review of 7th grade information for science SOL

1. 7th
Grade Material Review for 8th grade SOL
Animal Cell
• Contains cellular ___________________
• Typically _____________________ shape
• Eukaryotic
• Undergoes cellular respiration
– Process where the cell breaks down food with __________________ to produce energy
Plant Cells
• Eukaryotic
• _____________ cells contain three additional organelles that are not found in animal cells.
They are:
– 1) ___________________________
– 2) ___________________________
– 3) ___________________________
(1) Cell Walls
• composed of proteins and carbohydrates
• helps to support and maintain the ___________________ of the cell
• protects the cell from ___________________
• connects cell to adjacent cells
(2) Chloroplasts
• Stacked thylakoid membrane (looks like pancakes!)
• Responsible for ______________________
• Contains ____________________________(gives it green color)
• Contains DNA
(3) Vacuole
• Aids in giving the plant cell support
• Stores _______________
• Aids in other cell functions when needed
• Very LARGE in plant cell, not animal cell
How Do We Get Our Traits?
• GENES! (Not jeans…)
– Set of instructions for an ________________________ trait
– Hair color, eye color, height, etc
• Genes are located on ________________________________
– Chromosomes are structures in the nucleus that contain our ____________
Bases = Adenine & Thymine (Apples in the tree) Guanine + Cytosine (Cars in the garage)
Cell Division
• In order for cells to make more of themselves they must divide.
• If a cell ________ _________ or gets _________________, we want to make a new cell that
will do the same job as the one before.
• To make sure this happens, the cell undergoes ______________.
Mitosis
• The process of chromosomal separation in eukaryotic cells.
• Results in two new cells each containing identical DNA.
• Cell divisionin eukaryotic cells happens by a three part process:
– 1. _______________________
– 2. _______________________

2. – 3. _______________________
1. Interphase: Chromosomes are copied. Each chromosome is then two chromatids
2. Mitosis: 4 Phases:
– ________________: Chromosomes condense into rodlike structures.
– ________________: Chromosomes line up along the equator.
– ________________: Chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the cell.
– ________________: Nuclear membrane forms around the sets of chromosomes and
mitosis is complete!
*PMAT!
3. Cytokinesis:
• Divisionof the cytoplasm of the cell.
*They are officially 2 _____________________ cells now!
“I proposed marriage after Tuesday’s class” � IPMATC
Meiosis
• Cell Divisionthat results in sex cells (egg and sperm)
• Interphase + PMAT x 2 + Cytokinesis
• Chromosomes are copied ___________, but the nucleus divides ___________!
• The resulting eggs and sperm have _________ the number of chromosomes of a normal body
cell.
• 46 chromosomes in humans; sex cells should have 23 in each
• 23 from Mom and 23 from Dad to get a full set
• Math = 46 x 2= 92 / 2 = 46 /2 = 23!
Punnett Square : Used to determine offspring genotype and phenotype
Heredity Lingo…
Genotype vs phenotype
*Genotype = Allele combination (codes for a phenotype) ex: Rr, rr
*Phenotype = Physical looks ex: red rose, blonde hair
Heterozygous vs homozygous
*heterozygous = “Different” Rr, Br, Tt
*Homozygous = “____________” RR, BB, bb, tt
Dominant vs Recessive
*Dominant = *Shown with a capital letter “L” “R” “B”
*Recessive = *Shownwith a lower case letter “l” “r” “b”
*** RR = Dominant Trait Rr = ______________ trait rr = Recessive trait
Photosynthesis
• Process where plants, algae, and some bacteria are able to make their own food by way of
their cells.
• It takes carbon dioxide from the air plus water and light energy to make sugar (glucose) and
oxygen
• *It’s how plants make their own food. Food gives them energy. So, they make their own
_______________!
How Do Living Things Get Their Energy?
• The energy that a living thing gets is from the breakdown of food.
• Organisms get their food in one of three ways:
Equation for photosynthesis

3. – _______________________
– _______________________
– _______________________
Ways of Getting Food
• Producer- makes their own food with cells
• Consumer- must find their food
• Decomposer- breaks down _____________ material to get its nutrients
All Living Things are Connected!
• Food chain = _________________ that shows how energy in ___________flows from one
organism to another
• Simple food chains are rare because few organisms eat just one kind of food
Food Webs
• Food web: diagram that shows the feeding ____________________ between organisms in an
ecosystem
• Energy moves from one organism to the next in a one-way direction
• Any energy not immediately used is stored in its tissues, which can be used by the next
consumer
Energy Levels
• As you move up the pyramid the energy _________________ because the number of
organisms decreases.
• ________ _______________ is available at higher levels because only energy stored in the
tissues of an organism can be transferred to the next level
Let’s practice!