The Basilica Cathedral of Santa Maria la Menor, Metropolitan Cathedral and Primate Cathedral of the Americas.

A Story from the Dominican Republic
historicphilippines.com & oldphilippines.com
proudly present:
Basilica Catédral of Santa María la Ménor
Catédral Primada de los Américas
(dedicated to St. Mary of the Incarnation)
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
written by:
Fergus JM Ducharme, BA, DipAdEd, CLU
photography by:
Rémi F. Proulx, PEng
3 November 2014 ©HISTORICPHILIPPINES.COM 2014 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1

Basilica Catédral de Santa María la Ménor
Catédral Primada de los Américas
(dedicated to St. Mary of the Incarnation)
is a part of the
Colonial Santo Domingo
UNESCO World Heritage Site.

There are several religiously based terms being used in relation with this church
such as Basilica and Cathedral. Metropolitan Cathedral as opposed to a just
plain Cathedral or a Basilica Minor. What do all those terms mean?.
A Cathedral is the church where the
bishop’s throne (called cathedra) is
located. It is the main church of a
diocese. A Cathedral may or may not
be a Basilica. It is the home church
for the bishop or archbishop of a
Catholic diocese while a basilica may
also be the Cathedral in the diocese
there is no requirement for it to be so.
You will remember that the Pope is
only infallible when he teaches ex-cathedra
(or from his throne).
A Basilica is simply an important
church building designated by the
pope because they carry special
spiritual, historical, or architectural
significance. Once named a Basilica
the church can’t lose its status as a
one. This is the highest
permanent designation for a
church building.
As another example: The University of Notre Dame in Indiana has the Basilica
of the Sacred Heart on campus but that Basilica is not the diocesan Cathedral.

On the other hand, the differences between a Metropolitan Cathedral and a
Basilica Minor are:
The term Basilica comes from a
Greek word meaning regal or kingly,
in other words a cut above the rest
Over the centuries the Catholic
Church has used basilica in this
sense, with the pope granting the
title Minor Basilica to a church that
has unusual historical significance,
or is especially sacred because of
the presence of a relic or relics.
There are more than 1400 Minor
Basilicas around the world
A Metropolitan Cathedral is one to
which other diocesan cathedral
churches are suffragans.
This can be related using a business
metaphor as follows:
A Metropolitan Cathedral is one to
which other Cathedrals in a
region report..
To clarify a bit more, a suffragan
bishop for example is one who is
chosen to help another bishop of
higher rank.

A Short History of Spain in the 1400’s
A wedding of 1469 proves of profound significance in the history of Spain.
Isabella, aged eighteen, marries Ferdinand, a year younger than herself. Five
years later, in 1474, she inherits the throne of Castile. Her husband argues (on
the grounds of masculinity rather than seniority) that the crown should be his,
but the nobles of Castile support Isabella. It is agreed that the young couple
shall rule jointly.
After another five years, in 1479, Ferdinand inherits the throne of Aragon. At
first he keeps it to himself, but the habit of partnership has become engrained.
In 1481 he shares this crown too with Isabella. They become known as Los
Reyes Católicos, the Catholic Monarchs.
Castile and Aragon remain for the moment separate kingdoms, with their own
laws and governments. But the shared rule of the Catholic Monarchs means
that most of Spain is now finally reunited (Navarre will not be formally annexed
to Castile until 1515). The Iberian peninsula is not quite a single kingdom - the
old Visigothic concept of the Reconquista - for Portugal has long been
independent. But the later ideal of reconquest, for Christianity, is almost
complete.
Only the Moorish kingdom of Granada stands in the way - together with what is
perceived to be an internal threat to the purity of the Christian religion.

Christopher Columbus sailed for King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella of Spain.

A short history of Spain in the 1400’s
continued
In 1478 the pope, Sixtus IV, allows Ferdinand and Isabella to establish a special branch of
the Inquisition in Spain. There is believed to be a danger to the church from Jews
masquerading as Christians.
Such Jews are referred to as marranos ('swine'). Their conversion is the result of anti-
Semitic violence during the previous century. To escape the likelihood of death at the hands
of Christian mobs, many Jews (probably about 100,000) accept baptism. But a considerable
number continue to practise their Jewish faith in secret. The concept of secret groups of
heretics particularly alarms the church; and the remarkable tenacity of the Jews of
Belmonte, in maintaining their faith behind a Catholic facade, proves that there is good
cause for the inquisitors' suspicions.
The first Grand Inquisitor is appointed in 1480. He is Tomas de Torquemada, who himself
comes from a family of converted Jews. His dedication to his task will become legendary.
And the public much appreciates the great ceremonies which he stage-manages - the
famous auto-da-fés.
The auto-da-fé (Spanish for 'act-of-faith') is a solemn religious ceremony in a tradition going
back to the inquisition against the Cathars. The inquisitor and those accused of heresy
process into a public place, such as the main square of a town. After the holding of a mass,
the verdicts on the accused and the sentences on the guilty are announced.

A converted Jew and Dominican Friar Tomas de Torquemada was named
Chief of the Inquisition in 1480 and convinced The King and Queen that all
Jews in the Kingdom must be forced to convert to Christianity or be deported.

In 1492 Torquemada persuades Ferdinand and Isabella to expel from Spain all Jews who
are unwilling to convert to Christianity. About 160,000 of them leave the country.
Ten years later the same demands are made of the Spanish Muslims. From being one of
the most tolerant countries in Europe, in the heyday of Cordoba and Toledo, Spain
becomes the most intolerant.
The Inquisition extends its sway to Latin America, to Portugal and to the Spanish
Netherlands. It is not finally suppressed until 1820 in Portugal and 1834 in Spain.
The expulsion of the Jews in 1492 coincides with the completion of the Reconquest.
Muslim power in Spain is at last brought to an end with the fall of Granada.
Granada is difficult to subdue by military means alone. While steadily capturing outlying
strongholds of the Muslim kingdom, the Spanish also meddle in a dispute between
members of the ruling family. Their chosen prince, Boabdil, agrees under duress to
surrender Granada to Ferdinand and Isabella when he is in a position to do so. In 1491
they call in their pledge. When Boabdil refuses to deliver, they besiege the city of Granada.
It falls to them in 1492.

Capitulation of Granada by F. Padilla Ortiz in 1492.
Muhammad XII (Boabdil) confronts Ferdinand and Isabella

Boabdil pays tribute to Ferdinand & Isabella
at the surrender of Granada

Muhammad XII (Boabdil) leaves Spain

The long Spanish tradition of tolerance between Muslim and Christian survives briefly after
this final Christian victory. The Moors of Granada are promised religious freedom. The
promise is honoured for only a few years.
In 1495 Queen Isabella's strict confessor, Jiménez de Cisneros, becomes archbishop of
Toledo. He decrees that Muslims must convert to Christianity. The result is a Moorish
uprising in 1499, after which the choice becomes even more stark. From 1502 the Muslims
of Granada must convert immediately or leave Spain.
This is the dilemma already imposed by the Spanish Inquisition in 1492 on the Jews.
Identifying fraudulent conversions, whether from Judaism or Islam, will keep the inquisitors
busy for years.
In Santa Fe, a royal encampment from which the siege of Granada is conducted, the
Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella debate whether to accept a proposal put to
them by a visionary explorer, Christopher Columbus.
For eight years Columbus has been pestering European courts, particularly those of
Portugal and Spain, to sponsor him in an undertaking which obsesses him. The
Portuguese explorers have had notable success in their attempts to sail east round Africa
towards India and China, but Columbus has become convinced that he can achieve the
same more easily by sailing west.

3 November 2014 ©HISTORICPHILIPPINES.COM 2014 ALL RIGHTS
RESERVEDCARDINSL 17
Francisco Jiménez Cardinal de
Cisneros
In 1495 Queen Isabella's confessor,
Jiménez de Cisneros, archbishop of
Toledo decrees that Muslims must
convert to Christianity. A Moorish
uprising results in 1499, after which the
choice becomes even more stark. From
1502 the Muslims of Granada must
convert immediately or leave Spain.

It has long been the accepted view, deriving from Ptolemy, that nothing but sea
separates Europe from India and China round the back of a spherical world. During the
15th century the notion has developed that the unseen distance by sea is much less than
the known distance between Europe and China by land.
Columbus believes that he has found mathematical proof of this in an apocryphal text of
the Old Testament where the prophet Esdras states that the earth is six parts land to one
part sea.
Columbus argues, first to the king of Portugal in 1484 and then to the Spanish monarchs,
that India is therefore within reach of a caravel sailing west from the Canaries.
The Portuguese court rejects his argument. The Spanish monarchs delay for years while
a commission investigates his claims. Finally, in the camp near Granada, they accept his
somewhat exorbitant terms regarding the honours which will be heaped upon him if he
reaches India or China, and his share of whatever is found.
Once agreement is reached, after so many years, Columbus moves fast. With his
partners (brothers from a Spanish ship-owning family named Pinzón) he prepares
vessels for the great adventure.

Vincente Pinzon Martin Pinzon
On his first trip, Columbus led an expedition with three ships,
the Niña (captained by Vicente Yáñez Pinzon), the Pinta
(owned and captained by Martin Alonzo Pinzon), and the
Santa Maria (captained by Columbus), and about 90 crew
members.
They set sail on Aug. 3, 1492 from Palos, Spain, and on
October 11, 1492, spotted the Caribbean islands off
southeastern North America.

On 3 August 1492 a little fleet of three vessels sets sail from the small Spanish harbour of
Palos. Columbus is in command of the largest, the Santa Maria; the captains of the other
two, the Pinta and the NiÑa, are the brothers Martin Alonso and Vicente Yañez Pinzón.
Three weeks are spent loading stores in the Canaries until, on September 6, the three ships
sail west into the unknown. During the next month there are several sightings of coastlines
which turn out to be illusions. At last, on October 12, a look-out on the Pinta spies real land.
Columbus and the Pinzón brothers step ashore on 12 October 1492 on an island in the
Bahamas. They plant the royal banner of Spain, claiming the place for Ferdinand and
Isabella. They name it San Salvador, after Jesus the Saviour. (It is not known which island
they landed on, though there is one in the Bahamas that still bears name.)
These are not the first Europeans to reach the American continent, but they are the first to
record their achievement. Columbus believes that he has reached the East Indies. Greeted
by friendly inhabitants of San Salvador, he therefore describes them as Indians - an
inaccurate name which has remained attached to the aboriginal peoples of the whole
American continent. By the same token this region becomes known to Europe as the West
Indies.

The map below shows both the outbound and inbound routes followed by
Columbus on his first voyage of discovery to the Americas in 1492 &1493.

LAND HO! They sight land on October 12th, 1492

Columbus & the Pinzons land in the Bahamas and name the Island San Salvador

They landed on an island they called Guanahani,
but Columbus later renamed it San Salvador (an
Island in the Bahamas). They were met by the
local Taino Indians, many of whom were captured
by Columbus' men and later sold into slavery.
Columbus thought he had made it to Asia, and
called this area the Indies, and called its
inhabitants Indians.

A few days later the explorers sail on. They pass many more islands, giving each a new
Spanish name, until they reach during November the most important landfall of their
expedition - the large island of Cuba, which Columbus convinces himself to be Cipango.
This is a place of marvels described by Marco Polo at the eastern extremity of Asia,
usually now assumed to be Japan.
Beyond Cuba the next significant landfall is another large island which Columbus names
after Spain itself - Española, or Hispaniola. On its shores the Santa Maria runs aground
and is wrecked. Columbus decides to leave a small colony of some forty men, with food
and ammunition for a year, while he sails back to Spain with news of his achievement.
Returning with Vicente Yañez Pinzón in the Niña, Columbus reaches Palos on March 15
(amazingly the Pinta arrives in Palos later on that same day, after losing contact with the
Niña a month earlier in an Atlantic storm). Columbus makes his way to the court of
Ferdinand and Isabella in Barcelona, where he is received with every honour. He
presents the monarchs with a few captured natives of the Bahamas and some gold
treasure.
This is the high point of Columbus's career. Three more voyages to America lie ahead of
him, and great achievements. But from now on misfortune, often deriving from his own
inadequacy as a colonial administrator, increasingly blights his endeavours.

The Island of Hispaniola, where Columbus came ashore on
about October 13, 1492 on his first voyage of discovery (1492-1493)

Columbus named this island Hispaniola in honour of the King and Queen it was under
that name from 1492 to 1697 when the islands split into two countries that we know
today as: Haiti & The Dominican Republic.

The Statue of Christopher Columbus in
Colombus Square (Parque de Colón), the
main Plaza of Santo Domingo, facing the
Cathedral of Sta Maria la Menor which
commemorates his arrival on the shores of
Hispaniola, the future Dominican Republic
on or about October 12th in 1492.
A few years later, the Island of Hispaniola
and the town of Santo Domingo were
made the hub or the center from which the
Spaniards extended their explorations to
the continents of both North and South
America.

Aerial view of the Cathedral, Columbus Square (Parque de Colón) & The Columbus
Monument photo by: Otlo Piron

Statue of commemorating Columbus’ discovery of America in 1492, located in
Columbus Square (Parque de Colón) facing the Cathedral.

Statue commemorates Columbus’ discovery
of the Americas in October 1492 located in
Columbus Square (Parque de Colón) facing
the Cathedral.

The Cathedral in Santo Domingo was commissioned by Pope
Julius II (Julius the Fearsome) in 1504 and construction on this
very first Cathedral in the Americas began with the arrival on
May 8th in 1512 under the leadership of Bishop Fray García
Padilla a Dominican Friar and new Bishop of Santo Domingo.
He remained in the position until Bishop Geraldini, who had been
appointed in 1519 to replace him finally arrived in 1521.
Pope Julius II
(Julius the Fearsome)
In 1521, the newly arrived Bishop Alexander Geraldini encouraged both the
clergy and the gentry of the island to build a much grander and awe inspiring
Cathedral, more in keeping or in line with its status as the first Cathedral in the
Americas. They enthusiastically agreed and the foundation stone of the current
Basilica was laid in 1521.
The contractor was Luis Moya bishop of Saoya, who built the church according
to plans which had been developed by Alonso Rodriguez, of Seville.
By 1523, construction finally got underway and continued until completion and
the consecration of the Church in 1541.
The Façade of the Cathedral is made of a gold-tinted coral limestone. The
Architecture of the church combines elements of both the Gothic and Baroque
schools of architecture.

Historic Philippines’ Rémi F. Proulx at the main entrance of the Cathedral in
Santo Domingo.

Great political power had been added to Spain in
Europe. In 1520 the throne of Spain fell to a young man,
Charles, the grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella.
His mother was Juana, the Spanish princess, and his
father was Philip the Handsome, of Burgundy. Philip the
Handsome was the son of Maximilian, the Archduke of
Austria.
Now it curiously happened that the thrones of each of
these three countries was left without other heirs than
Charles, and in 1520 he was King of Spain, Archduke of
Austria, and Duke of Burgundy and the Low Countries,
including the rich commercial cities of Holland and
Belgium.
In addition to all this, the German princes elected him
German Emperor, and although he was King Charles
the First of Spain, he is better known in history as
Emperor Charles the Fifth.

So it happened that in February of
1546 the Emperor Charles V asked
Pope, Paul III, to grant the church, at
Santo Domingo, in what was then
called Hispaniola the status of
Metropolitan Cathedral and Primate
of the Americas.
The Pope, was so favourably
impressed by the Emperor Charles’
initial work of “evangelization” in the
Americas that he granted his request
almost immediately.

An ornate wrought iron fence facing the Cathedral’s main entrance

When Rémi first arrived at the Cathedral, the President of the Republic and his party were in
the Church attending to business. Visitors were not allowed in the immediate area until El
Présidenté had left.
Transport for El Présidenté’s Security Team El Présidenté’s immediate party’s transport

El Présidenté’s limousine and security escort vehicles await his return outside
the gates of the Cathedral.

El Présidenté was on site to announce the participation of the Republic in the
extensive restauration work being undertaken to preserve the Cathedral for
posterity

As we mentioned in our opening comments the Cathedral is an integral part of The
Colonial Santo Domingo UNESCO World Heritage Site. In addition to the huge
investments made in the Cathedral, the Old Colonial town of Santo Domingo is also
undergoing renovations and refurbishment. This is a brief tour of the Old Colonial Town…

The Coat of Arms on the front of the Basilica Cathedral are we believe to be the
coat of arms of the Emperor Charles V. the King of Spain.at the time the church
was being built.

The crest shown above is clearly on display
in the Basilica Cathedral as can be seen
above the stained glass windows in this
photo.

As Colonel Klink would say: “Very Intrestink!”
(Walter Klemperer as a major characters of the 1960’s television series Hogan’s Heroes)
One of the interesting things about the Basilica Cathedral of Santa Maria la
Menor is that it does not have a bell tower. That is because of a lack of funds, it
took 29 years to build the cathedral yet even as it was nearing completion,
some of the planned features had to be omitted because there simply was not
enough money available to complete it according to plans.

Santo Domingo has many of the Western hemisphere's oldest Spanish
buildings, so it should not be surprising that the Cathedral in the centre of the
Dominican capital would be quite a spectacular example of Spanish colonial
architecture.
The church was, as we saw earlier, was built between 1521 and 1540 and was
intended to be the base of all conversion activities for the Catholic faith in the
New World.
The outside of the Cathedral is primarily Romanesque and Plateresque with
some Gothic features on the north side which faces the Parque de Colón.
One of the principal features of the Plateresque style is characterized by an
intricate and minutely detailed relief ornament that is generally applied to the
surface of buildings for extravagant decorative effect and without regard for
structural articulation.
Favourite motifs of this florid ornament include twisted columns, heraldic
escutcheons, and sinuous scrolls. Clusters of this jewelry-like ornament
contrast with broad expanses of flat wall surface.

The principal feature of the Plateresque style is the finely detailed reliefs placed
on the face of buildings. The carvings and artwork on the front of this church
are classic examples of the style.

When we enter the church itself through
the Narthex we are in absolute awe. The
stunning features of the Romanesque
and Gothic styles are magnificent. The
arches and the ceilings are incredibly
beautiful. They take your breath away.

This is one of the smaller side chapels. It’s features are the altar
and tabernacle which are intricately carved in pure silver.

This is the ‘icon’ of the Madonna and Child,
a national treasure of Spain which was sent
to Hispaniola to be a featured icon in the
new Basilica. It was the Basilica’s most
valued artwork, it is the Madonna from the
Chapel of the Virgin of Antigua it was stolen
and spirited off to Spain in 1520.
It was returned to Santo Domingo in the
1892.

The Main Altar in the Sanctuary of the Basilica Cathedral

The Alcazar de Colon in Santo Domingo. Columbus’ Home in Santo Domingo

Columbus after making three more voyages of exploration and spending some
time as an administrator of the colonies in the Americas died in 1506.
He died in Spain in the town of Valladolid where he was immediately buried.
Shortly thereafter, his son Diego had his remains moved to the monastery at
Seville.
However, Columbus’ final wishes were to be interred in Hispaniola so Diego
started planning to complete a cathedral and have his father’s remains moved
to the island.
However, Diego died in 1526, before the cathedral could be finalized and was
buried next to his father in Seville.
In 1542, the Cathedral was finally finished and Diego’s widow arranged for
both father and son to be moved there, where they remained for two
centuries.
The Spanish were ousted from the island in 1795 and took the remains of their
beloved explorer with them to their Caribbean base in Havana, Cuba, leaving
Diego’s remains on Hispaniola.

A century later a construction worker found a box with a short inscription,
indicating it bore the remains of “Admiral Columbus”. However, both Christopher
and Diego used the title “Admiral Columbus” while they were alive making the
identification based on inscriptions tricky.
The question quickly arose as to who had which explorer. In 1898 after the
Spanish-American War, the Spanish were routed from Cuba and returned to
Spain, once again carrying the remains of their intrepid explorer, or so they
thought.
The Dominican Republic and Spain both claim they possess the remains of the
famous admiral and that the other nation has the lesser-loved son. Even DNA
testing is inconclusive as to which nation is right, and the theory has been floated
that Christopher Columbus’ remains may have been split up and may actually
reside in both countries. To date, the controversy rages on and the location of the
real grave of Christopher Columbus remains uncertain.
The remains purported to be of Christopher Columbus currently located in the
Dominican Republic can be seen in The Columbus Lighthouse (Faro a Colón), in
Santo Domingo. If these are the real admiral’s remains, then Faro a Colón is the
grave of Christopher Columbus, as well as his mausoleum and a museum.

El Faro a Colon – The Columbus Lighthouse Santo Domingo
Photo Jefry Lagrange Reyes, Wikipedia

The Tomb of Columbus in El Faro
Metal box which contains Columbus’
remains in the Tomb in El Faro

Columbus Chapel inside the El Faro de Colon

La Fortaleza Ozama is another historical monument that makes up the Colonial
Zone of Santo Domingo. It is named after the Ozama river which it looks over.
It was built from 1502 to 1508 by Fray Nicolas de Ovando, who was the
governor of the island, and was built in order to protect the city from attacks by
pirates and conquerors.
The Fortaleza Ozama in Spanish; Ozama Fortress in English is a sixteenth-century
castle built by the Spanish at the entrance to Santo Domingo,
Dominican Republic and overlooking the Ozama River.
Named after this river, the castle, also referred to as "La Fortaleza" or "The
Fortress", is the oldest formal military construction of European origin in
America. An impressive architectural structure of medieval style and design,
the Tower of Homage (Spanish: Torre del Homenaje) stands in the center of
the grounds.
The castle was designed to guard the entrance to the port of Santo Domingo
and defend the city from seaborne enemies.

Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés
(August 1478 – 1557) was a Spanish historian
and writer. He is commonly known as
"Oviedo" even though his family name is
Fernández.
He participated in the Spanish colonization of
the Caribbean, and wrote a long chronicle of
this project which is one of the few primary
sources about it.
He was born in Madrid of a noble Asturian
lineage and educated in the court of
Ferdinand and Isabella.
At thirteen, he became page to their son, the
Infante John, Prince of Asturias. After the
Prince's death (October 4, 1497),

Oviedo went to Italy, and there acted as
secretary to Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba.
In 1514 he was appointed supervisor of gold
smeltings at Santo Domingo, and on his
return to Spain in 1523 was appointed
historiographer of the Indies.
He paid five more visits to America before his
death, which took place at Valladolid in 1557.
At one point he was placed in charge of the
Fortaleza Ozama, the famous fort in Santo
Domingo, Dominican Republic, where there
is a large statue of him, a gift to that country
from a King of Spain.

The higher wall dates to the Trujillo’s time it was built by the Puerto Rican
Félix Benito. It was built to separate the fort from the newly constructed port

View from the Fortaleza onto the Ozama River and the Port of Sto
Domingo

Rémi F. Proulx, PEng our intrepid reporter who has
contributed two stories to Historic Philippines. The
first story introduced us to The Basilica del Caido
in Bogota, Colombia. Rémi, in his second story
explores The Basilica Minore de Sta Maria which
is also the Catédral Primate of the Americas in Sto
Domingo, Dominican Republic.
Wikipedia the free on-line encyclopedia.
with special thanks to:
Bamber Gascoigne, HistoryWorld
from 2001 ongoing.. http://www.historyworld.net

The Basilica Cathedral of Santa Maria la Menor, Metropolitan Cathedral and Primate Cathedral of the Americas.

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