Epidemiology is defined as the study of the frequency and distribution of health problems in human populations and the factors that influence them. The document discusses epidemiology research methods, which are divided into descriptive and analytical epidemiology. Descriptive epidemiology includes cross-sectional and prevalence studies, while analytical epidemiology includes experimental and non-experimental methods like cohort, case-control and ecological studies. The roles of epidemiology in public health are also outlined, which include identifying risk factors, informing health programs, and evaluating outcomes.
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha elections
Chapter i
1. CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
It is known that in order to maintain and improve health status , prevent , and treat disease
and restore necessary public health services are provided and organized public health (public
health services ) are the best.
To be able to provide and organize the health services , many of which must be considered .
The most important is community service in question must be in accordance with the needs
of the community . But even if there were such conformity has been the agreement of all
parties , but in daily practice is not easy to provide and organize health services in question .
To overcome this , some sort of agreement has been obtained that the formulation of health
needs to be done if known health problems in the community . With a deal like this
diupayakanlah find existing health problems such society . Thus , based on the agreement
such as this , made various efforts to find and formulate health problems in the community .
The effort associated with determining the frequency , the spread and the factors that
influence the spread and frequency of health problems in the community sector in covered in
a special branch of science called by the name of Epidemiology .
Subject and object epidemiology is about health problems . Terms of the epidemiology ,
understanding of the health problems in the form of disease is very important . Due to a
variety of health problems that are actually not a disease will only have meaning if it has
something to do with the matter of disease . If a health problem is not anything to do with the
matter of disease . , Then the usual health problems are not too prioritized mitigation .
That is because of the importance about this disease , it is necessary to understand as well as
possible matters related to the disease . The interest in epidemiology least to recognize the
presence or absence of a disease in the community so that when no measurements were
missed or mixed up with other different diseases .
2. CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Definition of Epidemiology
If the terms of the origin of the word , means science for understanding of the epidemiology
of population ( Greek : epi = on or about , demos = population , logos = knowledge ) . At this
time epidemiology is defined as the study of the frequency and distribution of health
problems in a group of humans and the factors that influence it .
Some are common sense and half lay , can be read in a dictionary or encyclopedia common
are as follows :
Webster 's New World Dictionary of the American Languange , Epidemiology is the
branch of medicine that investigates the causes and how to control the outbreaks .
Big Indonesian Dictionary terbtan Balai Pustaka , Ministry Bud Dik 1990: Epidemiology is
the study of the spread of infectious diseases in humans and factors that may affect the
spread.
The National Encyclopaedia published by PT Cipta Indonesia Adi Library , Jakrta 1989:
Epidemiology is a way to examine the spread of diseases or conditions , including population
health factors - factors that cause it .
B. Epidemiology Research
Simply put , epidemiological studies can be divided into two groups as follows :
Descriptive epidemiology , namely Cross Sectional Study / cross sectional studies /
prevalence studies or surveys .
Analytic epidemiology consists of :
1 . Non-experimental :
Study cohort / follow-up / incidence / longitudinal / prospective study . The cohort is defined
as a group of people . The purpose of the study sought due to ( illness ) .
Case-control studies / case control study / retrospective studies . Goal is to find the causes of
disease .
Ecological Studies . The study uses ecology as a source of material for the empirical
investigation of risk facto or characteristics that are in a constant state of society . For
example , air pollution caused by fuel combustion that occurs in big cities .
2 . Experimental . Where research can manipulate / control the factors that can influence
research results and declared as the best test to determine the cause and effect relationship
and tests related to the etiology , control , disease and to answer questions other scientific
problems . Experimental study was divided into 2 ( two ) , namely :
1 ) Clinical Trial . example :
Hypertension regimen in people with high blood pressure to prevent stroke .
Tetanus Toxoid Giving pregnant women to reduce the frequency of tetanus neonatorum .
2 ) Community Trial . Example : Giving Study of fluoride in drinking water substances .
C. Limitation of Epidemiology
At this time epidemiology is defined as the study of the frequency and distribution of health
problems in a group of the human family and the factors that influence it . Of such
restrictions , soon seen that in terms of epidemiology , there are three things that are the
principal :
a) The frequency of health problems
The frequency of health problems early is meant to refer to the magnitude of the health
3. problems found in a group of humans . To be able to know the frequency of a health problem
correctly , there are two main things to do : finding a health problem is to then proceed to
perform the measurement of the health problems that are found .
b ) Dissemination of health problems
The meaning here is that the spread of health problems appoint to the health problems of
grouping according to specific circumstances . Certain circumstances which meant a lot of
stuff , which in epidemiology divided into three types according to the characteristics of the
human (man ) , according to the place (place ) , and according to the time (time )
c ) Factors that memepengaruhi
What is meant by the factors that influence here is appoint to the causes of a health problem ,
both of which describe the frequency , distribution and explain the causes or the health
problems themselves . For that there are three basic steps that are commonly done to
formulate hypotheses about the causes in question , a test of hypothesis formulation that has
been compiled and then draw a conclusion against him . By knowing penybab a health
problem , it can be arranged further mitigation measures of the health problems .
D. Scope of Epidemiology
Like various other branches of science , epidemiology also has its own scope of activities .
The scope is simply can be divided into three types:
1 . Health problems as subject and object of epidemiology
Epidemiology is not just studying the problems of diseases , but also includes a very
extensive health problems found in society . Among the issues of family planning ,
environmental health issues , procurement of health workers , provision of health facilities
and so on . Thus , the subject and object of epidemiology related to overall health problems .
2 . Health problems in a group of human
Work in studying the epidemiology of health problems , will utilize data from the results of
an assessment of a group of people , whether it comes to diseases , family planning or
environmental health . Having analyzed and made known to cause reduction efforts as a
follow-up .
3 . Utilization data on the frequency and distribution of health problems in formulating the
cause of a health problem .
Epidemiological work will be able to know a lot about health issues and the cause of the
problem by analyzing the data on the frequency and spread of health problems that occur in a
group of people or society . By utilizing the difference then performed statistical tests , it can
be formulated causing health problems .
E. Benefits of Epidemiology
of the limits and scope of understanding , the method of epidemiology as a collection of
observations that cover various fields of science also have a fairly broad benefits , especially
in public health science and medical science in general . However the main benefit
substantially epidemiology in outline epidemiology can essentially be grouped in outline as
follows :
1 ) To recognize and understand the disease and other health problems . In accordance with
the limitations , it is useful to be able to outline the epidemiology and understand the
occurrence and spread of diseases and health problems , as well as the factors that influence it
.
4. 2 ) To complete the ' body of knowledge ' and ' scientific history of the disease ' . An
epidemiological observations should always be an attempt to ' research ' the results of which
are expected to be complete the ' natural history of disease ' which is also the ' body of
knowledge ' of the disease or condition in question .
3 ) To be applied in an attempt to control and prevention of disease or health problems .
Every effort is always more to complement our understanding of the ' natural history of
disease ' is nothing but the point is that we can find a way out in an effort to address the
problem of disease earlier .
F. Role in solving health problems in the community
Review the explanation of notion of epidemiology , as well as its scope , an epidemiologist or
epidemiologists have important roles in public health . There are several roles epidemiologist
in public health , which are:
Locate / identify the factors that affect the incidence of health problems or disease in a
given society in search of the data for the prevention and how to prevent it .
Preparing the data / information for the purposes of health programs to assess the health
status in the community as well as provide an overview of the threatened population groups .
Help assess some of the results of health programs .
Develop a methodology to analyze disease and how to cope , both individual diseases ( but
analyzed in the group ) and extraordinary events ( KLB ) / outbreaks in the community .
Epidemiology also has important benefits in solving public health problems is to give an
overview ( description ) about the spread ( distribution ) , and the large extent of health
problems and other factors explain the interaction of agent , host and environment , outlining
the population groups at risk and high risk the group of residents who do not have risk ,
evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency as well as the success of the activities , which helps
health administrative work planning ( planning ) , monitoring ( observation ) , and evaluation
( evaluation ) , explains the causes of health problems that can be structured steps to alleviate
poverty , to explain the natural progression of a disease , to explain the circumstances of a
health problem are: epidemic , pandemic , endemic , and sporadic .
5. CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. conclusions
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the frequency and distribution of health problems in
a group of humans and the factors that influence it .
Simply put , epidemiological studies can be divided into two groups as follows :
Descriptive epidemiology , namely Cross Sectional Study / cross sectional studies /
prevalence studies or surveys .
Analytic epidemiology consists of :
non-experimental
Experimental .
At this time epidemiology is defined as the study of the frequency and distribution of health
problems in a group of the human family and the factors that influence it . Of such
restrictions , soon seen that in terms of epidemiology , there are three things that are the
principal :
a) The frequency of health problems
b ) Dissemination of health problems
c ) Factors that memepengaruhi
There are several roles epidemiologist in public health , which are:
Locate / identify the factors that affect the incidence of health problems or disease in a given
society in search of the data for the prevention and how to prevent it .
Preparing the data / information for the purposes of health programs to assess the health
status in the community as well as provide an overview of the threatened population groups .
Help assess some of the results of health programs .
Develop a methodology to analyze disease and how to cope , both individual diseases ( but
analyzed in the group ) and extraordinary events ( KLB ) / outbreaks in the community .
Epidemiology also has important benefits in solving public health problems , namely :
gives an overview ( description ) about the spread ( distribution ) , and the large extent and
other health problems .
factors explain the interaction agent , host and environment .
Population groups that outlines the risk and high- risk groups to the population that has no
risk .
evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency as well as the success of the activities .
administrative work which helps health planning ( planning ) , monitoring ( observation ) ,
and evaluation ( evaluation ) .
explain the causes of health problems that can be composed mitigation measures .
Can explain the natural progression of a disease .
Can describe the state of a health problem are: epidemic , pandemic , endemic , and
sporadic .
6. REFERENCES
Anwar , asrul.dr.m.ph.1988 . Introduction to Epidemiology . Jakarta : PT . Binarupa script
Sutrisna , Method Bambang.dr.MHSc.1986.Pengantar Epidemiology . Jakarta : PT . Dian
people .
Basic Material Module FKM UNDIP Epidemiology 2010.
Epidemiology Budioro.B.2007.Pengantar Edition II . . Semarang : Board Publisher Undip .
7. INTRODUCTION
Praise and Gratitude I pray to God the Almighty, because of the blessings and abundance
rahmatnyalah then I must finish an essay in a timely manner.
Here the author presented a paper entitled
"Epidemiology"
Through this preface first writer apologized and pleaded proclamation which the contents of
this paper when there is a shortage and there are posts that I make less precise or menyinggu
reader feeling.
I hereby dedicate this paper with gratitude and may God Almighty bless this paper so as to
provide benefits.
Raha, Maret 2014
AUTHOR
8. TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE.....................................................................................................i
TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................................... ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.................................................................. 1
1.1 Background 1......................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION..................................................................... 2
A. Definition of Epidemiology 1................................................................ 2
B. Epidemiology Research 1....................................................................... 2
C. Limitation of Epidemiology 1.................................................................. 2
D. Scope of Epidemiology 1..................................................................... 3
E. Benefits of Epidemiology 1 ..................................................................... 3
F. Role in solving health problems in the community................................ 4
CHAPTER III CLOSING........................................................................... 5
3.1Kesimpulan........................................................................................... 5
3.2 Saran..................................................................................................... 5
REFERENCES ................................................ ............................................ 6