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Cihang luo et al
- 1. Earliest ant mimics - life history and evolution of Alienopteridae Cihang LUO Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 2. 1. Introduction 1.1 Structural features Long, filiform and multisegmented antennae Biting mouthpart Unequal claws Raptorial forelegs Cehalo-pronotal scissor-device Large pan- shape arolium Large compound eyes Triangular and moveable head Short sclerotized forewings☆ Large hindwings with distinct venation and a pterostigma Wipfler et al., 2019 Palaeoentomology
- 3. 1.2 Main genera and geological deposits Mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation Middle Eocene Green River Formation Alienopterus Caputoraptor Meilia Teyia Alienopterella Vcelesvab Apiblatta Grant Chimaeroblattina 1. Introduction
- 4. 1.3 Controversial points Bai et al., 2018 Current Biology Functions of the cephalo- thoracic scissors? Peter et al., 2018 Biologia Wasp mimicry? Hinkelman et al., 2019 Biologia Ant mimicry? Sendi et al., 2020 Biologia Pollination? 1. Introduction
- 5. 2. Ant mimicry of alienopterid nymphs Ant treehopper Alydidae bug Ant Mantis cricket Fly Beetle Ant Spider Spider Extant ant mimics More than 2000 living species of insects and spiders, representing 11 different arthropod orders, have an altered morphology and behaviour to resemble ants. This phenomenon called myrmecomorphy (ant mimicry) has evolved at least 30 times among arthropods.
- 6. Wunderlich, 2000 Eocene Baltic amber Ant-mimicking Corinnidae Grimaldi and Engel, 2005 Miocene Dominican amber Ant-mimicking cerambycid beetle with Camponotus ant Fossil records of ant mimicry 2. Ant mimicry of alienopterid nymphs
- 7. sphecomyrmine ants Alienopterid nymphs the ratios of the antennae and legs to the body length are approximately the same as in some sphecomyrmine ants the strongly constricted anterior abdomen resulting in a structure similar to a petiole of ants The body length and overall morphology are almost the same 2. Ant mimicry of alienopterid nymphs extinct sphecomyrmine ants lack geniculate antennae, which are the same as the antennae of alienopterids Alienopterid nymphs sphecomyrmine ants
- 8. We performed a quantitative analysis to evaluate the similarity among three alienopterid nymphs (morphotypes I, II and III), sphecomyrmine ant workers, a “roachoid” (representing extinct dictyopterans), four cockroaches and a mantis, and results shows that the shape of specimens of morphotype I is closest to that of an ant. 2. Ant mimicry of alienopterid nymphs
- 9. Significance: 1. This is the earliest record of ant mimicry (myrmecomorphy), which is contemporary with the earliest ants and their eusociality, and with the earliest evidence of myrmecophily, extending the geological range of myrmecomorphy by approximately 50 million years. 2. Reflecting that ants had already played an important role in the tropical Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems. 3. Providing new evidence for life style of alienopterid nymphs. 2. Ant mimicry of alienopterid nymphs
- 10. 3. Pollination of alienopterid nymphs This is the sixth (after Coleoptera, Diptera, Mecoptera, Neuroptera, Thysanoptera) insect pollinator lineage with Mesozoic gymnosperm associations and the only known fossil example from the Polyneoptera, one of the major lineages of winged insects. Dictyopterans (including cockroaches, mantis and termites) were more diverse and abundant in the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic. Our discovery suggests that some ancient dictyopterans may be among the earliest pollinators and perhaps played an important and hitherto undervalued role in pollination ecology.
- 11. The order Aethiocarenodea was erected using an isolated specimen from mid- Cretaceous Kachin amber in 2017, but its morphological characters indicate that it is highly likely a nymph of Alienopteridae, belonging to the genus Teyia Vršanský, Mlynskýet Wang, 2018. Order Aethiocarenodea Poinar & Brown, 2017 4. Systematic position of Aethiocarenodea Triangular head Constricted abdomen Elongate body Alienopterid nymphs Teyia Vršanský, Mlynskýet Wang, 2018
- 12. 5. Life style of alienopterid adults Visually oriented predators Reducing weight, protect the metathoracic wing articulation Dipterism enabled them to move efficiently in narrow spaces between twigs and leaves of dense vegetation Specialized tarsal and pretarsal attachment devices enabled species of Alienopteridae to move efficiently on plant surfaces
- 13. 1. The constricted abdomen, body size and shape, and wing morphology of Teyia is similar to some large aculeate Hymenoptera from the same deposit, especially ampulicid wasps, indicating the presence of wasp mimicry. 2. The nymphs and adults of the Early Cretaceous alienopterid genus Teyia imitate entirely different hymenopteran models, and therefore probably provide the first fossil record of transformational mimicry. 3. Wasp mimicry of other alienopterid adults should be treated carefully (lacking key character or lacking potential models). Teyia Ampulicidae Scoliidae Angaros-phecidae Vcelesvab Apiblatta Grant Chimaeroblattina Mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation Middle Eocene Green River Formation 5. Life style of alienopterid adults
- 14. 1. The constricted abdomen, body size and shape, and wing morphology of Teyia is similar to some large aculeate Hymenoptera from the same deposit, especially ampulicid wasps, indicating the presence of wasp mimicry. 2. The nymphs and adults of the Early Cretaceous alienopterid genus Teyia imitate entirely different hymenopteran models, and therefore probably provide the first fossil record of transformational mimicry. 3. Wasp mimicry of other alienopterid adults should be treated carefully (lacking key character or lacking potential models). Teyia Ampulicidae Scoliidae Angaros-phecidae Vcelesvab Apiblatta Grant Chimaeroblattina Mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation Middle Eocene Green River Formation 5. Life style of alienopterid adults
- 15. 1. The constricted abdomen, body size and shape, and wing morphology of Teyia is similar to some large aculeate Hymenoptera from the same deposit, especially ampulicid wasps, indicating the presence of wasp mimicry. 2. The nymphs and adults of the Early Cretaceous alienopterid genus Teyia imitate entirely different hymenopteran models, and therefore probably provide the first fossil record of transformational mimicry. 3. Wasp mimicry of other alienopterid adults should be treated carefully (lacking key character or lacking potential models). Teyia Ampulicidae Scoliidae Angaros-phecidae Vcelesvab Apiblatta Grant Chimaeroblattina Mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation Middle Eocene Green River Formation 5. Life style of alienopterid adults
- 16. 1. The constricted abdomen, body size and shape, and wing morphology of Teyia is similar to some large aculeate Hymenoptera from the same deposit, especially ampulicid wasps, indicating the presence of wasp mimicry. 2. The nymphs and adults of the Early Cretaceous alienopterid genus Teyia imitate entirely different hymenopteran models, and therefore probably provide the first fossil record of transformational mimicry. 3. Wasp mimicry of other alienopterid adults should be treated carefully (lacking key character or lacking potential models). Teyia Ampulicidae Scoliidae Angaros-phecidae Vcelesvab Apiblatta Grant Chimaeroblattina Mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation Middle Eocene Green River Formation 5. Life style of alienopterid adults
- 17. 6. Phylogenetic relationship, distribution and evolutionary history of Alienopteridae 1. Alienopteridae and Umenocoleidae are sister groups, and they should be combined in a clade Alienoptera, and placed as sister to crown-Mantodea. 2. Our phylogenetic analyses and its global distribution indicate that Alienoptera probably arose prior to the J/K boundary and their common ancestor may have occurred in the Late Jurassic. 3. Alienoptera diversified in the Early Cretaceous, but rapidly declined after this epoch, which might be the results of the Angiosperm Revolution. 4. Alienoptera is an unsuccessful evolutionary experiment of Dictyoptera.
- 18. Thank you for the attention! Questions?