Repurposing LNG terminals for Hydrogen Ammonia: Feasibility and Cost Saving
Unit i
1.
2. A. Overview of Information and
Communication Technology
B. Parts of Computer
C. Number systems and Data
Representation
Computer literacy for all
Nature of computers
Uses of computers
Milestones in computer
architecture
Systems
Six elements of computers and
communication systems.
Number Systems Conversion
3.
4.
5. What is computer?
A machine that can be
programmed to accept data,
process it into useful
information and store it for
safekeeping or reuse.
6. THREE MEASURE TO ASSESS THE LEVEL OF COMPUTER LITERACY:
AWARENESS
KNOWLEDGE
INTERACTION
7. II. Nature of Computer
Speed
Reliability
Storage
Capability
9. III. Uses of computer
Graphics
Retailing
Energy
Paperwork
Transportation
Law Enforcement
Money
Agriculture
Government
Education
Home
Health and Medicine
Robotics
Sciences
Connectivity
Human connection
better analysis can be achieved
determine prices and help manage inventory
locate oil, coal, natural gas and uranium
transaction printing is minimized
helps to run rapid transit systems, monitor traffic
match traces from DNA and finger print to solve crime
allowing banks to offer credit cards or check book
information about livestock breeding and performance
process immigrants, produce government security, collect taxes
acquire knowledge about computer literacy
keeps records, write letters, budgeting and connecting
assist in diagnosis, monitors gravely ill and diseases
takes over works that are dangerous for humans
scientific researches and experiments
allows communication even from far places
become productive and more capable
10. IV. Milestone in Computer Architecture
Zeroth
Generation
Mecanical
Genearation
(1642- 1945)
First
Generation
Vaccum
Tubes
(19451955)
Second
Generation
Transistors
(19551965)
Third
Generation
Integrated
circuits
(19651980)
Fourth
Generation
Very large
scale
integration
(1980- ? )
11.
12. Name
Baron Gottfried Wilhelm
von_Leibniz
Invention
Working
Calculating
1623-1662 Machine
Working
Calculating
1646-17-16 Machine
Charles Babbage
1792-1871
Blaise Pascal
Year
Ada lovelace (World's 1st
computer programmer)
Vannevar Bush
1930's
Functions
addition and subtraction
multipplication and division
compute tables of numbers for useful
Difference Engine naval navigation
read instructions from punced cards &
Analytical Engine carried it out
Analytical Engine
Software
It was an analog device. That is, it
could measure quantities that
changed continuously, such as
temperature and air pressure. It used
vacuum tubes to switch electrical
signals that performed calculations.
Differential
Bush's machine could do 25
Analyzer
calculations in a few minutes.
13. Analytical engine
The engine had four components: the store (memory),
the mill (computational unit), the input section (punched card
reader) and the output section (punched and printed output).
This "engine" was completely mechanical and unfortunately
needed thousands of cogs, gears, and wheels for it to function.
Babbage was unable to produce most of these parts to the
degree of precision or tolerance needed due to the technology
of his time.
The store capacity was 1000 words of 50 decimal digits used to hold variables and results.
The mill could accept operands from the store, add, subtract, multiply or divide them, and
return a result to the store.
The engine could read instructions from punched cards and carry them out, at times
combining a second set of input data and compiling the numbers in the mill, then sending the
results back to the store. Instruction variables included being able to test a number for a
positive or negative value. By inputting a different set of punch cards, different computations
could be archived.
The results or "output" could be punched into a copper engraver's plate with a steel die, thus
making hardcopy data available to the user.
Unfortunately Babbage never saw his project finished, he soon ran out of personal funds and
the Government sponsorship soon dried up as well.
29. He went to Princeton
Institute of Advance
Studies to build his
own version of EDVAC.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34. It has 16-bit word and
was designed for real
time control.
35. Evolution/Improvement of the
Fisrt Generation
MACHINE
DISCOVERED BY:
DATE/YEAR
ENIAC
John Mauchley and
Jay Presper Eckert
1943
EDSAC
Maurice Wilkes
1949
EDVAC
Mauchley and Eckert
IAS Machine
Von Neumann
Von Neumann
Machine
Von Neumann
M.I.T. Machine
Jay Forrester
49. Name
Year
Invention
Function
Robert Noyce
1958
Silicon Integrated
Circuit
Allowed dozens of trasistors to be put
on a single chip.
IBM
1964
System /360
Designed for both scientific and
commercial computing.
Multiprogramming /
360
Have several programs in memory at
once, so that when one is waiting for
input/output to complete , another
could compute
50. Features of 360
It was the first machine that can emulate (stimulate) the
other computers.
Solved the dilemma of binary-parallel versus serial
decimal with a compromise: the mechine had 32 bit
registers for binary arithmetic, but its memory was byte
oriented.
Huge address space of 2(24) bytes (16 megabytes)
51.
52. Name
Year
Invention
Functions
Garry Kildall
1980’s
Cp/m oprating system
I true floppy disk operating system, with a fil
system, and user commands typed in from
command
Steve Jobs and
Steve wozniak
IBM (Philip Estridge)
Apple and Apple II
1981
IBM personal
Computer
53. IBM
Become the dominant force in computer industry
Become personal computer business.
Published the complete plans including all circuit
diagrams in a book to make possible for other
companies to make plu-ins boards for IBM-PC, ti increase
its flexibility and popularity.
54. IBM-PC
Equipped with MS-DOS operating system supplied by ten tiny Microsoft
corporation.
INTEL was able to produce increasingly powerful CPU’s.
Develop the successor to MS-DOS to OS/2, featuring a graphical user
interface.
Microsoft developed its own windows operating system that ran on top of
MS-DOS in case OS/2 did not catch on.
55.
56. System- group of related
components
A. Six Elements Computer and
Communication system
1. People – Most important part and
beneficiaries of computer and
communication
2. Procedures – Step By Step / Guidelines
3. Data – Raw Materials
Information – Summarized data or
manipulated data
58. Units of Measurement for Capacity
0’s - 1’s – Bits
Combined a group of 8 - Bytes
Kilobytes – 1000 bytes / 2^10 (1024)
Megabytes – 1 million bytes
Gigabytes – 1 billion bytes
Terabytes – 1 trillion bytes
Petabytes – 1 quadrillion bytes
59. Hardware
- Consist of all the machinery and equipment
computer system
A. Input Hardware
- Allow people to put data into the computer
1.Keyboard -
2.Mouse –
in a
60.
61. Heart of computer are two units
of great importance:
A. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
B. Control Unit (CU)
2. Primary Memory
- “Work Space” where data and
programs for immediate processing are
held.
62. C. Output Hardware
- Translate information processed bye the
computer into a form that human can
understand
1. Screen
2. Printer
63. 3. Sound
D. Secondary Storage Hardware(External
Storage)
1 Diskette or Floppy Disk
2 Hard Disk
70. •
The provision of source
data by the staff as a
basis for computer
processing.
•
The transformation of
data into information
for management.
•
The management
information which is the
output of a date
processing operation.
77. Workstation:
- Compared to personal
computers, workstations are
capable of performing high
quality image processing,
etc. with high speed.
78. Major applications of these workstations are
listed below:
Research development fields.
High speed processing of complex, scientific and
engineering applications.
Product design/manufacturing fields.
Used in CAD (Computer Aided Design). CAM (Computer
Aided Manufacturing), etc. application.
Software development field
Use of CASE tools (Computer Aided Software Engineering
tools), etc.
Communication network field.
Used as client machine or server machines in distributed
processing systems.
79. General-Purpose Computers:
can be used for multiple purposes; they
are capable of performing office work
as well as scientific and engineering
calculations.
It is also called mainframe.
80. Super Computers :
Super computers process trillions
of instructions per second.
81. Main Frames
Mainframes are capable of processing
data at very high speed millions of
instructions per second and have access
to billions of characters of data.
84. Personal Computers
These desktop computers
are also known as
microcomputers or
sometimes home
computers.
Computers that were
developed for personal
use. Commonly called
PC’s for short
85. Based on external appearance, different types of
personal computers have multiplied.
They can be classified as follows:
Desk-top type
Lap-top type
Notebook type, the size of A4 or B5 papers,
thin and light
Palm-top type
86.
87. Notebook Computers
It is wonderfully portable and functional, and
they are popular with travelers who need a
computer that can bring with them.
Somewhat large, heavier versions of these
computers are known as Laptop computers.
88. Smaller stiil: Personal Digital Assistants a handheid computer
called a Personal
Digital Assistant (PDA)
can be used to keep
track of appointments
and other business
information such as
computer names and
orders.
91. Decimal Number system
The method is also called Exponential Method
It applies when converting a number from any base
system to decimal system.
7
1
5
0
5 x 10 = 5
1
1 x 10 = 10
2
7 x 10 = 700
= 715
