All the branches that root from behavioral therapy are discussed in this presentation

2. NAME : ZAIGHUM SHABEEB
BUTT
Presented to : Ma’am Robina

3. Behavioral approaches to therapy
Perhaps , when you were a child , your parents rewarded you with an
ice cream cone when you were especially good . . . Or sent you to
the room if you misbehaved . Sound principles back up such a child
rearing strategy : good behavior is maintained by reinforcement and
unwanted behavior can be eliminated by punishment .
These principles represent the basic underpinnings of behavioral
treatment approaches . Building on the basic processes of learning ,
behavioral treatment approaches make this fundamental assumption :
both abnormal and normal behavior are learned . People who
behave abnormally either have failed to learn the skills they need to
cope with the problems of every day livings or have acquired faulty
skills and patterns that are being maintained through some form of
reinforcement .

4. To modify abnormal behavior, then, proponents of behavioral
approaches propose that people must learn new behavior to
replace the faulty skills they have developed and unlearn their
maladaptive behavior patterns
Behavioral psychologists do not need to delve in people past or
their psyches . Rather then viewing abnormal behavior as a
symptom of underlying problem , they consider the abnormal
behavior as a problem in need of modification . The goal of
therapy is to change people‘s behavior to allow them to
function more efficiently , in this view , then , there is no
problem other than the maladaptive behavior itself , if you can
change the behavior the treatment is successful

6. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
TREATMENTS
Suppose that you bite into your favorite candy bar and find that
not only is it infested with ants , but you have also swallowed a
bunch of them . You immediately become sick to your stomach
and throw up . Your long term reaction ? Your never eat that
kind of candy bar again , and it may be months before you eat
any type of candy .
You have learned through the basic process of classical
conditioning to avoid candy so that you will not get sick and
throw up

7. AVERSIVE CONDITIONING
The simple example illustrates how a person can be classically
conditioned to modify behavior . Behavior therapists use this
principle when they employ Aversive conditioning , a form of
therapy that reduces the frequency of undesired behavior
by pairing an aversive , unpleasant stimulus with
undesired behavior
For example , behavior therapists might use aversive
conditioning by pairing alcohol with a drug that causes severe
nausea and vomiting . After the two have been paired a few
times , the person associates the alcohol alone with vomiting
and finds alcohol less appealing

8. Although aversive therapy works reasonably well in inhibiting
substance abuse problems such as alcoholism and certain
kinds of sexual disorders , critics questions its long term
effectiveness . Also , important ethical concerns surround
aversive techniques that employ such potent stimuli as electric
shock .
Clearly , though , aversion therapy offers an important procedure
for eliminating maladaptive responses for some period of time –
a respite that provides , even if only temporarily , an opportunity
to encourage more adaptive behavior patterns

9. SYSTEMATIC DESESITIZATION
Another treatment that grew out of classical conditioning is
systematic desensitization . In systematic desensitization ,
gradual exposure to an anxiety provoking stimulus is paired
with relaxation to extinguish the response of anxiety
Suppose , for instance , you were extremely afraid of flying . The
very thought of being in an airplane would make you begin to
sweat and shake , and you couldn’t get yourself near enough to
an airport to know how you’d react if you actually had to fly
somewhere . Using systematic desensitization to treat your
problem , you would first be trained in relaxation techniques by
a behavior therapist and learn to relax your body fully – a highly
pleasant state , as you might imagine

11.  STEP 1: pick a focus word or a short phrase that’s firmly rooted
in your personal belief system
 STEP 2 : sit quietly in a comfortable position
 STEP 3: close your eyes
 STEP 4 : relax your muscles
 STEP 5 : breathe slowly and naturally , repeating your focus
word or phrase silently as you exhale

12.  STEP 6 : throughout assume a passive attitude . Don’t worry
about how well you are doing . When other thoughts come to
mind , simply say to yourself , “oh , well” and gently return to
the repetition
 STEP 7 : continue for 10 -20 minutes . You may open your eyes
to check the time , but do not use alarm . When you finish sit
quietly for a minute or o , at first with your eyes closed and later
with your eyes open . Then do not stand for 1 or 2 minute
 STEP 8 : practice the technique once or twice a day

13. HIERARCHY OF FEARS
The next step is the constructing the hierarchy of fears – a list in order
of increasing severity of the things you associate with your fears .
For example your hierarchy might resemble this one :
1. Watching a plane fly overhead
2. Going to an airport
3. Buying a ticket
4. Stepping into the plane
5. Having a plane taxing down the runway
6. Taking off
7. Being in air

14. Once you have developed this hierarchy and learned relaxation
techniques , you would learn to associate the 2 set of
responses . To do this , your therapist might ask you to put
yourself in relaxed state and then imagine yourself in the first
situation identified in your hierarchy . Once you could consider
that first step while remaining relaxed, you would move onto
the next situation. Eventually you would move up the hierarchy
in gradual stages until you could imagine yourself being in the
air without experiencing anxiety . Ultimately , you would be
asked to make a visit to an airport and later to take a flight

15. EXPOSURE TREATMENTS
 Although systematic desensitization has proven to be a
successful treatment , today it is often replaced with , a less
complicated form of therapy called exposure . Exposure is
behavioral treatment for anxiety in which people are confronted
either suddenly or gradually with a stimulus that they fear .
However unlike systematic desensitization , relaxation
training is omitted . Exposure allows the maladaptive
response of anxiety or avoidance to extinguish and research
shows that this approach is generally as effective as
systematic desensitization

16. In most cases therapists use graded exposure in which patients
are exposed to a feared stimulus in gradual steps . For
example , a patient who is afraid of dogs might first view a
video of dogs . Gradually the exposure increases to see a live
dog , leashed dog across the room and then actually petting
and touching the dog

17. CONCLUSION
Exposure has proved to be an effective treatment for a number of
problems such as phobias , anxiety disorders and even
impotence and fear of sexual contact . Through this technique ,
people can learn to enjoy the things they once feared

19. OPERANT CONDITIONING
TECHNIQUES
Some behavioral approaches make use of operant conditioning
principles that we discussed earlier in the book when
considering the topic of learning . These approaches are based
on the notion that we should reward people for carrying out
desirable behavior and extinguish undesirable behavior by either
ignoring it or punishing it
One example of systematic application of operant conditioning
principles is token system , which reward a person for desired
behavior with a token such as a poker chip or some kind of play
money . Although it is more frequently employed in institutional
settings for individuals with relatively serious problems and

20. Management technique , the system resembles what parents do
when they give children money for being well behaved – money
that children can later exchange for something they want . The
desired behavior may range from simple things such as
keeping one’s roon neat to personal grooming and interacting
with other people

21. CONTINGENCY CONTRACTING
 A variant of token system has proved quite effective in
producing behavior modification . In this technique the therapist
and client draw up a written agreement . The contract states a
series of behavior goals the client hopes to achieve . It also
specifies the positive consequences for the client if the client
reaches his goal- usually an explicit reward such as money
 Contract frequently states negative consequences if the client
does not meet the goals

22. OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
Behavior therapists also use observational learning , the process
in which the behavior of other people is modeled , to
systematically teach people new skills and ways of handling
their fears and anxieties
 For example modeling helps when therapists are teaching
basic social skills such as maintaining eye contact during social
conversation
 Similarly , children with dog phobias have been able to
overcome their fear by watching an other child-called the
“FEARLESS PEER”- repeatedly walk up to the dog , touch it ,
pet it band finally play with it .

23.  Modeling then can play an effective role in resolving some kind
of behavior difficulties , specially if the model receives the
reward for his or her behavior

24. DIALECTICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY
 In dialectical behavior therapy the focus is on getting people to
change their behavior and view themselves by accepting who
they are regardless of whether it matches their ideal
 like treatment approaches based on the classical and operant
conditioning , dialectical behavioral therapy is an outgrowth of
behavioral approaches , but it also includes components of
other perspectives

25.  Dialectical behavioral therapy teaches behavioral skills that
help people behave more effectively and keep their emotions in
check
 Although it is new form of therapy , increasing evidence
supports its effectiveness , particularly with certain personality
disorders

26. EVALUATING BEHAVIOR THERAPY
 Behavior therapy works especially well for eliminating anxiety
disorders , treating phobias and compulsions , establishing
control over impulses and learning complex social skills to
replace maladaptive behavior .
 More than any other therapeutic techniques it provides
methods that non professionals can use to change their own
behavior . Moreover this is efficient because it focuses on
solving carefully defined problems

27. NEUROSCIENCE : HOW BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
CHANGES YOUR BRAIN
 Critics of behavioral therapy believe that because it
emphasizes changing external behavior , people do not
necessarily gain in sight into thoughts and expectations that
may be fostering their maladaptive behavior . On the other
hand , neuroscience evidence shows that behavioral
treatments can produce actual changes in brain functioning ,
which suggests that behavioral treatments can produce
changes beyond external behavior
 For example , one experiment looked at the neurological
reactions of patients with borderline personality disorder who
participated in a 12-week dialectical behavioral therapy
program .

28.  Compared with a control group composed of people who did
not have this disorder , the patients showed significant changes
in their reactions to highly arousing emotion-evoking stimuli .
Following therapy , the patients neurological functioning
was more similar to those without the disorder than it was
prior to therapy