2. Social Problems
𝗈Social disorganization
𝗈 Control & Planning: Housing, Illiteracy, Food
Supplies, Prostitution, Rights of Women &
Children.
𝗈 Vulnerable groups: E lderly, Handicapped,
Minority groups and Marginalized groups,
Child Labour, Child Abuse, Delinquency and
Crime, Substance abuse, HIV/AIDS.
𝗈Social welfare Programs in India
𝗈 Role of Nurse
4. POVE R TY
𝗈 Poverty as a social problem is very much out
of control in India.
𝗈 It means the condition of an individual
in which he is unable to meet out his basic
needs.
𝗈 It is measurable only in terms of the living
standards and resources of a given society at a
particular time.
𝗈 It is that condition in which a person either
because of inadequate income or unwise
expenditures.
5. CAUSES OF POVERTY
𝗈 Personal factors
𝗈 Political and economic factors
𝗈 Biological factors
𝗈 Technological and Environmental factors
𝗈 Social factors
6. CAUSES OF POVERTY
𝗈 Personal factors:
● It included the physical weakness, defects or diseases
which may be hereditary or accidental.
● All these factors affects the capacity of the worker to
compete and earn sufficiently for his livelihood.
𝗈 Political and Economic Factors:
● The government did not render any assistance to the
cultivators to adopt new techniques of agriculture,
producing lack of education facilities and followed the
laissez faire policies.
● Industrial revolution in the 18thcentury brought many
drastic changes in agriculture.
7. CAUSES OF POVERTY
𝗈 Biological factors:
● Absence of any family planning scheme and this led to
increase in poverty.
𝗈 Technological and environmental factors:
● Scarcity of raw materials and fuel and uncertainty of
rains were also some of the reasons for poverty.
𝗈 Social factors:
● The joint family system (discourages youngsters), the
caste system (traditional occupation) and the religious
beliefs (karma theory and fate theory) disturbs the
growth of the industrial sector and economic
development.
9. HOU SIN G
𝗈 Houselessness, Overcrowding, Slums and rental are
serious problems in urban areas.
𝗈 The houses of the poor are not only over crowded
but lack privacy.
𝗈 The darkness of the houses drives the children out
into the street creating problems for the parents in
controlling their children.
𝗈 There are certain unique characteristics of Indian
culture which drives its housing set-up. The most
common structure is for the extended family
(usually referred to as joint family) to live in the
same house.
10. CON DT…
𝗈 With modernization there are migration form rural
and growing section of nuclear families in urban
areas also creates housing problems.
𝗈 According to the Times of India, "a majority of
Indians in urban area have per capita space
equivalent to or less than a 10 X 10 feet room for
their living, sleeping, cooking, washing and toilet
needs.".
𝗈 Year by year the urban population rate are
increase. But the facilities not given for equally to
all.
𝗈 These reasons slums, poor sanitation, low standard
of life is increasing.
11. Causes of housing problems
𝗈 Industrialization
𝗈 Urbanization
𝗈 Growth the population
𝗈 Migration from one place to another place
Welfare programmes
𝗈 The subsidized
𝗈 Housing finance
𝗈 Socialization of urban land
𝗈 Environmental improvement of urban slums
𝗈 Various urban development programmes
𝗈 Urban basic services for the poor
𝗈 Integrated development of small and middle town
𝗈 Mega cities scheme
13. ILLITERACY
𝗈 Illiteracy in India has, since long before independence,
been regarded as an obstacle to development.
𝗈 Who can read but cannot write are not literate.
𝗈 Formal education in a school is not necessary for a
person to be considered as literate.
𝗈 Who is literate?
𝗈 One who can read and write some language is literate.
𝗈 UNESCO has defined a literate person as “one who
can with understanding both read and write a short
simple statement on his every day life”.
14. CAUSES OF ILLITERACY
𝗈 High rate of population growth in relation to low rate of
adult population gaining literacy.
𝗈 Ineffectiveness of primary schools in enrolling and
retaining students.
𝗈 Traditional outlook of lower-caste people is using young
children for their occupation,
𝗈 High level of poverty.
𝗈 Non-conducive educational policies of the colonial rulers
to the spread of education
𝗈 Low allotment of funds till the Seventh Five Year Plan.
16. FOOD SUPPLIES
𝗈 The Government of India have launched several
nutritional programmes to tackle major problems of
malnutrition prevailing in India. There are:
1. Applied nutrition programme
2. Mid-day meal programme
3. Vitamin ‘A’ Prophylaxis
4. Prophylaxis against nutritional Anaemia
5. Control of iodine deficiency disorders
6. Special nutrition programme
7. Balwadi nutrition programme
8 . ICDS programme
17. APPLIED NUTRITION PROGRAMME
● This project was launched by the Government of India in 1963
with aid from UNICEF, WHO and FAO for improving the
nutrition of the nursing, and expectant mothers and children.
ANP (Applied Nutrition Programme) has now become an
integral part of the community development programme in
different state of India.
MID-DAY MEAL PROGRAMME
● The Mid-day meal programme is also known as school lunch
programme. This programme has been in operation since 1961
throughout the country. The major objective of the programme
is to attract more children for admission to schools and retain
them so that literacy improvement of children could be brought
about.
18. VITAMIN ‘A’ PROPHYLAXIS
● One of the components of the National Programme of Control
of Blindness is to administer a single massive dose of Vitamin
‘A’ daily. Preparation orally to all preschool children in the
community every six months through peripheral health
workers. An evaluation of the programme has revealed a
significant reduction in Vitamin ‘A’ deficiency in children.
PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA
● The programme consists of distribution of iron and folic acid
tablets to pregnant women and young children (1-12 years).
Mother aid, children health centres in rural areas and ICDS
projects are engaged in the implementation of this
programme.
19. CONTROL OF IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS
● Nearly 145 million of people estimated to living in known
goitre endomic areas of the country. The National Goire
Control Programme was launched by the Government of India
in 1962 in the conventional goitre belt in the Himalayan
region with the objective of identification of the goitre
endemic areas to supply. Iodised salt in place of common salt
and to asses the impact of goitre control measures over a
period of time.
SPECIAL NUTRITION PROGRAMME
● This programme was started in 1970 for the nutritional
benefit of children below 6 years of age, pregnant and nursing
mothers and is in operation in urban slums, tribal areas and
backward rural areas. The beneficiary mothers receive daily
500 kcal and 25 grams of protin. This supplement is provided
to them for about 300 days in a year.
20. BALWADI NUTRITION PROGRAMME
● This programme was started in 1970 for the benefit of
children in the age group 3-6 years in rural areas. It is under
the overall charge of the department of social welfare. Four
national level organizations including the Indian Council of
Child Welfare are given grants to implement the programme.
The porgramme is implemented through balwadi which also
provide preparatory education to these children.
ICDS PROGRAMME
● Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) was started in
1975 in pursuance of the National Policy for Children. There
is strong nutrition component in this programme in the form
of supplementary nutrition, vitamin ‘A’ prophylaxis and iron
and folic acid distribution. The beneficiaries are preschool
children below 6 years, pregnant and lactating mothers.
22. PROSTITUTION
𝗈 Its world’s oldest profession.
𝗈 Its not only personal disorganization
𝗈 Its affect family and the community at large.
𝗈 It is a burning social problems the globe.
𝗈 Combinations of factors are enhancing the prostitution.
𝗈 “A prostitute is a persons who agrees to have sexual
intercourse with any persons, who offers money or in kind”.
Causes of prostitution
● Biological: Sex urge is human being
● Socio-Economic: Poverty, Mother’s occupation,
Industrialization, Urbanization,
Lack of family and social control and
Lack of moral teaching.
23. Causes of females
𝗈 Economic factor: with out any support
𝗈 Ignorance: rural girls, employment posts
𝗈 Unhappy marital relations:
𝗈 Inordinate sex desire:
𝗈 Desire for new experience:
𝗈 Restrictions on widow remarriage:
𝗈 Devadasi system:
Causes of males
𝗈 The unmarried persons: leads bachelors to prostitution.
𝗈 The married person: unsatisfactory marital
relationship, temperamental or cultural differences
between the couple.
𝗈 The widower or the divorces
24. TYPES OF PROSTITUTES
𝗈 The overt prostitute:
● Professional registered, unregistered prostitute who live in
brothel houses.
● Act as entertainers, supplements to their legitimate
earnings.
𝗈 Clandestine group:
● The occasional prostitute: who alternates periods of reforms
with period of active prostitution.
● The incidental prostitute: Inadequate legitimate income, by
the role of sex favour increased income.
● Married women occasionally resort to mercenary and
adulterous practices.
● Lower status of women which the guardian enters into
agreement with a member for a stipulated period.
25. Legislation on prostitution
Bombay prevention of prostitution Act 1923,
Madras 1930, Bengal 1933, UP 1933,
Punjab 1935, Bihar 1948, MP 1953.
Suppression of Immoral Act 1956.
Future Programme
𝗈 Sex education
𝗈 Employment opportunity for women
𝗈 Removal of certain social customs
𝗈 Publicity and propaganda
27. RIGHTS O F WOMEN
The Department of Women and Child Development
created in 1985 and implements the policies and
programmes relating to women and child welfare.
Social legislation
𝗈 C ompare to other religion Hindu women suffered from
many legal disabilities.
𝗈 After the New C onstitution of India in 1950. Women’s
position was changed that is
● Equal of rights to women with men.
● Rights to vote and get elected.
● Panchayati Raj bodies seats are reserved.
● 72nd
and 73rd Amendment Bills dealing have provided
30% reservation seats for women.
28. Social legislation Acts
𝗈 The Hindu Succession Act 1956
𝗈 The Hindu Guardianship Act 1956
𝗈 The Child Marriage Restraint Amendment Act 1978
𝗈 The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961
𝗈 Maternity Benefits Act 1961
𝗈 The Factories Amendment Act 1976
𝗈 The equal Remuneration Act 1976
These social legislation acts have
removal the several disabilities for
women
29. Education Programme
𝗈 Lack of education has been a great hindrance
to women’s progress.
𝗈 The C entral G overnment gives financial
assistance to the educationally backward states
for establishing schools and colleges exclusively
for girls.
𝗈 Loans and grants are given for construction of
women hostel buildings.
𝗈 The SC/ST girls receive higher rates of post-
matric scholarship as compared to boys.
30. 𝗈 Adult education centres providing education
for women especially Health, Nutrition, Child
Care and Family Planning.
𝗈 The curriculum also includes skills like
teaching, stitching, embroidery and knitting
etc..
The Ministry of Welfare has launched
Functionally Literacy Programmes for Adult
women.
The Central Social Welfare Board gives
grants to Voluntary Organizations for women
education.
𝗈
𝗈
32. CHI L DRE N
𝗈 Children constitute about 40% of India’s
population.
𝗈 Nearly 40% suffer form malnutrition, about one
lakhs succumbing to it every month.
𝗈 India’s infant mortality rate of 120 per 1000.
𝗈 For every seven children born, one dies before the
age of 5.
𝗈 Over 30,000 children go blind every years.
𝗈 Nine out of every 1000 schools going children
suffer from rheumatic heart disease because of
nutritional anemia.
𝗈 The 100 of children are kidnapped every year and
many of them are sold for forced into beggary.
33. 𝗈 The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act
1956.
𝗈 Women’s and Children’s Institutions (Licensing)
Act 1960.
𝗈 State C hildren Act
𝗈 Factories Act of 1948.
𝗈 Plantation Labour Act of 1951
𝗈 The Mines Act of 1952.
𝗈 Ju venile Ju stice Act 1986.
34. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
scheme was introduces on October 2, 1975. main
objectives…
𝗈 To improve the nutrition and health status of
children in the age group of 0-6 years.
𝗈 To lay the foundations for proper psychological.
𝗈 Physical and social development of the child.
𝗈 To reduce the incidence of mortality.
𝗈 Morbidity.
𝗈 Malnutrition and school drop outs.
𝗈 To achieve effective coordination of policy and
implementation among the various departments to
promote child development.
35. 𝗈 The scheme covers children below the age of six years.
𝗈 It aims at the delivery of package of services such as.
● Supplementary nutrition
● Immunization
● Health check-up
● Referral services
● Non-formal (pre-school) education and health
● Nutrition education to all women.
The focus point to provide an anganwadi in every
village, or a ward of an urban slum area.
36. Other programmes
The Welfare Department of Child Welfare are:
𝗈 Day Care Centre for children of working and ailing
women
𝗈 Early childhood education centre
𝗈 Ananad pattern Integrated Family Welfare Programme
𝗈 National Award for Child Welfare
𝗈 Celebration of Children’s Day
𝗈 Mid Day Meal Scheme for School-going Children
𝗈 Public awareness programme through mass media
agencies like radio, television, children’s films.
37. And also interduce
𝗈 Children’s park
𝗈 Painting competitions
𝗈 Cultural programmes
𝗈 Children’s publications
𝗈 Children’s libraries
𝗈 Bal Bhawans
𝗈 Doll’s Museum
𝗈 Children’s film Society
𝗈 Children’s Book Trust
𝗈 Children’s fair etc.
39. ELDERLY
𝗈 The population of the old people of 60-plus age
is estimated to be about 60 million in India.
𝗈 Most of the elderly people in villages.
𝗈 Once the elderly people commanded great
respect due to the traditional norms and values
of Indian society but now the situation has
undergone a change.
𝗈 Because of disintegration of joint family system
and recent changes in social values, social
structure and economy resulting form
industrialization, urbanization and impact of
western culture.
40. 𝗈 These elderly people are now neglected by their children
and they feel “unwanted”.
𝗈 The generation gap is widening and the children find it
difficult to adjust with their elderly parents.
𝗈 Consequently the aged now suffer from numerous
familial, social, economic and psychological problems.
Government Organizations
The problems of the aged can be mitigated by
providing necessary welfare services to them by way of….
𝗈 Reasonable amount of old age pension
𝗈 Free medical care
𝗈 Housing facilities in the form of old age homes
𝗈 Recreational facilities to relative their loneliness
𝗈 Usual courtesies extended to them
42. HANDICAPPED
A disabled person is one who suffers from the loss or
impairment of a limp or deformity in physical or
mental capability whether due to nature’s foul play or
an unexpected unfortunate accident.
𝗈 It is estimated that about 12 millions Indians about
1.8% of Indian population have at least one disability
or the other.
𝗈 About 10% of the handicapped are having more than
one type of physical disability.
43. National Institutes for the Disabled
𝗈 There are four National Institutes in each major are
of disability under the Ministry of Welfare, these are
● National Institute for the Orthopedically handicapped at
Calcutta.
● National Institute for the Visually handicapped at
Dehradun.
● National Institute for the Mentally Handicapped at
Secunderabad
● Ali Yavar Jung National Institute for the Hearing
Handicapped at Bombay.
These institutes have been designated as top organizations
for training of professionals, production of education
material and other aids for the handicapped.
44. District Rehabilitation Centres
𝗈 The Ministry of Welfare started the District
Rehabilitation Centre Scheme in 1983 for disabled
persons living in rural areas.
𝗈 The scheme predict comprehensive identification of
disabled persons following which restorative,
medical, educational, vocational and placement
services are arranged for them.
𝗈 These District Centres also encourage Non-
Governmental Organizations to provide community
awareness, parental counseling and Vocational
training services.
45. Other Facilities for Handicapped
𝗈 Loans are available from banks at concessional rates of
interest for the handicapped persons to set up self-
employment ventures.
𝗈 3% of vacancies in group ‘C’ and ‘D’ posts in the
Government and public sector undertaking have been
reserved for the disabled persons.
𝗈 A ten year relaxation in age has been given to enable
them to take advantage of reservation policy
𝗈 Special concessions to handicapped persons for travel by
bus, train and air.
𝗈 Periority is also given to disabled persons in the
allotment of Government houses.
46. 𝗈 Scholarship for handicapped students from class IXth
upwards including higher and professional education
are also given.
𝗈 H.M.T. has produced Braille wrist watches for blind
students.
𝗈 Sports competition are organized for physically
handicapped persons and the winners are awarded
prizes.
𝗈 The state gives pension to handicapped persons.
48. SCHEDULED CASTE / SCHEDULE TRIBE
𝗈 The scheduled caste and scheduled tribe classes
constitute under privileged who have been
oppressed, suppressed, exploited humiliated and
deprived equality liberty and justice in various field
of life.
𝗈 They have suffered numerous disabilities and
deprivations and are therefore known as minority
groups of society.
𝗈 The term scheduled caste appeared for the first time
in Government of India Act, 1935.
𝗈 In April 1936, the British Government had issued
the Government of India (Scheduled Castes) order.
𝗈 1936 specifying certain castes, races and tribes as
scheduled castes.
49. Constitutional Safeguards
𝗈 The constitution prescribes protection and
safeguards for the SCs and STs
The main safeguards as:
𝗈 The abolition of untouchability and the
forbidding of its practices in any form (Art.17);
The throwing open by law of Hindu religious
institutions of a public character to all classes
and section of Hindus (Art.25 b);
Special representation in the Lok Sabha and
the State Raj Sabhas to SCs and STs till 25
January 2010 (Art. 330,332 and 334).
𝗈
𝗈
50. Reservation in Services
𝗈 Article 335 of the Constitution provides that the
claims of the members of SCs and STs shall be
taken into consideration, in making appointment to
posts and services, in connection with the affairs of
the union of the states.
𝗈 Article 16 (4)permits reservations in favour of
citizens of backward classes, who may not be
adequately represented in services.
𝗈 Reservations for SCs and STs is subject to the
maximum of 50 % of the total number of vacancies.
This scheme of reservations is also being followed
by the public sector undertakings.
51. Centrally Sponsored Schemes
𝗈 Post-Martic Scholarships for SCs and STs students.
Pre-Martic Scholarships for the children of those
engaged in unclean occupations.
Book banks for SC/ST students studying in Medical
and Engineering colleges.
Boys and Girls Hostels Scheme for SCs.
Coaching and Allied schemes for SCs and STs.
𝗈
𝗈
𝗈
𝗈
52. Objectives of Tribal Development
The major objective in tribal development were:
𝗈 Taking up family oriented beneficiary programmes
in the field of agriculture, horticulture, animal
husbandry, small industries, etc.,
Elimination of exploitation of tribal.
Human resource development through education
and training programs.
Infrastructure development.
𝗈
𝗈
𝗈
54. OTHER BACKWARD CLASS (OBC)
𝗈 As regard the socially and educationally backward
classes, now popularly called OBCs the only
special provision for them is under Article 340 (15)
of the Constitution regarding the appointment of a
Commission by the President of India to
investigate the condition of backward classes.
𝗈 The Commission in 25 reports submitted in
March, 1955 recommended that the basic certain
for identification of the Other Backward Classes
accordingly prepared a list of almost 2700
communities, and tired of the country’s
population.
55. Mandal Commission
the appointment of Second Backward Classes Commission
headed by Shri. B.P. Mandal in 1978.
The recommendations of the Mandal
Commission were summarized as follows:
𝗈 27% of the posts in public services should be reserved for
OBCs.
𝗈 Welfare programmes specially meant for OBC’s should be
financed by the Government of India in the same manner
and to the same extent already done in the case of SCs
and STs.
𝗈 OBCs should be encouraged and helped to set up small
scale industries.
𝗈 Special educational schemes, with emphasis on
vocational training should be started for OBCs.
57. CHILD LABOUR
𝗈 Child labours are exploited, exposed to hazardous work
conditions and paid a pittance for their long hours of
work.
𝗈 Forced to do without education, shouldering
responsibilities for beyond their years.
𝗈 The Indian Constitution protect that:
● No child below the age of 14 years shall be employed to
work in any factory or in any hazardous employment
(Article 25).
● The state shall endeavour to provide within a period of
10 years from the commencement of the Constitution
free and compulsory education for all children until
they complete the age of 14 years (Article 45).
58. Nature of Child Work
𝗈 A majority of the working children are concentrated in the
rural areas.
𝗈 In urban areas who work in canteens and restaurants.
𝗈 Mumbai has the largest number of child labourers.
𝗈 For instance, the fireworks and match box units in
Sivakasi in Ramanathapuram district in Tamil Nadu
employ 45,000 children.
𝗈 In the slate pencil industry of Mandsaur in Madhya
Pradesh, out of total workforce of 12,000 workers.
𝗈 In the slate industry of Markapur in Andhra Pradesh,
about 3,750 child workers are involved in a total workforce
of 15,000 workers.
59. 𝗈 The lock making industry of Aligarh in Uttar Pradesh employs
between 7,000 and 10,000 children below the age of 14 years.
𝗈 In the brassware industry of Moradabad in Utter Pradesh, about
40,000-50,000 children are working.
𝗈 In the glass industry of Firozabad in Uttar Pradesh, 50,000
children are working.
𝗈 Surat (Gujarat), boys in their early teens are engaged in large
numbers in diamond-cutting operations which causes
irreparable damage to the eyes.
𝗈 In kashmir and Mirzapur, the carpet weaving industry employs
small girls in back breaking works.
𝗈 In Saharanpur, 10,000 child workers are engaged in the wood
carving industry.
𝗈 In Varanasi, 5,000 children work in the silk weaving industry.
𝗈 In Delhi, 60,000 children work in dhabas, tea-stalls and
restaurants on daily wages.
60. Causes of Child Labour
𝗈 A large number of them do not have families or cannot
count on them for support.
𝗈 In these circumstances, the alternatives to work may be
joblessness, poverty, worse, crime.
𝗈 The social scientists say that the main cause of child
labour is poverty.
𝗈 The persons are forced to send their children to work in
factories.
𝗈 Another reason is that child labour is deliberately created
by vested interests to get cheap labour.
𝗈 Child labour is that it benefits industries.
62. CHILD ABUSE
Kempe and Kempe (1978) have defined child
abuse as “a condition having to do with those who
have been deliberately injured by physical
attack”.
Burgess (1979) child abuse refers to “any child
who receives non-accidental physical and
psychological injury as a result of acts and
omissions on the part of his parents or guardians
or employers…”
63. Types of abuse
● Physical abuse
● Sexual abuse
● Emotional abuse
Problems of abuses
𝗈 Physical abuse: burns, fractures, human-bite, abdominal
injuries, bruises etc.
𝗈 Sexual abuse: difficulty in walking and sitting,
complaints of pain, bleeding, venereal disease,
pregnancy.
𝗈 Emotional abuse: failure to provide food, cloth, shelter,
care and supervision, alcoholism, sex relation, smoking
etc.
64. The victims of abuse:
on the three types of child abuse, namely,
physical, sexual and emotional.
Physical Abuse:
𝗈 Boys are more battered than girls
𝗈 School going children run greater risk to being physically
abused than those who do not go to school.
𝗈 Older children (14-16 yrs) are more abused physically than
younger children (10-13 yrs).
𝗈 Non-working children are beaten more than working
children.
𝗈 A large number of abused children belong to poor families.
𝗈 Mother abuse children physically more than fathers.
65. Sexual abuse:
𝗈 Girls are more victims of sexual abuse than boys.
𝗈 A high proportion of children become victims of
sexual abuse when they are 14 or above 14 years
of age.
𝗈 Males are usually abused sexually by one
person while girls are generally assaulted by
more than one person.
𝗈 In about two-third cases, the perpetrators have
secondary relationship with the victims.
𝗈 Boys are generally the victims of
“employment- related” abuse while girls are
generally the victims of “acquaintance-
related”.
66. Emotional abuse:
𝗈 Boys are more emotionally maltreated than girls.
𝗈 Working children are as much neglected as non-
working children.
𝗈 School-going children are a little more
maltreated than non-school going children.
𝗈 In a large number of cases, the parents who
neglected the child are those whose income is low
and liabilities are many; who are middle-aged,
illiterate or less educated; and who are engaged in
low-status jobs.
67. Causes of child abuse
causes of physical abuse:
𝗈 Relation between parents and children
𝗈 Disobeying parents
𝗈 Not taking interest in studies
𝗈 Spending most of the time away form home
𝗈 Misbehavior from outsides and deviant behavior theft,
smoke etc.
68. Causes of sexual abuse:
𝗈 Family environment
𝗈 Family structure
𝗈 Situational factor
𝗈 Fails to parent-child relation
𝗈 Lack of adequate control
Causes of emotional abuse:
𝗈 Poverty
𝗈 Alcoholism of parents
𝗈 Maltreatment faced by the children
𝗈 Deficient parental control
70. D E LI N QU EN CY
𝗈 Juvenile delinquents are simply under-age criminals
constitute crimes when committed by adults.
𝗈 Between the age group of 7 to 16 or 18 years, as
prescribed by the law of the land.
Definition
𝗈 According to Reckless (1956), the term ‘juvenile
delinquency’ applies to the “violation of criminal code
and/or pursuit of certain patterns of behaviour
disapproved of for children and young adolescents”.
71. Nature of Juvenile Delinquents
1. The delinquents rates are much higher among boys
than among girls, that is, girls commit less delinquents
than boys.
2. The delinquents rates tend to be highest during early
adolescence (12-16 yrs age).
3. Juvenile delinquency is more an urban than a rural
phenomenon.
4. Children living with parents and guardians are found
to be more involved in the juvenile crimes.
5. Low educational background is the prime attribute for
delinquency.
6. Poor economic background
7. Not many delinquents are committed in groups.
72. Individual factors
1. Submissiveness
2. disobedience
3. lack of sympathy
4. irresponsibility
5. Feeling of
Situational factors
Factors in Juvenile Delinquency
insecurity
6. Fear
Family
2. Parents’ affection
3. Cohesiveness of
family
4. Conduct-standards of
home
7. Emotional conflicts 5. replacement parents
8. Lack of self-control6. Father’s work habits
7. Economic conditions
of family
8. Conjugal relations of
parents
9. Broken homes
Peer
group
1. Parents’ discipline relations
School
environment
movies
1. Adjustment to
school mates
2. Attitudes
toward school
3. Failure in
classes or
academic
interests
Working
environment
73. Preventive programmes
1. General improvements in the institutional structure of
the society, for example, family, neighborhood, school.
2. Raising the income levels of poor families.
3. Providing job opportunities to children
4. Establishing schools
5. Improving job conditions
6. Providing recreational facilities in neighborhoods
7. Improving marital relations through family counseling
services
8. Imparting moral and social education.
75. C RIM E
Definition
Tappan has defined crime as “an intentional act
or omission in violation of criminal law
committed without defense or justification”.
Thorsten Sellin has described it as “violation of
conduct norms of the normative groups”
Mowrer had defined it as “an anti-social act”.
76. Characteristics of Crime
𝗈 Hall Jerome (1947), according to him, no action is to
be viewed as crime unless it has five characteristics
1. It is legally forbidden
2. It is intentional
3. It is harmful to society
4. It has criminal objective
5. Some penalty is prescribed for it.
77. Confinement of Correction of Criminals
● Two methods are mainly used in our society in
punishing/treating the criminals.
● Imprisonment and release on probation
Prisons
𝗈 The condition in Indian jails were horrible up to 1919-20.
𝗈 It was after recommendations of 1919-20 Indian Jails
Reform committee that changes like classification,
segregation of prisoners, education, recreation, assigning
productive work and opportunities for maintaining
contacts with family and society were introduced in
maximum-security prisons.
𝗈 That is central jail, district jails and sub-jails
78. Probation
𝗈 Probation is an alternative to a prison.
𝗈 It is suspension of sentence of an offender by the court and
releasing him on certain conditions to live in the
community with or without the supervision of a probation
officer.
𝗈 The system was introduced in India in 1958 by passing the
Central Probation Act.
𝗈 Through section 562 in 1898 IPC permitted release of an
offender on probation but it applied only to juvenile
delinquents and first offenders.
80. SUBSTANCE ABUSE
𝗈 The term substance can refer to any physical matter.
𝗈 Substance abuse may be perceived both as abnormal
behaviour and as a social problem.
𝗈 In spite of this increase, drug abuse in India is still
considered more as an abnormal behaviour than an
anti-social or a non-conforming behaviour.
𝗈 Several researches have been conducted on drug
abuse in India in the last two decade by Medical
scientists, psychiatrists and sociologists.
81. Motivation in Drug Usage
1. Psychological causes:
● like relieving tension, depression, removing inhibitions,
satisfying interest, removing boredom, getting kicks,
feeling high and confident, and intensifying perception.
2. Social causes:
● Like facilitating social experiences, being accepted by
friends and challenging social values.
3. Physiological cause:
● Like increasing sexual experiences, removing pain and
getting sleep.
1. Other cause:
● Like improving study, depending self-understanding and
solving personal problems, etc.
82. Control over Substance Abuse
1. Teaching education about drugs:
● Prevention should be young college/university students
particularly those living in hostels and way from control of their
parents.
And living in slums, industrials workers, and truck drivers and
rickshaw-pullers.
Parents have to play an important role in imparting education.
●
●
1. Changing physicians’ attitude:
● The doctors have to show a greater care in controlling the side
efforts of the drugs.
Though drugs help many, yet there are dangers of over-
dependency.
Thus, people come to depend more on medication than on
physician which is a dangerous practice.
●
●
3. Rehabilitation centre:
● Of addicts treated under rehabilitation centers.
83. 4. Counseling to the Parents:
𝗈 Communicate with openly with the children, listen to their
problems patiently and teach them how to handle the
problems
𝗈 Take interest in children’s activities and their circle of friends
𝗈 Set an example for children by not taking drugs or alcohol
Keep track of prescribed drugs in home
𝗈
5. The teachers:
𝗈 They can discuss dangers of drug abuse with the students by
taking informally and openly
They can keep themselves interested in their students’
interested and activities.
They can encourage them to volunteer information of any
incident of drug abuse
They can talk about the problems of adolescence and guide
students how to solve them
They can help them in selecting career options and setting
goals
𝗈
𝗈
𝗈
𝗈
𝗈 They can encourage them to discuss their crises with them and
help them to the best of their abilities in facing these crises.
85. HIV/AIDS
𝗈 AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) is a disease
which is caused by a virus called Human Immuno-deficiency
Virus or HIV.
𝗈 This virus is fatal and dangerous because it destroys the
immune system (the capacity of the body to fight diseases) in the
human body.
𝗈 This virus is smaller than even bacteria and is not observable
even with the microscope.
𝗈 This virus can be transmitted to other persons in a number of
ways.
𝗈 AIDS is the last stage of infected with HIV and developing
AIDS.
𝗈 No vaccine has been invented till today as a cure for AIDS or for
protecting people for the HIV.
86. High Risk Groups and Means of Transmitting the
Virus
𝗈 HIV infection is not contagious in the same
sense as measles, chicken pox, tuberculosis,
cholera, plague or small pox
It mainly spreads through a sexual route and
blood to blood contact.
𝗈
𝗈 It may be said that HIV spreads mainly through
four sources:
1. Sex with an infected partner – heterosexual as well as
homosexual.
2. Transfusion of blood and blood products infected with
HIV
3. Injection drugs with infected syringes or needles
4. Infected mother to her unborn child.
87. Stages in the Development of the Disease
1. Initial HIV infection:
●
● In this stage, with the entering of HIV virus in the
body.
Within few weeks which resembles influenza of flu
with symptoms like fever, bodyache and headache.
1. Persistently enlarged glands:
● In the next stage, a person develops enlarged but
painless glands in the neck and armpits which are
free of any symptoms.
● The early symptoms of AIDS are fatigue, weight-loss,
chronic diarrhoea, prolonged fever, cough, night
sweats and lymph gland enlargement.
88. 3. AIDS-related complex:
● In this stage, the virus damages the immune system
which produces symptoms like attacks of diarrhoea,
sweating, loss of weight and extreme weakness.
3. Full-blown AIDS:
●
● This stage is reached after an average of nine to ten
years form the time of containing the HIV infection.
The immune system is totally destroyed and many
infections and cancers are produced.
The patient becomes very weak and always feel tired.
●
●
●
This stage is easily recognized by doctors.
A man does not survive for more than three to four
years after this stage.
89. Caring for the Infected
𝗈 Indian government had identified 13 medical college
hospitals all over the country where facilities for the
effective clinical management were to be set up.
𝗈 However, so far only four institutions at Delhi, Mumbai,
Chennai and Calcutta have these facilities.
Besides about 100 surveillance centres have been
established for detecting AIDS infection.
There is also a plan under the National AIDS Control
Programme to train one specialist from each hospital in
metropolitan cities in the early detection of AIDS cases.
𝗈
𝗈
𝗈 These specialists, to be called PRADS (Physicians
Responsible for AIDS Diagnosis) will provide training to
at least one doctor in each district.
91. SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAMMES
IN INDIA
𝗈 The Department of Social Work created in 1964.
𝗈 Ministry of Welfare under the Central Government is
responsible for general social welfare.
𝗈 It plans in 1985 social welfare programmes and co-
ordinates welfare services maintained by the Government
of India, the State Government and the National
Voluntary Agencies.
𝗈 A Central Social Welfare Board was set up in August
1953 to distribute funds to voluntary social service
organizations for “strengthening, improving and
extending” the existing activities in the field of social
welfare and for developing new programmes and carrying
out pilot projects.
92. ROLE OF NURSE
𝗈 There are so many social problems are there in the
society.
𝗈 The nurse should understand the people and their
problems.
𝗈 Illeterarcy, uneducated people are come to the hospital,
they don’t know about the diseease condition as a nurse
should understand their problmes and ready to help the
patients.
𝗈 Nurse give health education to patients and their family
members also.
93. 𝗈 Superticious beliefs attitude about their health,
so the nurse should explain and teach about what
is good and what is bad to their health and give
idea that how to get cure from wrong activities.
𝗈 Poverty also social problem: nurse should know
their family income and economic conditions and
treat them.
94. 𝗈 So many children in family will affect malnutrition so
nurse teach than to follow family planning.
𝗈 Nurse should changing the attitude of the Handicapped
and elderly person about their self and that of his family,
friends, neighbours, employers and co-workers about the
disabled in general.
𝗈 Thus nurse can help in changing the attitude of the
people.
𝗈 Social change has led to the disintegration of the joint
family system and nuclear families have emerged.
𝗈 Nurse should understand the society and its problems.
