pillinng test & abrasion resistance

1. Welecome to Presentation

2. Textile Testing & Quality Control-2
Code :TE-901
Submitted to
Shabiha Akther
Lecturer
Department of Textile Engineering
World University of
Bangladesh

3. Department of Textile
engineering
Batch:24th
Submitted by
A.B.M.SHAMIM FERDOUS

4. PILLING TESTING
&
ABRASION RESISTANCE

5. PILLING TESTING

6. Pilling Test Introduction
A pill, colloquially known as a bobble, is a small ball
of fibers that forms on a piece of cloth. 'Pill' is also a
verb for the formation of such balls.
Forming small balls of fuzz on the fabric surface.

7. Objective of Pilling Test :
1. To verify the quality of the cloth
2. Cotton yarn to look at energy
3. Verifying the value of pilling
4. To determine if the garments are comfortable
5. pilling tests Peeling test in accordance with the order
of the buyer is satisfied buyer

8. 1. ICI pilling box .
2. Random tumbling pilling test .
3. Martindale Abrasion Tester.
Pilling Test:
1 2 3

9. ICI pilling box :
ICI pilling box

10. ICI pilling box specification:
Test Chambers 2/4
Size of cylinder Dia 145mm
Speed 1200/rpm,
Dimension 400 x390x 515mm(Lx Wx H)
Power 1∮, AC220V, 3A
Standards ASTM D3512/DIN 53867,/JIS L1076
Optional purchase consumables Air pump

11. 1. For this test four specimens (125 x 125 mm) are
cut from fabric. ( two of them is warp direction, two
of them is weft direction)
2. A seam allowance of 12 mm is marked on the
back of each square and a seam is sewn on the
marked lines.
ICI pilling box :
ICI pilling box

12. 3. All four specimens which are prepared on
polyurethane tube are placed in one pilling box.
4. The usual number of revolutions used in the test is
18.000 which takes 5 hours.
ICI pilling box :
The preparation of pilling sample

13. ICI pilling grades :
Rating Result Description Points to be taken into consideration
5 Very
Good
No change No visual change
4 Good Slight change Slight surface fuzzing
3 Fair Moderate
change
The specimen may be exhibit one or both of the
following :a)Moderate fuzzing b)Isolate d fully
form pills
2 Modarote Significant
change
Distinct fuzzing and/ or pilling
1 Poor Severe
change
Dense fuzzing and /or pilling which covers the
specimen
5 4 3 2 1

14. PILLING GRADES SCALE :

15. ICI pilling Assessment :
 The specimens are removed from the tubes and
viewed using oblique lighting in order to throw the
pills into relief.
 The samples are then given a rating of between 1
and 5 with the help of the descriptions

16. Random tumble pilling test :

17. Random tumble pilling Tester specification:
Pilling drum 2 or 4 heads
Dimension of inner pilling
box
235*235*235(mm)
Speed 60r.p.m
Weight 40Kg
Machine size 875×430×350mm
Standard
BS5811 IWSTM152 JIS L 1076 MAS
P18A ISO12945-1
Accessories
PVC rubber hose 8pcs/16pcs, specimen suite
1 set, power line 1pcs
Optional purchase
consumables
CORK LINER 1 bag( 4pcs)

18. Process
 Three samples are cut at an angle 45 to lenght of
the fabric.
 All three samples are placed in one test chamber.
 The machine is run for 30 minutes.
 Then the fabric is evaluated by coparing them.
Random tumble pilling test :

19. Random tumble pilling test Assessment :
 Each pair of specimens is assessed and the grade is
noted against the number of rubs although the final
pair constitutes the main assessment.
 Pilling is graded on a 5-point scale. If the degree of
pilling is different on the upper and lower specimens
then the upper specimen is assessed:
Grade 5 No or very weak formation of pills
Grade 4 Weak formation of pills
Grade 3 Moderate formation of pills
Grade 2 Obvious formation of pills
Grade 1 Severe formation of pills

20. ABRASION RESISTANCE

21. Abrasion resistance is the ability of a fabric to resist
surface wear caused by flat rubbing contact with
another material.
Academics at Leeds University have described abrasion
as :-
“the physical destruction of fibres, yarns, and fabrics,
resulting from the rubbing of a textile surface over
another surface”.
What is abrasion?

22. Martindale Abrasion Tester:
Martindale Abrasion Tester

23. Martindale Abrasion Tester specification:
Specimen Holder 4 position, 6 position, or 8 position (selectable)
Accumulate count 999,999
Max stroke Horizontal 60.5±0.5mm; Vertical 24±0.5mm
Relative velocity 50 rpm
Sample press hammer weight 2385±10g
Dimensions (L x W x H) 885*640*370mm
Weight 140KG
Power supply AC380V, 180W or AC220V, 180W

24. Process:
1. The specimens are mounted on large (bottom) and
small (top) specimen holder
2. Then rubbed against each other (source sample)
3. Two pressures are used : 2.5 cN/cm knitted fabric.
4. 6.5 cN/cm for woven and upholstery fabric.
Martindale Abrasion Tester:
Martindale Abrasion Tester

25. Martindale Abrasion Tester:

26. 5. In place of std. abradant, the fabric sample is placed
in the lower holder.
6. If the degree of pilling is different on the upper and
lower holder, the upper specimen is assessed.
7. The number and timing of the cycles depend on the
type of fabric tested and would be laid down in the
relevant specification.
Martindale Abrasion Tester:

27. Martindale Abrasion Tester:

28. 1. As a fabric rubs on another fabric.
2. As a fabric rubs against another object.
3. As fibers or yarns within the fabric rub against each other
when the fabric bends, flexes, or stretches.
4. As dust, grit, or other particles held within the fabric rub
against fibers inside the fabric.
Abrasion Resistance

29. 1. Fibre type
2. Fibre properties
3. Yarn twist
4. Fabric structure
Factors affecting abrasion resistance

30. 1. Fibre type
High elongation, elastic recovery, and work of rupture are considered
to be more important factors. (Nylon polymer) Blending of nylon or
polyester with wool or cotton improves abrasion resistance.
2. Fibre properties
Longer fibres incorporated into fabric confer better abrasion
resistance, because they are harder to remove from yarn. For the same
reason filament yarns are more abrasion resistant than staple yarns
made from the same fibre. Increasing fibre diameter up to a limit
improves abrasion resistance. Above the limit the increasing strains
encountered in bending counteract any further advantage and also a
decrease in the number of fibres in the cross-section lowers fibre
cohesion.
Factors affecting abrasion resistance

31. 3. Yarn twist
Optimum twist increases the abrasion resistance. At low twist,
fibres can come out and at high twist more abrasion due to stiffer
yarn.
4. Fabric structure
If one set of yarn is predominantly on the surface then this set
will wear most. Relative mobility of floats helps to absorb the
stress.
Factors affecting abrasion resistance

32. – Fabric pilling can be overcome by the joint efforts of fiber
manufactures , yarn producers, fabric designers and finishers.
– Any anti pilling treatment must not affect the desirable aesthetic,
comfort and performance properties of fabric.
Conclusion

33. 1. Physical testing of textiles
2. http://www.manufacturingsolutionscenter.org/pilling-
resistance-testing.html
3. Article on “Abrasion Resistance: the full story” and
“Abrasion Resistance: Consideration for textile specifiers”.
http://www.contracttextiles.org/page.jsp?navigation=38
4. http://www.qdu.edu.cn
5. http://biotechlearn.org.nz/focus_stories/wool_innovations/vi
deo_clips/abrasion_and_pilling_testing_on_nec_fabric
 Abrasion Resistance of Materials
Edited by Dr Marcin Adamiak
References