The Reformation - Martin Luther

2.  Roman Catholic Church dominated:
 Education
 Moral values
 Literacy
 Means of communication

3.  The church had a Pope
 He was elected and resided in Rome
 He was usually Italian
 He controlled the Roman Church
 The papacy seemed to forget its role.

4.  In the fifteenth century there were many people who
challenged the church
 Some of them were Jan Huss and John Wycliffe

5.  He was an intellectual German Monk
 In 1517 he had some doubts about the way in
witch Tetzel raised money in Germany
 The method was called indulgences
 The church felt its authority challenged

6.  The condition of the Catholic Church at that moment.
 The ideas coming out of the renaissance
 The rise of new nationalistic ideas
 The evolution of new social and economic forces
 The Popes had been a poor example as religious
leaders
 A few Italians families controlled the
Papacy.

7.  Supremacy of the Pope in all matters of religion
 Beliefs based on Old and New Testament of the Bible.
 The church was the only interpreter of the bible
 Main beliefs in Ten Commandments
 Believed in one God.
 The Trinity of God the Father, the son and the Holy
Spirit

8.  Good works help towards the salvation of the
individual
 Important role of the Virgin Mary
 Route to eternal salvation lay through the Church
 The Eucharist
 Monasteries
 Belief in seven sacraments: Baptism, Confirmation,
Communion, Penance, Marriage, Holy Orders,
Extreme Unction

9.  The Papacy was corrupt
 Bishops failed to attend their duties
 Poor education of the priest
 Nepotism
 Clergy were not living up to their vows of poverty,
chastity and obedience.
 Bishops were young
 Some clergyman had several posts

10.  He thought that personal belief of an individual
would lead to eternal salvation
 This view was against the Roman Catholic Church
 In 1510 he visited Rome and saw too many
corruption and immorality

11.  The arrival in a neighbouring area of Johann
Tetzel, a monk who run a programme of selling
indulgences.

12.  Criticism of the practise of selling
indulgences.
 Criticism of papal taxation.
 Implicit criticism of the Pope for allowing
indulgences.
 Debating points about human salvation.

13.  Spalatin, Luther`s great friend and supporter
helped to secure Luther`s position.
 He was chaplain and secretary to
Frederick, Elector of Saxony

14.  He took advantage of the approach of the Papacy
towards him to write three of his most important
works.
 “ Address to the Christian Nobility of the German
Nation” (1520)
 “The Babylonian Captivity of the Church” (1520)
 The freedom of the Christian Man” (1520)

15.  Luther`s ability to get his points over.
 Luther was writing not only in Latin, but also in
German.
 The Papacy was inefficient and ineffective, and
failed to analyse the nature of Lutheran threat.
 Printing press.

17.  The support of the princes and the inability of
Charles V to manage Lutheran threat
 His ideas were spread among cities where there
was a tradition of anti-clericalism.
 He was a creative genius and a powerful
communicator
 He was helped by Melanchthon, a great scholar
and thinker

18.  It has been argued that it was
Melanchthon, and not Luther, who
wrote the first pure work of
Protestantism in 1521.
 It included:
 The nature of sin
 Free will
 Canon Law
 The role of the Bible
 The importance of good works in
insuring salvation
 The mass
 The relationship between Church and
State

19.  Justification by faith
The new role of the ministry and the Church as a
whole
The sacraments
The relationship between Church and State
 Attitudes towards the saints and saint worship

20. Roman Catholic
Easterm Orthodox
Protestan
Anglican/Episcopalian
Amish
Baptists
Lutheran
Presbyterian
Sevanth-day Adventists

21. Henry VII (1485-
1509)

22.  He was actually King by conquest.
 He married Elizabeth of York, Edward IV`s
daughter, thereby joining the two rival
houses of York and Lancaster.

23. Henry`s first Parliament revived an
earlier statute against livery and
maintenance
 Henry`s Chamber Act (1487) revived the
jurisdiction of his Council over all cases of
livery and maintenance,bribery and civil
disorder

24. Rival Claimants
 Lambert Simnel Perkin Warbeck

25. Domestic Administration
 Taxation
 Commerce
 Decline of the guilds
 Parliament and Council

26. Foreign policy
 Henry VII arranged many marriages, they
were:
 Arthur, his eldest son, to Catherine, daughther
of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
 Henry, his second son, to Catherine
 Margaret,his daugther, to King James IV of
Scotland
 Mary,his youngest daugther, to Charles of
Castile, the grandson of Emperor Maximilian

27. Continental Policy
 The English people considered France their
mortal enemy
 Spain made English aid against France a term
of the marriage treaty of Arthur with Catherine
 Maximilian of Austria and Ferdinand of Spain
allied with Henry VII against France
 Charles VIII of France quickly came to terms
with Henry to avoid fighting the English as
well.
 The Treat of Etaples (1492)

28. Scottish Policy
 James IV invaded England in support of
the pretender, Warbeck
 Henry reponded by threatening Scotland
with invasion
 The Anglo-Scottish treaty of 1499

29. Irish Policy
 Yorkist Irish had supported the
pretenders to the English throne
 Henry sent Sir Edward Poynings to
Ireland in 1494 to act as Lord Deputy
and to reassert English Authority over
the island
 From this time on, no Irish laws could
operate without the approval of the
Crown, whereas All English laws
automatically applied to Ireland

30. •Henry came to the throne at the age
of seventeen.
•He was well educated, intelligent
and with a captivating personality.
•He was born to be a leader

31. Cardinal Wolsey
 He was Henry´s closest advisor
 He managed the area of foreign policies
Italian Spanish politics:
 Italy had become the battleground of Europe
 The papacy organized alliances to prevent one-power
domination.
 England joined the Pope´s Holy league

32. The Spanish alliance
 Henry was married to Catherine
 Ferdinand and Henry started and expedition
against the French in 1512, but they failed.
 Later, Henry defeated the French by himself.
 Ferdinand abandoned Henry and made an
agreement with Louis XII
 He also tried to make a coalition against the
new King of France, Francis I, but he could not

33. England and the Franco-Spanish
rivalry
 In 1519 there was a confrontation between
Charles V, who was the Roman Emperor and
Francis I
 England made an alliance with Spain, which
finished in a confrontation with France.
 This cost a lot of money and he had to
demand money for taxes

34. Pro French policy
 Charles V defeated The French at Pavia in
1525, sacked Rome and made the Pope his
prisoner
 Wolsey changed side and seek a peace with
France
 Wolsey´s strategy was ineffective
 In 1529 Francis I and Charles V signed the
Treaty of Cambrai without consulting Wolsey

35. Scottish policy
 In 1513 the Scots took advantage of Henry´s
absence in France and invaded England, but
they were defeated
 His son continued, but they were defeated
again defeated, and he finally died.
 Mary Stuart came to the throne

36. Wales and Ireland
 Wales was incorporated with England by the
Act of Union in 1536
 A second Act in 1543 joined the legal
administrative procedures
 Ireland
 Henry assumed the titles of Ireland and as
Head of the Irish Church

37. King and Church
 Henry VIII had no theological argument with
the Church, and he wrote a tract against
Luther
 In 1527 he desired to divorce Catherine and
get married to Ana Boleyn
 As Wolsey could not do anything Henry lost
patience with the Pope and with Wolsey
 He dismissed Wolsey and broke with Rome

38.  Thomas Crammer and Thomas Cromwell
(later to be chancellor)made his divorce
 In 1533 Anne Boleyn was pregnant and they
had a daughter, Elizabeth
 Act of supremacy (1534): The break with
Rome was complete and Henry was the
supreme Head of the Church of England.

39. The Reformation of
Parliament
 The Reformation of Parliament passed 137
statutes, thirty two of them related to Church
 In the Act of succession Parliament secured
the crown to Elizabeth and declared Mary
illegitimate.

40.  Political consequences: The removal of
abbots cut in half the number of
ecclesiastical lords and changed the
complexion of the House of Lords.
 Social and economic consequences: King
Henry became rich with the income from
confiscated monastic lands. However, the
war with France led him to the end of his
reign.
 Poor people lost social services that were
offered by religious houses.

41. Church Practices
 English replaced Latin in Church services in
1535
 Relics and shrines were discredited and
occasionally destroyed
 They declared the Bible and the creeds the
sole authority on matters of faith