

8.  What is Nutrient Stress ?
 Nutrient stress is an edaphic condition that prevents the plants from
achieving its full genetic potential or resulting cause nutrient deficiency
which affect quality of produce.
 Nutrient stress seriously affects plant growth, yield and quality of
produce
 Macro (C, H, O, N, P, K and Ca, Mg, S ) and micro ( Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Mo
, B ) elements deficinet in soil make plant impossible to quality of
produce.

9.  What are Mycorrhizae ?
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed
between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
 It is an an greek word, myco means fungus and rrhiza means roots i.e.
fungus roots.
 Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A. B. Frank in
the last century (1885) in forest trees such as pine.
 Convert insoluble form of phosphorus in soil into soluble form.
 Since the association is mutualistic, both organisms benefit from the
associations.
 The fungus receives carbohydrates (sugars) and growth factors from
the plant, which in turn receives many benefits, including increased
nutrient absorption.
 In this association, the fungus takes over role of the plant’s root hairs
and Acts as an extension of the root systems.
 It is commonly known as root fungi.
 This association are members of the kingdom (Basidomycetes,
Ascomycetes and Zygomycetes) and most vascular plants.
(Source : Pujari and Syed Ismail (2016)., M.sc. Agri. Thesis)

10.  General features of AM Fungi :
 AMF are obligate root symbionts inhabiting almost all terrestrial
ecosystems.
 They can form a symbiotic association with around 80% of vascular
plants and with approximately 90% of agricultural plants.
 In this mutual association, the fungus receives 10–20% of total
photosynthates and lipids from the host plant, whereas the plant is
enhanced through uptake of water and mineral nutrient by the
mycorrhizal partner.
 AMF are the most common fungi in soils and represent 9–55% of the
soil microbe biomass and 5–36% of the total soil biomass.
 Currently, AMF are classified as a member of phylum
Glomeromycota including four orders (Archaeosporales,
Diversisporales, Glomerales, and Paraglomerales), with 11 families,
25 genera, and nearly 250 species.
Contd…

11.  Types of Mycorrhiza
1) Ecto mycorrhiza
2) Endomycorrhiza
a) Ectendomycorrhiza
b) VAM
c) Arbutoid Mycorrhiza
d) Monotropoid Mycorrhiza
e) Ericoid Mycorrhiza
f) Orchid Mycorrhiza
1) Ectomycorrhiza: The fungus forms a mantle around roots.There is
no hyphal penetration of cells. Fungal hypha is generally separate.
A distinct Hartig net is present between the cells.
2) Endomycorrhiza : The fungal hyphae are present on root surface as
individual threads that may penetrate directly into root hairs, other
epidermal cells and into cortical cells.
(Source : Marks et al., 1991)

12. (Source : http://www.biology discussion.com)
Fig. 1. Structure of Mycorrhiza

13. Source : https://www.dhanukaagri.com/918-2.
Fig. Deficiency of macro and micronutrients

14.  Mechanisms of AMF mitigate drought stress in host plants :
 It is well known that AMF offer indispensable advantages to the
host plant subjected to water shortage, with two major strategies
that mycorrhizal plants use to deal with water deficit: drought
mitigation and drought tolerance.
 Drought mitigation strategy is involved in indirect AM benefits
and enhanced water uptake through the extensive hyphae network,
enabling host plants to suffer less stress than non-AM plants,
whereas drought tolerance includes a combination of direct AM
benefits that improve plant’s innate ability to cope with the stress
(Figure 3).
Contd…

15. Fig. 2. Strategies of mycorrhizal plants to cope with water scarcity, that is, drought mitigation and drought tolerance. Multiple
benefits/mechanisms could be simultaneously induced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the host plant exposed to water deficit. The
blue arrows show increase/up-regulation, whereas the orange arrows indicate decrease/down-regulation, relative to control non-
mycorrhizal plants. Italic words indicate genes. ABA, abscisic acid; AQP, aquaporin; Car, carotenoids; Chla, chlorophyll a; Chlb,
chlorophyll b; Fv/Fm, maximum quantum efficiency of PSII; gs, stomatal conductance; IAA, indole-3-acetic acid; iWUE, intrinsic water
use efficiency; JAs, jasmonates; LWP, leaf water potential; MDA, malondialdehyde; MeJA, methyl jasmonate; PN, net photosynthesis
rate; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RWC, relative water content; SLs, strigolactones.
(Source : Posta et al., 2018. Benefits of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Application to Crop Production under Water Scarcity DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86595 )

16. source : Bahadur et al.,(june 2019). Int.J. Mol.Sci. 20, 4199
Fig. Drought tolerance mechanism by AM fungi

17. Source : https://www.frontiersin.in.org
Q. How to enhance crop yield ?

18. Methods of Detection :
1) Census of fruiting bodies produced by different species
2) Soil cores - separate and identity mycorrhizal roots by
morphology, Hartig net
3) Recently molecular methods have been used to identify the
fungi present in mycorrhizal roots - e.g. RFLP.

19.  Mycorrhizal Biofertilizer :
 Mass Production :
Spores + antibiotic solution
(Streptomycin of 220 ppm conc. For 15 min)
Wash spores with mercuric chlorides
Wash with distilled water
Inoculate the plant pots
Keep in green house for 3-4 weeks
Uproot the plants
Check for colonization
Again keep for field growth (1- 1.5 months)
Contd…

20. Macerate the root
Check for moisture content (only 5% should be there )
Use as a biofertilizer
(Source :Sadhana B 2014. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied
Sciences: 3(4);384-400)

21. Crop AMF Yield /Parameter
Papaya Glomus sp. Growth, production, and fruit quality
Passion fruit Gigaspora albida and Scutellospora
heterigama
Production
Sweet Orange Mixed AMF strains of IARI Azospirrilum
and micronutrients sprays
Production
Kinnow mandarin Glomus deserticola , Mixed AMF Growth, nutrient uptake and control of root damage
by nematodes
Apple AMF+ Azotobacter chroococcum Yield, P, and Zn uptake
Mango Mixed strain of AMF and PSB Growth, fruit yield and quality
Ber Glomus sp. Net photosynthesis and transpiration
Maize AM fungi Improve water relations
Green gram Glomus fasciculatum Water use and increased fertilizer use efficiency
Maize Glomus mosseae Increased phophorus uptake
Red gram Glomus mosseae Increased nitrogen uptake
Citrus kama Mixed inoculum of Glomus sp. And
Gigaspora sp.
Increased nitrogen uptake
Hemp Glomus macrocarpum Increased magnesium uptake
Cotton Glomus mosseae Increased chloride uptake
 Role of mycorrhiza in plant nutrition :
 Beneficial effects of AM fungi (AMF) inoculation in crop plants under
abiotic stress
(Source : Rahul Dev et al., (2018). Indian farming. 381-387.
Location : Regional research station , Arid zone Research Institute , kukma, Bhuj (Gujrat) 370 105).

22. Cereals and millets Wheat, Barley, Maize, Sorghum, and Pearl millet
Legumes and pulses Black gram, Green gram, Cow pea and Chick pea
Oilseeds Groundnut and castor
Vegetables French bean, Cow pea, Cluster bean, Brinjal,
Capsicum and cucurbits
Tuber crops Carrot, Beetroot and Potato
Fiber crops Cotton
Fruit and orchards Mango, Pomegranate, Sapota, Date Palm, Ber and
Guava
 Recommended arid crops for mycorrhizal inoculation :
(Source : Rahul Dev et al., (2018). Indian farming. 381-387.

23. Fig . Potential model of the regulatory role of stress-induced changes in DNA methylation in modulating
transcription factor (TF) binding. Schematic of a stress inducible gene (dark grey) and its promoter region
(light grey) containing a binding site for a specific transcription factor (in red, TFBS). Under normal
conditions, the cytosines near the transcription factor binding site (TFBS) are methylated (black lollipops),
preventing the TF to bind to its binding site and to induce transcription of the gene. Under stress conditions, the
cytosines near the TFBS are actively demethylated (white lollipops), allowing the TF to bind to the promoter
and for the gene to be transcribed by RNA Polymerase II (in yellow). The number and extent of changes in
cytosine DNA methylation represented is purely schematic.
(Source : David Secco et al., (2017). Current Opinion in plant Biology, 39:1-7)

24. Fig. The two pathways of P uptake in an AM root involve different regions of the root, different cell types, and
different Pi transporters. In the direct pathway (DP), Pi is absorbed from the rhizosphere by plant Pi transporters
in epidermis and root hairs (green circles) close to the root surface. Uptake is normally faster than replacement
by diffusion from the bulk soil, resulting in reduced Pi concentrations (depletion) close to the roots (callout 1). In
the mycorrhizal pathway, Pi is taken up into AM fungal hyphae by fungal Pi transporters (blue circles) several
centimeters from the root and translocated to intracellular fungal structures (arbuscules and hyphal coils) in root
cortical cells (callout 2). Plant Pi transporters, induced in colonized cells (yellow circle), transfer Pi from the
interfacial apoplast to plant cortical cells (callout 3).
Smith et al., (2011) Plant Physiology, Vol. 156, pp. 1050–1057, www.plantphysiol.org
Two way pathway of P uptake in an AM inoculated plant rhozoshere

25. Applications of Mycorrhiza :
Increases nutrient uptake of plant from soil : P nutriton and other elements - N, K,
Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, S, B, Mo, Fe, Mn.
More tolerant to adverse soil chemical constraints which limits crop production.
Increase plant resistance to diseases and drought.
Stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms.
Improve soil structure :
stable soil aggregate- hyphal polysacharides bind and aggregate soil particles.
Increases the conc. of cytokinins and chloroplasts in plants.

26. Element Available form Content in soil Content in dry matter
(mol/g)
Molybdenum MoO4
2- 0.2-2.0 ppm 0.001
Nickel Ni2+ < 100 ppm 0.001
Copper Cu+ & Cu2+ 5- 50 ppm 0.10
Zinc Zn2+ 10-30 ppm 0.30
Manganese Mn2+ 200-300 ppm 1.00
Iron Fe2+ & Fe3+ 2,50,000 ppm 2.00
Boron Bo3 20-200 2.00
Chlorine Cl- - 3.00
Sulphur So4
2- 0.04% 30
Phosphorus HPO4
2-,H2PO-
4 0.1% 60
Magnesium Mg2
+ 0.05% 80
Calcium Ca2
+ 0.5% 125
Potassium K+ 2.0% 250
Nitrogen NO3
- & NH4
+ >2.5% 1000
Table 1. Concentration of mineral elements in soil, available form and their
content in plants.
(Source : Hiiner et al., (2004). Physiology and molecular biology of stress tolerance
in plants. 187-217 ).

27. Treatments
Number
of
pods/pl
ant
Fresh
weight
of
pods/
plant (g)
Dry
weight
of pods/
plants (g)
Fresh
weight
of each
plant (g)
Dry
weight
of each
plant (g)
Weight of
seeds per
plant (g)
T1 : (control)*
Untreated
(JS-335)
5 2.27 1.38 3.91 1.13 0.70
T2 : G.fasciculatum
(JS-335)
14 6.56 3.59 10.15 2.60 2.16
T3 : G. mosseae
(JS-335)
9 3.83 2.24 6.63 1.95 1.26
Case Study :
Table 2: Yield performance of the soybean genotypes treated with the
VAM fungi (GF and GM)
(Source : Tidke et al.,(2018). Journal of plant sciences. 13(1):1-11.
Location : Institute of plant physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Acadamy of sciences,
1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.

28. Soybean variety (JS-335) Flavonoid content
treated with VAM (mg of quercetin g-1)
T1 : *Control 0.379
T2 : G. fasciculatum 0.463
T3 : G. mosseae 0.418
Table 3 : Influence of VAM treatments on flavonoid contents of
soybean seed
( Source : Tidke et al., (2018). Journal of plant sciences,13(1):1-11)
Location : Institute of plant physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Acadamy of
sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.

29. Treatment Treatments
Details
Height
(cm)
Biomass
(g plant-1)
P
(mg plant-1)
N
(mg-plant-1
(×10) )
T1 Control 54 21.4 52 190
T2 Only RDF
(30:60:30:30 NPK&S
Kg ha-1)
64 32.4 82 300
T3 R. clarus 62 28.9 73 280
T4 R. clarus+ RDF 57 40.0 102 380
T5 R. clarus+ ½ RDF 65 28.6 75 300
Table 4 : Effect of AMF (Rhizophagus clarus) inoculation on height, biomass
and nutrients uptake in soybean plants at 80 DAE.
( Source : Cely et al., (2016). Front Microbiology ; 7 : 720 )
Location : Department of Agronomy, State University of Londria, Brazil.

30. Sr.No. Soil Physico-chemical
Properties
UTS TS (AM)
1 pH 5.86 5.7
2 Moisture content (%) 14.67 16.99
3 Temperature (°C) 29.38 26.75
4 Organic carbon (%) 0.96 1.01
5 Available phosphorus (%) 0.013 0.018
Table 5: Soil Physico-chemical Properties of Camelia Sinensis (Tea)
in Untreated Site (UTS) and Treated Site (TS) with mycorrhiza in
sandy laom, slightly acidic soil
( Source : Sharma et al., (2017) ; International Journal of Agricultural Science and
Research (IJASR) ISSN(P): 2250-0057; ISSN(E) 2321-0087 Vol. 7, Issue 4, Aug 2017,
31-38 )
Location : Shillong, Meghalaya

31. Watering
conditionss
Inoculation
treatments
Root dry
mass (g)
Shoot
mass
(g)
dry root /
shoot ratio
Nitrogen
conc. (%) P conc. (%)
well watered
control 7.8 11.1 0.6 2.5 0.2
S. constrictum 5.9 9 0.6 3.0 0.4
Glomus sp. 6.9 9 0.8 3.2 0.4
G. aggregatum 4.9 9.8 0.5 3.3 0.3
AMF mixture 6.7 9.2 0.7 4.0 0.4
Drought
stress
control 6.4 6.5 1 3.0 0.1
S. constrictum 4.4 6.7 0.7 3.4 0.4
Glomus sp. 5.4 6.8 0.8 3.8 0.5
G. aggregatum 4.2 6.8 0.6 3.7 0.3
AMF mixture 4.8 7.2 0.7 3.7 0.3
significance
Water regime(w) p≤0.001 (S) p≤0.001(S) p≤0.05 (S) p≤0.01 (S) NS
AMF p≤0.001 (S) NS p≤0.001 (S) p≤0.001 (S) p≤0.001 (S)
W x AMF NS NS p≤0.01 (S) NS NS
NS= P< 0.05 (Source : Grumberg et al., (2015).Biol Fertil Soils, 51:1-10)
Location : National Agril. Technology Institute, Cordoba, Argentina.
Table 6 : Biomass and mineral nutrients in leaves of soybean plants inoculated with arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) isolates and their mixture, under well watered (WW) and drought stress (DS)
conditions

32. Treaatment Inoculation
P levels (kg ha-1)
10(P1) 20(P2) 30(P3) 40(P4)
Yield (qt ha-1)
T1 Control 27.60 28.91 29.82 30.50
T2 Glomus
mosseae
29.42 30.52 31.48 32.62
T3 PSB 28.52 29.45 30.50 31.71
T4 Glomus
+PSB
31.42 32.80 34.46 35.50
Table 7 : Effect of Glomus mosseae amd PSB inoculation under graded
levels of fertilizer phosphate on yield of sorghum
( Source : Gawade et al., (2014). Journal of Agriculture Research Technology.,
39(1): 055-061).
Location : Dept. of Plant Pathology and Agril. Microbiology, MPKV , Rahuri.

33. Inoculation P – levels (kg ha-1) Mean
10(P1) 20(P2) 30(P3) 40 (P4)
N uptake (kg ha-1) :
Control 90.19 94.47 99.83 103.58 97.02
Glomus mosseae 101.13 106.30 113.18 117.38 109.49
PSB 95.23 99.38 105.37 110.52 102.63
Glomus+ PSB 11.09 115.47 122.13 130.32 119.75
P uptake (kg ha-1)
Control 15.20 19.86 24.80 29.76 22.41
Glomus mosseae 18.26 23.40 27.41 34.58 25.91
PSB 16.47 21.41 26.60 32.01 24.12
Glomus+ PSB 20.95 26.64 32.75 39.86 30.05
S.E. CD at 5%
a b a b
P-levels 0.56 049 1.94 1.70
Innoculations (T) 0.77 0.31 1.27 0.91
Interaction
( P x T ) 1.55 0.62 NS NS
1.46 0.73 NS NS
Table 8: Effect of Glomus mosseae and PSB inoculation under graded levels of
fertilizer phosphate on N and P uptake in sorghum.
( Source : Gawade et al., (2014). Journal of Agriculture Research Technology. 39(1): 055-061 ).
Location : Dept. of Plant Pathology and Agril. Microbiology, MPKV , Rahuri.


34. Parameters
Diazotrophic
treatment VAM inoculation treatment
Control G.fasciculatum G. mosseae
(A) N content of whole
plant sample (%)
Control 2.20 2.32 2.25
A.brasilense 2.67 2.90 2.77
(B) N uptake by plant
(mg plant-1)
Control 87.77 11.92 98.77
A.brasilense 125.97 150.99 136.43
(C) P content of whole
plant sample (%)
Control 0.34 0.51 0.49
A.brasilense 0.40 0.60 0.52
(D) P uptake by plant
(mg plant-1)
Control 13.66 24.80 21.51
A.brasilense 18.84 31.24 25.83
Table 9 : Effect of Azospirillum and VAM treatments on nitrogen and phosphorus
content of Kagzilime seedlings and its uptake.
(Source : Bankar et al., (2009). Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities; 34(2): 183-185)
Location : Dept. of Plant Pathology and Agril. Microbiology, MPKV , Rahuri.

35. Treat
ments
Treatment Details N(%) P(%) K(%)
T1 Uninoculated control (only RDF) 1.77 0.22 1.50
T2 RDF + Azotobacter inoculation 2.61 0.26 2.02
T3 RDF + PSB inoculation 1.96 0.32 1.95
T4 RDF + Azotobacter + PSB
inoculation
2.8 0.35 2.69
T5 RDF + AM fungus inoculation 2.24 0.28 2.06
T6 RDF + AMF + Azotobacter
inoculation
2.89 0.35 2.55
T7 RDF + AMF + PSB inoculation 2.56 0.38 2.65
T8 RDF + AMF+ Azotobacter + PSB
inoculation
2.98 0.42 3.01
S.E. 0.19 0.028 0.24
C.D. at 1% 0.57 0.083 0.71
C.V. % 9.71 10.82 13.03
Table 10: Effect of AM fungi and bioinoculants on nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium contents of plant after harvest of chilli (100:50:50 NPK kg ha-1)
(Source : Pujari and Syed Ismail, (2016).Effect of AMF and Bioinoculants on growth and
yield of transplanted chilli. M.Sc. Thesis. )
Location : Dept. of SSAC, College of Agril. VNMKV, Parbhani


36. Treatm
ents
Treatment Details Zn Fe Mn Cu
T1
Uninoculated control (only RDF) 57.46 234.47 53.75 19.52
T2
RDF + Azotobacter inoculation 60.59 244.67 61.53 27.53
T3
RDF + PSB inoculation 59.44 247.06 66.67 29.51
T4
RDF + Azotobacter + PSB
inoculation
65.47 255.97 75.71 34.99
T5
RDF + AM fungus inoculation 68.23 245.84 67.40 35.61
T6
RDF + AM + Azotobacter inoculation 72.68 257.18 72.31 36.18
T7
RDF + AM + PSB inoculation 73.39 263.18 73.94 42.63
T8
RDF + AM + Azotobacter + PSB
inoculation
80.45 272.80 77.65 46.75
S.E. 3.39 7.14 3.60 3.06
C.D. at 1% 9.91 20.86 10.53 8.96
C.V. % 6.14 3.46 6.43 11.02
Table 11 : Effect of AM fungi and bioinoculants on micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) contents
(mg kg-1) of plant after harvest of chilli (100:50:50 NPK kg ha-1)
( Source : Pujari and Syed Ismail, (2016). Effect of AMF and Bioinoculants on growth and yield
of transplanted chilli. M. Sc. Thesis )
Location : Dept. of SSAC, College of Agril. VNMKV, Parbhani


37. Treatm
ents
Treatment Details 60 DAP 90 DAS 120 DAS
T1 Uninoculated control (only RDF) 201.78 192.15 183.71
T2 RDF + Azotobacter inoculation 210.53 206.37 199.10
T3 RDF + PSB inoculation 203.78 196.64 190.38
T4 RDF + Azotobacter + PSB inoculation 211.29 208.23 203.36
T5 RDF + AM fungus inoculation 207.35 206.03 196.29
T6 RDF + AM + Azotobacter inoculation 213.72 211.42 205.85
T7 RDF + AM + PSB inoculation 210.59 206.49 202.79
T8 RDF + AM + Azotobacter + PSB
inoculation
220.36 214.58 210.50
S.E. 3.48 2.84 3.70
C.D. at 1% 10.18 8.31 10.80
C.V. % 2.03 1.70 2.27
Initial 193.26
Table12: Effect of AM fungi and bioinoculants on available nitrogen (kg ha-1) of soil at
different growth stages of Chilli (100:50:50 NPK kg ha-1)
(Source : Pujari and Syed Ismail, (2016). Effect of AMF and Bioinoculants on growth and yield of
transplanted chilli. M.Sc. Thesis ).
Location : Dept. of SSAC, College of Agril. VNMKV, Parbhani


38. Treatments Treatment Details 60 DAP 90 DAS 120 DAS
T1 Uninoculated control (only RDF) 17.93 15.31 13.68
T2 RDF + Azotobacter inoculation 20.03 18.72 16.75
T3 RDF + PSB inoculation 22.73 20.35 19.68
T4 RDF + Azotobacter + PSB
inoculation
24.62 22.53 21.00
T5 RDF + AM fungus inoculation 21.58 18.71 17.42
T6 RDF + AM + Azotobacter
inoculation
24.37 21.85 20.58
T7 RDF + AM + PSB inoculation 25.54 13.80 22.31
T8 RDF + AM + Azotobacter + PSB
inoculation
26.76 25.48 23.39
S.E. 1.26 0.97 1.17
C.D. at 1% 3.69 2.83 3.42
C.V. % 6.75 5.71 7.41
Initial 15.00
Table 13: Effect of AM fungi and bioinoculants on available phosphorus (kg ha-1) of soil
at different growth stages of Chilli (100:50:50 NPK kg ha-1)
(Source : Pujari and Syed Ismail, (2016). Effect of AMF and Bioinoculants on growth and yield of
transplanted chilli. M.Sc. Thesis)
Location : Dept. of SSAC, College of Agril. VNMKV, Parbhani.


39. Treatments Treatment Details 60 DAP 90DAS 120DAS
T1 Uninoculated control (only RDF) 580.93 573.09 567.21
T2 RDF + Azotobacter inoculation 588.55 583 577.56
T3 RDF + PSB inoculation 594.53 588.37 581.46
T4 RDF + Azotobacter + PSB
inoculation
608.36 602.56 596.47
T5 RDF + AM fungus inoculation 607.65 601.07 592.19
T6 RDF + AM + Azotobacter
inoculation
609.70 603.17 597.47
T7 RDF + AM + PSB inoculation 613.16 603.93 597.55
T8 RDF + AM + Azotobacter + PSB
inoculation
617.23 612.51 607.16
S.E. 3.96 4.12 3.77
C.D. at 1% 11.57 12.03 11.01
C.V. % 0.80 0.84 0.78
Initial 560
Table 14. Effect of AM fungi and bioinoculants on available potassium (kg ha-1) of soil
at different growth stages of Chilli (100:50:50 NPK kg ha-1)
(Source : Pujari and Syed Ismail, (2016). Effect of AMF and Bioinoculants on growth and yield of
transplanted chilli.M.Sc. Thesis )
Location : Dept. of SSAC, College of Agril. VNMKV Parbhani


40. Treatme
nts
Treatments details
Nitrogen (kg ha-1) Phosphorus (kg ha-1)
DAG DAG
0 30 60 90 0 30 60 90
T1 Azospirillum±75% of NP 134 142 181 182 7.1 7.3 8 8.1
T2 Phosphobacteria± 75% of NP 134 139 169 171 7.1 10.3 11 11.1
T3 Azophos± 75% of NP 134 142 178 180 7.1 10.1 10.6 10.8
T4 Mycorrhiza± 75% of NP 134 145 176 177 7.1 10.3 11 11
T5 Azophos±Mycorrhiza±75% of
NP
134 153 181 184 7.1 10.5 11 11.2
T6 Recommended NPK (40 : 20 : 0
kg/ha)
134 137 175 176 7.1 10.3 10.9 10.9
T7 Control (uninoculated) 134 133 131 132 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.1
Table 15 : Effect of biofertilizers on available nitrogen and phosphorus content of black
cotton soil during the cropping period.
(Source : Ramalakshmi et al., (2008), Asian Journal of Bio Science, 3(2), 348-351.)
Location : Dept. of Agril. Microbiology, TNAU, Coimbatore (T. N.) India.

41. Treatments Treatments
details
Nodule
no./pla
nt
Nodule dry
wt.(g/plant)
Plant content (%)
N P K
No.of
pods/plant
Pod yield
(qt ha-1)
Main plot
1) T1 Uninoculated
control
138 0.36 2.15 0.14 1.05 17 26.15
2) T2 Rhizobium 199 1.51 3.37 0.16 1.30 20 29.68
3) T3 G.macrocarpum 160 1.15 3.64 0.30 1.46 20 30.94
4) T4 G. fasciculatum 158 1.09 3.55 0.29 1.44 19 30.36
5) T5 Rhizobium + G.
macrocarpum
213 1.91 3.77 0.33 1.54 22 33.78
6) T6 Rhizobium+G.
fasciculatum
205 1.78 3.75 0.32 1.50 21 33.47
Sub plot
1) T1 0 % RDF 144 0.87 3.20 0.15 1.31 17.50 23.8
2) T2 50 % RDF 207 1.55 3.63 0.21 1.40 20.70 33.4
3) T3 100 % RDF 177 1.34 3.74 0.24 1.58 23.60 35.1
10 t/ha FYM 186 1.45 3.59 0.19 1.37 17.90 30.9
Table 16: Effects of inoculation of VAM fungi and Rhizobium on nodulation, N, P, K content, no of
pods /plant and pod yield in groundnut at 60 (25 : 50 : 25 NPK kg ha-1)
( Source : Shasidhara et al., 1994. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities.,19(3) : 464-465 )
Location : College of Agriculture, Dharwad (India).

42. Treatment Treatment details Nodule No./
plant
Nodule dry
wt (mg
plant-1)
Plant height
(cm)
Grain Yield(kg
plot-1)
T1 Uninoculated control+
10% NP
38 189 45 0.77
T2 Rhizobium+10% NP 59 295 46 0.85
T3 Glomus
fasciculatum+10% NP
46 201 45 0.84
T4 R+Gf+100%NP 70 296 52 0.86
T5 UIC+50%NP 30 68 43 0.75
T6 R+50%NP 62 264 43 0.80
T7 Gf+50%NP 45 200 44 0.80
T8 R+Gf+50% NP 76 305 53 0.84
T9 UIC+0%NP 24 46 12 0.40
T10 R+0%NP 42 188 10 0.49
T11 GF+0%NP 36 170 10 0.48
T12 R+Gf+10%NP 48 206 14 0.50
F test N.S. S S S
LSD at
P=0.5
28.0 11.49 0.8
Table 17: Nodule number, nodule dry wt, plant height and yield of Cowpea as influenced by dual
inoculation of G.fasculatum and Rhizobium in Vertisol (25:50:00 NPK kg ha-1)
Source : Sreenivasa et al.,(1994). Journal of Maharashtra Agril. Unniversities .19: 459-460)
Location : College of Agriculture, Dharwad (India).

43. Parameters studied Treatment 90 days after
planting
150 days after planting 210 days after planting
Acid phosphatase activity Control 9.1 14.3 8.6
(µmol p-nitrophenol g-1 h-1) AMF 18.1 18.3 13.8
AMF+PSB 20.6 20.2 16.6
AMF+NF 19.2 18.4 13.7
AMF+PSB +NF 21.1 21.3 15.2
Dehydrogenase activity Control 4.7 4.8 3.5
(nmol TPF g-1 h-1) AMF 78.4 83.4 43.6
AMF+PSB 96.2 98.4 62.3
AMF+NF 94.4 100.5 62.4
AMF+PSB +NF 98.3 100.4 62.4
Urease enzyme activity Control 3.2 4.5 3.2
(µmol NH3N g-1 h-1) AMF 56.1 83.2 42.8
AMF+PSB 88.9 96.0 67.7
AMF+NF 91.7 99.5 70.1
AMF+PSB +NF 90.6 99.2 70.9
Microbial biomass carbon Control 0.14 0.15 0.86
(µg g-1) AMF 1.21 1.30 0.94
AMF +PSB 1.79 1.78 1.19
AMF +NF 1.82 1.79 1.23
AMF +PSB +NF 1.83 1.82 1.23
Table 18.Effect of AMF on Acid phosphatase, dehydrogenase, urease enzyme activity and microbial biomass
carbon on 90, 150 and 210 days after planting of turmeric
Source : Shanti Chaya and Bijoy Neog, (2015). JISSS. 63(4): 442-448.
Location : Dept. of Life sciences , Dibrugarh (Assam)

44.  Way forward related to AMF production and application :
 The need to benefit from AMF as a biofertilizer, with a view to sustainable
agriculture, is becoming increasingly urgent since the appropriate management of
these symbiotic fungi could potentially decrease the use of agrochemicals.
 The main strategy adopted to achieve this goal is the inoculation of AMF
propagules (inoculum) into a target soil. Unfortunately, AMF are obligate
symbionts and cannot be cultivated in pure cultures, away from their host plants.
 This constraining feature makes the large-scale production of AMF inocula very
challenging and complex.
 There are three main types of AMF inocula. First, soil from the root zone of a plant
hosting AMF can be used as inoculum as it normally contains colonized root
fragments, AMF spores, and hyphae.
 The propagule abundance, diversity, and infectivity are available, soil inocula can
be unreliable and carry the possible risk of transferring weed seeds and pathogens.

45.  Spores extracted from soil can instead be used as starters for crude inoculum
production.
 Crude inoculum can be obtained after a known isolate of AMF and a host
trap plant (i.e., a plant that can be massively colonized by many AMF
species) are grown together in an inert medium optimized for AMF
propagation.
 This is the most commonly used type of inoculum for large-scale crop
inoculation as it usually contains a more concentrated set of the same kind of
propagules found in soil inocula.

46. Conclusion :
 It serve as biofertilizers so great importance in agriculture.
 Mycorrhizal plants increase the surface area of the root system and
absorb nutrients from soil especially phosphorus and micronutrients
by hyphae that goes beyond root zone to absorb nutrients.
 Enhance the efficiency of absorbing water and nutrients from soil.
 The mycorrhizal association is one of the important phenomena for
better establishment of crop plants especially under nutrient deficient
soils.
 Significant role in nutrient recycling.
 Protect plants during stress conditon.

47.  Play key role in drought mitigation and drought tolerance.
 Inclusion of AM fungi in crop production improves soil fertility.
 The use of AMF along with chemical fertilizers plays an important role in
boosting agricultural production.
 This is the low-cost farm input for resource-poor farmers, who ill afford
expensive external inputs especially P.
 In Maharashtra particularly in Marathwada region less rainfall occur
with major drawback of long monsoon break in critical stage of crop
growth, so AM fungi inoculation is one of the best remedy for
avoiding resulting loss on yield and quality of produce.

48. Thank You…,