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Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
HOT TOPICS
in
Perioperative Research
Michelle Chew
Department of Anaesthesiology and
Intensive Care
Linköping University Hospital, Sweden
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
• 85 hospitals with anaesthetic services
• About 700,000 ‘procedures’ p.a.
• >100 national quality registries in Sweden
• Swedish personal identification number and
population register allows comprehensive and
long-term data collection
Surgery in Sweden
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
What we currently know
 >46,000 patients in 498 European hospitals
 Elective and emergent (NOT Obs, Neuro, C-T)
 1° outcome = in-hospital mortality = 4% (1.8%)
 7.9 % admitted to ICU postoperatively (3.6%)
 73% died without critical care (54.5%)
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
SweSOS
Mortality at:
30 days – 1.8%
12 months – 8.5%
Jawad M et al. EJA 2016;33:317-325
Is long-term mortality unacceptably high?
ASA I+II 69%, 62.5% without comorbidities, minor+intermediate surgery 76%
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
7 day cohort study, 44814 elective surgical patients
Primary outcome:
•Frequency of in-hospital complications =16.8% (23.7%)
Secondary outcomes:
•30-d mortality 0.5% (0.3%)
•failure to rescue 2.8%
•9.7% elective ICU admissions (1.6%), where mortality = 2.4%
•50.4% of ICU patients developed >1 complication
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
Standard risk High risk p
n 3,603,803 513,924 -
Age (years) 54 (38-69) 75 (63-83) <0.0001
Emergencies (%) 769,371 (21.3%) 454,924 (88.5%) <0.0001
Hospital stay (days) 3 (1-6) 16 (9-29) <0.0001
Mortality (%) 15,038 (0.42%) 63,340 (12.3%) <0.0001
Pearse et al. Crit Care; 2006; 10 R81.
Very low mortality rates make it difficult to
detect poor results
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
Mortality is affected even years after
surgery
Khuri et al. Ann Surg 2005; 242: 326–343
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
Intraoperative hypotension and mortality
• Bijker (Anesthesiology 2009;111:1217-26):
inconclusive, both time och hypotension
important
• Sessler (Anesthesiology 2012;116:1195-203):
‘Triple low’ =low MAC, BIS och BP) increased
mortality 4x
• Kertai (Anesthesiology2014; 121:18-28) did
not confirm Sessler’s findings
Studies from large data repositories suggest a deleterious effect of IOH
and mortality but are inconclusive
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
Intraoperative hypotension and
morbidity: time-dependent effect
Walsh M et al
Anesthesiology 2013; 119:507-15
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
Intraoperative hypotension and
myocardial injury
Anesthesiology 2016; 124:35-44
• Tested the association of IOH (several thresholds:
<50mmHg, <60mmHg, >30%decrease, >40%decrease)
with myocardial injury
• IOH >30%, >40% decrease or <60mmHg MAP and >30
minuter assoc with myocardial injury
Highest risk for myocardial injury >40% decrease for >30 min
(RR1.8 [1.1-2.8])
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
Intraoperative hypotension
and AKI
Anesthesiology 2015; 123:515-23
Hypotension itself or duration of hypotension that matters?
Increased risk for AKI if:
MAP <55mHg for 11-20 min (aOR 2.34 [1.35-4.05])
MAP <55mmHg >20min (aOR 3.53 [1.51-8.25]
MAP <60mmHg for 11-20 min (aOR 1.84 [1.11-3.06])
Both TIME and DOSE (=degree of IOH) dependent!
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
Anesthesiology 2017; 126:47-65)
How low can I safely go?
Pressures that are often considered clinically acceptable (MAP
65 mmHg) were associated with both myocardial and renal
injuries.
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
Postop increases in P-Creatinine
• Even increases of postoperative P-creatinine between 25-49% was
independently associated with in-hospital death (aOR1.7[1.3-2.4])
• For the same postoperative increase in P-Creatinine, patients
undergoing cardiothoracic surgery had better outcomes!
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
Dose dependent effect postop Crea
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
Reduction of PPCs?
• No difference in the incidence of PPCs
• Higher incidence of haemodynamic instability in the
high PEEP+recruitment group
• Higher incidence of ‘rescue strategy for desaturation’
in low PEEP group
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
A few other hot topics
Current research in Sweden
CAN: PPF or Sevo and survival from CANcer, Mats Enlund
EPICOL: EPIdural or PCA and outcome after COLorectal surgery, Christina
Eintrei
EMINENT: Etiology of Myocardial Injury after Noncardiac surgery, Anil
Gupta
MINSS: Myocardial Injury in Noncardiac Surgery in Sweden, Michelle
Chew
PRISM: Prevention of Respiratory Insufficiency after Surgical
Management, Rupert Pearse
PROFS: Prediction, Risk Factors and Outcome Following major Surgery,
Sigga Kalman & Erzsebet Bartha
ICU after surgery: Outcomes of ICU patients after surgery; Monir Jawad
Outcomes after hip fracture surgery: National epidemiological study,
Michelle Chew SPOR
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
Failure to rescue
Not incidence of complications per se, but how we manage them
when they arise that affects mortality – FAILURE TO RESCUE!
Ghaferi A et al. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1368-75
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
Incidens av komplikationer
• VISION study: 8% suffering from MINS, most of
whom do not fulfill diagnostic criteria for AMI.
Anesthesiology 2014; 120:564-78
• Haynes et al. Major complications 7-11%. NEJM 2009;360:491-
9
• OPTIMIZE: 31- 42%. JAMA. 2014;311(21):2181-2190
• Walsh M. MAP and clinical outcome study: 7.4% AKI,
cardiac complications 2.8%, MI 2.3%. Anesthesiology
2013;119:507-15
VARIERAR BERÖENDE PÅ POPULATION, DEFINITION,
UPPFÖLJNINGSTID mm.
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
Backgrund
Anesthesiology 2013; 119:959–81
• Många studier som har undersökt risk stratifiering
• Endast 8 stycken har gjort en extern validering
• Av dessa endast 3 (ASA-PS, SRS, P-POSSUM) uppfyller
kriteria för bra diskriminant förmåga (AUROC>0.9)
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
VISION – behov av biomarkörer?
Anesthesiology 2014; 120:564-78
• Ny definition av myokard skada = MINS
• MINS är vanlig förekommande
• >80% ASYMPTOMATISK och uppfyller inte kriteria för MI
• 4X ökad mortalitetsrisk (9.8% vs. 1.1%)
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
Bedömning av kardielle risk
• RCRI
• NSQIP-MICA
– Notera Kreatinin
– Funktionell status
Circulation. 2011;124:381-387
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
Återinsattning av ARB
• 34% inte återinsatt 2 dagar efter kirurgi
• Justerat HR för 30d mortalitet 1,74
• Högst risk för yngre patienter HR 2,5 (<60 år)
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
ESC/ESA guidelines ang. ACE-I/ARB
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
Perioperativ mortalitet
• Totalt 30M fall – varav 2,9 miljoner inkluderas i dataanalys
• 48t mortalitet 0.03%
• Oberöende riskfaktorer ålder, akutkirurgi, OP efter 1600
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
Perioperativ mortalitet i Sverige
Kristianstad
KS-Huddinge
KS-Solna
Linköping
Lund
Malmö
Sahlgrenska
Södersjukhuset
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
Perioperativ mortalitet i Sverige
30 d mort: 1.8%
12m mort: 8.5%
Ej prediktiv: natt kirurgi, IVA inläggning
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
Multicentreprojekt på gång i Sverige
• CAN (Mats Enlund)
• PROFS (Erzsebet Bartha)
• SPOR
• EPICOL (Christina Eintrei)
• EPIMAP (Anil Gupta)
• Klinisk utgång för kirurgisk pat inlägda på IVA –
samarbete med SIR (Monir Jawad/Michelle Chew)
• PRISM (Rupert Pearse)
• OPTIMISE II (Rupert Pearse)
• MINSS (Michelle Chew)
• ?Flera
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
Mätning och behandling av hypertoni
• 160/100 inom primärvården och 180/110 på sjukhuset = ok för elektiv kirurgi
• Diskrepans: ‘ingen evidens att blodtrycksreduktion perioperativt minskar CV
komplikationer
• Behandla cardiovasculär risk, inte blodtrycket!
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017

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Hot topics in perioperative research - Michelle Chew - SSAI2017

  • 1. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 HOT TOPICS in Perioperative Research Michelle Chew Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Linköping University Hospital, Sweden
  • 2. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 • 85 hospitals with anaesthetic services • About 700,000 ‘procedures’ p.a. • >100 national quality registries in Sweden • Swedish personal identification number and population register allows comprehensive and long-term data collection Surgery in Sweden
  • 3. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 What we currently know  >46,000 patients in 498 European hospitals  Elective and emergent (NOT Obs, Neuro, C-T)  1° outcome = in-hospital mortality = 4% (1.8%)  7.9 % admitted to ICU postoperatively (3.6%)  73% died without critical care (54.5%)
  • 4. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 SweSOS Mortality at: 30 days – 1.8% 12 months – 8.5% Jawad M et al. EJA 2016;33:317-325 Is long-term mortality unacceptably high? ASA I+II 69%, 62.5% without comorbidities, minor+intermediate surgery 76%
  • 5. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 7 day cohort study, 44814 elective surgical patients Primary outcome: •Frequency of in-hospital complications =16.8% (23.7%) Secondary outcomes: •30-d mortality 0.5% (0.3%) •failure to rescue 2.8% •9.7% elective ICU admissions (1.6%), where mortality = 2.4% •50.4% of ICU patients developed >1 complication
  • 6. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 Standard risk High risk p n 3,603,803 513,924 - Age (years) 54 (38-69) 75 (63-83) <0.0001 Emergencies (%) 769,371 (21.3%) 454,924 (88.5%) <0.0001 Hospital stay (days) 3 (1-6) 16 (9-29) <0.0001 Mortality (%) 15,038 (0.42%) 63,340 (12.3%) <0.0001 Pearse et al. Crit Care; 2006; 10 R81. Very low mortality rates make it difficult to detect poor results
  • 7. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 Mortality is affected even years after surgery Khuri et al. Ann Surg 2005; 242: 326–343
  • 8. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 Intraoperative hypotension and mortality • Bijker (Anesthesiology 2009;111:1217-26): inconclusive, both time och hypotension important • Sessler (Anesthesiology 2012;116:1195-203): ‘Triple low’ =low MAC, BIS och BP) increased mortality 4x • Kertai (Anesthesiology2014; 121:18-28) did not confirm Sessler’s findings Studies from large data repositories suggest a deleterious effect of IOH and mortality but are inconclusive
  • 9. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 Intraoperative hypotension and morbidity: time-dependent effect Walsh M et al Anesthesiology 2013; 119:507-15
  • 10. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 Intraoperative hypotension and myocardial injury Anesthesiology 2016; 124:35-44 • Tested the association of IOH (several thresholds: <50mmHg, <60mmHg, >30%decrease, >40%decrease) with myocardial injury • IOH >30%, >40% decrease or <60mmHg MAP and >30 minuter assoc with myocardial injury Highest risk for myocardial injury >40% decrease for >30 min (RR1.8 [1.1-2.8])
  • 11. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 Intraoperative hypotension and AKI Anesthesiology 2015; 123:515-23 Hypotension itself or duration of hypotension that matters? Increased risk for AKI if: MAP <55mHg for 11-20 min (aOR 2.34 [1.35-4.05]) MAP <55mmHg >20min (aOR 3.53 [1.51-8.25] MAP <60mmHg for 11-20 min (aOR 1.84 [1.11-3.06]) Both TIME and DOSE (=degree of IOH) dependent!
  • 12. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 Anesthesiology 2017; 126:47-65) How low can I safely go? Pressures that are often considered clinically acceptable (MAP 65 mmHg) were associated with both myocardial and renal injuries.
  • 13. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 Postop increases in P-Creatinine • Even increases of postoperative P-creatinine between 25-49% was independently associated with in-hospital death (aOR1.7[1.3-2.4]) • For the same postoperative increase in P-Creatinine, patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery had better outcomes!
  • 14. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 Dose dependent effect postop Crea
  • 15. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 Reduction of PPCs? • No difference in the incidence of PPCs • Higher incidence of haemodynamic instability in the high PEEP+recruitment group • Higher incidence of ‘rescue strategy for desaturation’ in low PEEP group
  • 16. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 A few other hot topics Current research in Sweden CAN: PPF or Sevo and survival from CANcer, Mats Enlund EPICOL: EPIdural or PCA and outcome after COLorectal surgery, Christina Eintrei EMINENT: Etiology of Myocardial Injury after Noncardiac surgery, Anil Gupta MINSS: Myocardial Injury in Noncardiac Surgery in Sweden, Michelle Chew PRISM: Prevention of Respiratory Insufficiency after Surgical Management, Rupert Pearse PROFS: Prediction, Risk Factors and Outcome Following major Surgery, Sigga Kalman & Erzsebet Bartha ICU after surgery: Outcomes of ICU patients after surgery; Monir Jawad Outcomes after hip fracture surgery: National epidemiological study, Michelle Chew SPOR
  • 17. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
  • 18. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 Failure to rescue Not incidence of complications per se, but how we manage them when they arise that affects mortality – FAILURE TO RESCUE! Ghaferi A et al. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1368-75
  • 19. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 Incidens av komplikationer • VISION study: 8% suffering from MINS, most of whom do not fulfill diagnostic criteria for AMI. Anesthesiology 2014; 120:564-78 • Haynes et al. Major complications 7-11%. NEJM 2009;360:491- 9 • OPTIMIZE: 31- 42%. JAMA. 2014;311(21):2181-2190 • Walsh M. MAP and clinical outcome study: 7.4% AKI, cardiac complications 2.8%, MI 2.3%. Anesthesiology 2013;119:507-15 VARIERAR BERÖENDE PÅ POPULATION, DEFINITION, UPPFÖLJNINGSTID mm.
  • 20. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 Backgrund Anesthesiology 2013; 119:959–81 • Många studier som har undersökt risk stratifiering • Endast 8 stycken har gjort en extern validering • Av dessa endast 3 (ASA-PS, SRS, P-POSSUM) uppfyller kriteria för bra diskriminant förmåga (AUROC>0.9)
  • 21. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 VISION – behov av biomarkörer? Anesthesiology 2014; 120:564-78 • Ny definition av myokard skada = MINS • MINS är vanlig förekommande • >80% ASYMPTOMATISK och uppfyller inte kriteria för MI • 4X ökad mortalitetsrisk (9.8% vs. 1.1%)
  • 22. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 Bedömning av kardielle risk • RCRI • NSQIP-MICA – Notera Kreatinin – Funktionell status Circulation. 2011;124:381-387
  • 23. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 Återinsattning av ARB • 34% inte återinsatt 2 dagar efter kirurgi • Justerat HR för 30d mortalitet 1,74 • Högst risk för yngre patienter HR 2,5 (<60 år)
  • 24. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
  • 25. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 ESC/ESA guidelines ang. ACE-I/ARB
  • 26. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 Perioperativ mortalitet • Totalt 30M fall – varav 2,9 miljoner inkluderas i dataanalys • 48t mortalitet 0.03% • Oberöende riskfaktorer ålder, akutkirurgi, OP efter 1600
  • 27. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 Perioperativ mortalitet i Sverige Kristianstad KS-Huddinge KS-Solna Linköping Lund Malmö Sahlgrenska Södersjukhuset
  • 28. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 Perioperativ mortalitet i Sverige 30 d mort: 1.8% 12m mort: 8.5% Ej prediktiv: natt kirurgi, IVA inläggning
  • 29. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 Multicentreprojekt på gång i Sverige • CAN (Mats Enlund) • PROFS (Erzsebet Bartha) • SPOR • EPICOL (Christina Eintrei) • EPIMAP (Anil Gupta) • Klinisk utgång för kirurgisk pat inlägda på IVA – samarbete med SIR (Monir Jawad/Michelle Chew) • PRISM (Rupert Pearse) • OPTIMISE II (Rupert Pearse) • MINSS (Michelle Chew) • ?Flera
  • 30. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017 Mätning och behandling av hypertoni • 160/100 inom primärvården och 180/110 på sjukhuset = ok för elektiv kirurgi • Diskrepans: ‘ingen evidens att blodtrycksreduktion perioperativt minskar CV komplikationer • Behandla cardiovasculär risk, inte blodtrycket!
  • 31. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017
  • 32. Michelle Chew Hot Topics SSAI2017

Editor's Notes

  1. Surgery imposes a large burden on health care systems worldwide. Currently it is estimated that over 300 million surgical procedures are carried out annually. In Sweden estimates lie around 700000 procedures pa. Despite this burden very little is known about perioperative outcomes in Sweden, and evenin Scandinavia. We are forutunate to have over 100 national quaility registries, which collect very good data on surgery and procedure specific outcomes, however as clinicians we know very litte about what happens to our patients beyond th OT or ICU. ASA-PS utveklat som inte som en mortalitetsprediktor utan som klassifieringssytem för preoperativ hälsotillstånd av kirurgiska patienter. I de flesat studier har ASA visat sig vara en oberöende prediktor för mortatlitet trots signifikanta begränsingar, såsom interbedömmare variabilitet.
  2. This paper was published 5 years ago, and I am raising this as a hot topic because this paper gave us the first indication about perioperative outcomes in a general unselected population in Sweden. The EuSOS study was a 7 day cohort study observing over 46000 patients in 28 European countries.
  3. The EuSOS study showed that Sweden had low perioperative mortality rates, however the observation period only extended to the hospital admission. In Sweden we therefore took the opportunity to expand on Eusos by following the Swedish cohort of 1300 patients. We called this the SweSOS study and we showed that while short term mortality rates were very low, longer term mortaliy was much higher at 8.5%, and vertainly much higher than an age and sex matched population. Very little data on long term mortality exists, and in Scandinavia we are fortunate to have population registries that allow complete follow up of morality data in the long term. So we ased ourselves is long term mort unaccepatbly high? Keeping in mind that the vast majority of this cohort were healthy ASA 1+2 patients with no comorbidities and not undergoing major surgery. the Lower mortality and shorter hospital stays cf. rest of Europe Appear to be driven by ‘traditional’ risk factors eg. age, comorbidities, surgical urgency Lower ICU admission rates =against hypothesis that access to ICU saves lives Persisting mortality risk 1 year after surgery – why? Unacceptably high SMRs
  4. One important limitation of the EuSOS study was the lack of complications measurement. ISOS was a 7 day cohort study, just as EuSOS was, this time extending observations worldwide. Only elective surgical patients were included and the primary outcome was inhospital complications. The FoR frequency was 2.8% where this was defined as deaths occuring in patient with complications. So a nearly 6-fold increased in mortality in patients developing a complication cf. to the whole cohort. Another interesting piece of information that was obtained from the study was the ICU admission rate 9.7% which is completely incongruent with what we experience in Sweden. Importantly mortality amongst ICU patients was 2.4% (or nearly 5fold compared to the whoe cohort) highlighting the importance of critical care. This study was not designed to inx the effect of postoperative critical care so this may well have been driven by other confounders such as comorbidity and the severity of surgical trauma. Importantly, and this is something I think we can do something about, and this is also one of the reasons I am highlighting ISOS in this hot topics section – is that over 50% of ICU patients developed a complication or more. This is quite sobering given that one of the most important reasons for postoperative critical care must be the avoidance of complications.
  5. Now this is an older study, being almost 10 years old but its findings are still pertinent today. In an audit of over 40000000 surgical procedures Pearse and colleagues found an overall inhospital mortality rate of 2%. Within this group however, there were 2 very different risk profiles. We are often not aware of surgical outcomes. We all remember the patient that died on the operating table, or perhaps even in PACU or the ICU, however beyond that clinicians generally have very little idea about postoperative outcomes. Studies such as this, EuSOS and ISOS are major drivers for current research within the SPOR. In Pearse et al, an audit of over 4 million surgical procedures (2.8 mill elective, mort 0.44%; 1.2 mill emergencymort 5.4%) identified a high risk population (a priori identified as those with >5% mortality). This high risk population accounted for only 12.3% of all procedures but 84% of all deaths! Less than 15% of high risk patients were admitted to ICU after surgery… Amongst those admitted to ICU (1.4% of all procedures, 10%death when elective admission, 29% when emergency admission), most (41%) died after discharge from ICU. Further, the highest mortality rates were seen in patients admitted to ICU after initial care on the ward. How we identify the high risk patient How do we identify patients who will benefit from intensive care Why do we need large numbers such as the ones provided to us by registries?
  6. This is an old slide however its results are still as relevant today as they were in 2005. In this study of the VA database, the occurrence of ANY complication adversely affected mortality long after the surgical procedure. Here KM curves for pulmoanry and wound complications however they were similar regardless of any complication. The occurrence of complications was the the strongest predictor of short term mortality and 3third largest predictor of long tem mortality after age ad
  7. En flittigt diskuterat ämne inom periop medicin är IOH. Antallet av studier publicerat inom område har växt och inom de senaste åren har det kommit en del välutförda undersökningar. Bijker 1705 pat generell och kärlkirurgi. Ingen relation mellan IOH och 1 årss mortalitet men studien var egentligen inkonklusiv där det inte ingick tillräckligt många patienter. Signal sågs för SBT<80, MAP <60 och SBT eller MAP minskning av 40-45% Sesslers studie, 24120 patienter so genomgick icke kardielle kirurgi såg en relation mellan triaden av låg MAC, låg BIS, låg BT och mortalitet, där låg BT definieras som MAP <75. Kombinationen av alla 3 visade en tids och dosberoende effekt på mortatitet, och kombinationen av låg BT och låg MAC var särkild farlig, båda gällande mortalitet och hosp LOS. 30d mort 0.8%. Cleveland Clinic Triple låg var associerat med mortatlitet men effekten kvarstod inte efter justering för andra faktorer – dvs. Sessler’s fynd kunde inte reproduceras (Duke University) 16263 patienter (Kertai).
  8. 33,330 patienter på Clevland Clinic som påvisar den tidsberöende effekt av BT fall på komplikationer. Med komplikationer menades AKI, kardielle komplikationer, myokadskada. Risken för AKI sågs redan vid MAP <60 Risken för myokardskada vid MAP <55
  9. So low low can you go without doing harm to patients, In this prospective observational study the association of various thresholds of IOH and postoperative myocaridal injury was tested. The findings were that IOH using any of the thresholds (<50, <60 mmHG MAP or decreases of >30% of preinduction MAP were assoc with postop myocard injury. This effect was however only seen when the may remained in this low fpr 30 minutes or more. Although this was a relatively small study, one of its strengths was that the outcome was adjusted for important confounders such as preoperative use of cardiovascular medications (β –blockers, rennin–angiotensin system inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, diuretics), intraoperative blood loss, heart rate, and also for the duration of surgery in a sensitivity analysis. Övervikten av evidens nu tyder på att BT fall har en klinisk signifikans. Det flesta studier påvisar en dos och tidsberöende effekt, dvs. att båda svårigheten av BT fallet och tid är viktiga. Det vanligaste undersökte gränser är MAP under 60, MAP under 55 och BT fall under 30% eller 40% av preinduktionsvärdet. I en alldeles nypublicerat studie (dock förållandesvis litet med 890 äldre patienter), kunde man påvisar att hos äldre patienter (>60år) so genomgår kärlkirurgi, en BT fall >40% för över 30min var mest skadlig för hjärtat. Men andra gränser, MAP <60, BT fall mer än 30% var också förknippad med potop myokardskada, dock var risken mindre.
  10. In a restrospektive study by the same group the effect of time and dose (ie degree of IOH) and AKI was investigated in 5127 patienter. One important strength of the study was the ability to adjust for multiple confounders due to its large sample size. Like the previous study, the authors tested several thresholds and durations of IOH. These risk factors included gender, comorbidities (i.e. , history of hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, anemia, and malignancy), preoperative medications thought to be related to renal perfusion (i.e. , angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, β blockers), preoperative renal function (categorized as estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] greater than 60, 30 to 60, and less than 30 ml/min), and duration and type of surgery (general, thoracic, vascular, gynecological oncology, head and neck oncology, and plastics). Anemia was defined by the World Health Organization definition (less than 130 g/l for men and less than 120 g/l for women), based on the hemoglobin concentration measured at patients’ outpatient preoperative anesthesia consultation.
  11. 57317 patients retrospective database from the Cleveland Clinic. Investigated various absolute and relative thresholds (like the Sun study) on MINS and AKI. Again they found a dose dependent effect MAP less than 65 mmHg for greater than equal to 13 min (characterizing 50% of the patients who ever went less than 65 mmHg) was associated with significantly higher odds of myocardial and kidney injury. The lower thethreshold and the longer the exposure, the higher the risk of AKI and MINS. At MAP 50mmHG, even for 1 minute, the risk of these outcomes increased significantly, which is in line with the Walsh et al study. with significantly higher odds of myocardial and kidney injury. Importantly, Preoperative blood pressure thus had no important effect on the relationship between intraoperative hypotension and myocardial injury. IMPORTANTLY, this threshold was independent of preoperative BP, so the thresholds even applied to hypertensive patients. This is an important study, since implementing decision tress based on a single absolute value is much easier that predifining a minimum decrease of say, 40% especially there there is no reliable preoperative measurement.
  12. Finally in this study from our German colleages at the Charité, a retrospective study of nearly 40000 patients from a large database showing the dose dependent relationship between P-creatinine and hospital death and hospital LOS. IMPORTANTLY even minor increases in S-creatininr, less than 50% of the preoperative value, and hence not fulfilling any current criteria for the diagnosis of AKI, were associated with both increased mortaloty and hospital LOS. Precis som små stegringar i TnT kan vara associerat med mortalitet finns det numera evidens för att små kreatinin stegringar postop kan ovkså vara av klinisk betydelse. I denna studie av >30000 patienter var en postoperativ kra stegring 25-49% förknippad med ökat sjukhustid och ökat mortalitet öven efter justering. En annan viktigt fynd var den klart sämre utgång för patienter som opererads för icke kardielle kirurgi.
  13. Kreatinin stgeringen hade en dosberöende effekt på mortalitet. Ju höre krea stegring ju högre mortalitet. Detta avspleglas också av den dosrespon relationen med KDIGO klassificieringen.
  14. Finally, a negative but nevertheless important study. PROVHILO published in the Lancet in 2014 (900 patsI showed that high PEEP defined as PEEP 12 with recruiment manouvres was not able to decrease the incidence of PPCs, compared to a low PEEP group consiting of 2 PEEP with no recruitment manouvres. This builds on the knowledge of the IMPROVE (Futier NEJM 2013) study (where it was shown that ventilation with low TVs (and 6-8 PEEP) vs high TVs 10-12ml/kg no PEEP decreased postop pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications at 7days. The high PEEP group suffered from a higher incidence of hdyn instability with intraop hypotension requiring vasopressors. Conversely the low PEEP group had more desaturations requiring a ‘rescue strategy’. What the study tells us is that uncritical use of PEEP applied across the board is not useful and possibly harmful. 8% av patienter i låg PEEP gruppen var utsatt för ‘rescue strategy för desaturering’ jf.m. 2% I hög-PEEP gruppen Okritisk användning av låg PEEP och TV också förknippad med ökad M&M (Levin MA et al. BJA 2014;113:97-108) Det har kommit 2 stora studier gällande ventilation av patienter som genomår kirurgi. Den första från Frankrike – IMPROVE studien, 400 patienter som publicerades 2013 i NEJM. Studien påvisade att ventilation med låg tidalvolymer (6-8ml/kg) + PEEP 6-8 minskade postop pulmonella (pneumoni, mek ventilaiton) + extrapulmonella (sepsis + död) komplikationer 7 dagar efter kirurgo. jfm. Högtidalvolym (10-12ml/kg) utan rekrytering. Problemet med den studien var att man visste inte om effekten kunde tillskrivas låg TV eller PEEP/rekrytering. I 2014 publicerades denna sudie från the PROVE network investigators. Återigen en risk grupp (bedömd med standard PPC riskbeömningskriterier). Här ventilerades samtliga patienter (n=447) med låg TV, men den ena gruppen med hög PEEP (12) + rekrytering, och den annan mew låg PEEP (2) utan rekrytering. Här kunder man inte påvisa någon effekt på PPC. Tvärtom, gruppen med hög PEEP hade en högre incidens av intraoperativ hypotoni och behov av vasopressorer.
  15. >200000 artiklar screenad 27 includerad I final review. Excl ej relevant till periop risk bedömning, inga statistic, språk, uppfylde inte incl kriterier (t.ex. Barn, specialitet specific, dagkirurgi, endast en outcome te.x reoperation) Även om många har undersökt risk stratifering endast få har gjprt en validering. Av de 8 som har gjort en extern validering, endast 4 har gjort det en >1 population! Bäst prediktorer för mortalitet är ASA, SRScale, P-POSSUM.SRS validerat endast i UK. ASA-PS overraskande eftersom den var inte designad som en mortalitetprediktor och har endast moderat (som bäst) interbedömmarreliabilitet. Viktigt att skilja mellan preop risk stratifiering och t.ex. P-POSSUM där även intra och postop faktorer ingår. Värt att nämna BHOM (biochemistry and hematolohy outcome model = liknar POSSUM men utan lungRTG och EKG som är ganska subjektiva. IRIS (identification of risk in surgical patients) likaledes en mycket enkel system (åler, acuity of admittion, surgical urgency and surgical severity) AUROC 0.92 behöver ytterligare validering.
  16. VISION studien har satt en ny standard för definitionen för myokard skada. I en stor prospektiv studie mätes TnT 3 dagar postop samtidigt som man varderade patientens symptomer och EKGer. Studien visade I denna stor population av 15000 patienter att förekomsten av MINS var vanlig 8%. Den var av klinisk betydelse eftersom MINS var oberöende förknippad med en 4x ökad mortalitetsrisk, även efter justering för andra faktorer. Det var också anmärkningsvärt att MINS var ASYMPTOMATISK I över 80% av alla patienter och kan förklarar 34% av alla dödsfall inom 30 dagar efter kirurgi.
  17. RCRI NSQIP-MICA
  18. Många av våra patienter står på ACE-I och ARB preoperativt. Min uppfattning är att de flesta avdelningar I sverige sätta utt dessa droger inför kirurgi men det är okänt när det blir återinsatt. Evidensen kring utsättning av ARB och ACE hämmare, till skillnad från B-blocker, är oklart. I denna studie, tittade författarna på återinsättningen och effekten på 30d mortalitet. Studien (n>30000) kom fram till att 34% fick inte tillbaka sina mediciner 2 dagar efter kirurgi. Efter 30 dagar var 20% inte återinsatt! Detta var förknippad med en 1,7x större mortalitet, även efter justering för andra riskfaktorer. Högsta risk sågs för patienter under 60 år, där den justerade HR av 2,5. Resultaterna är förenlig med en tidigare studie som visat att patienter som inte återuppta ACE-I 14 dagar efter kirurgi hade högre mortaltietsrisk.
  19. Man hade också utfört en mycket detaljerad och relevant sensitivitetsanalys I denna studie. Den visar att effekten av att inte återinsätta ARBs kunde återfinnas oavsett vilken subgrupp man tittade på. Av vikt I denna studie var det faktum att man justerade även för postop hypotension och AKI so möjliga faktorer som kan förklara varför man inte återinsätt ARBs Studien begränsdades av detfaktum att en var retrospektiv. Dessutom intraoperativa faktorer var inte justerat I denna analys.
  20. Återinsattning av ACE och ARB är ofta en väldiskuterad ämne I de flesta avdelningar. Vi kan snabbt bli enig om att det är viktigt at återinsätta dessa tabletter, men ska det sättas ut? Här vill jag hänvisa till ESA/ESC guidelines där utsättning berör på indikationen för dessa mediciner. Om indicationen är hjärtsvikt med LV systolisk dysfunktion i stabil fas_> fortsätta med tät monitorering. Om indikationen är hypertoni -> övergående uppehåll, inga rek om när den ska återinsättas
  21. Nästam 30 miljoner ingrepp över 4.5 år, 2,9 M inkluderat. 82700 exkl. Pga missing data. Data inte validerat vad jag kan se. Många variabler är manuellt inskriven. Konstiga exklusioner tex, med sensitivetsanalys innan 6 och efter 23 excluderat vid sens analys av effekten av OP-tid på dagen! Så effektn på dagen rörde endast de operationer mellan 1600-2259! Dessutom exkluderade ASA5 och ‘emergency’ cases. Anävnd även Risk Quantification index I multicariate analys, men inga kollinearitet med ASAPS, vilken är förvånande. National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry är en frivillig icke vinstdrivande datalager som skapades av Anesthesia Quality Institute. Den har samlat data sedan 2010 och det kan vara värt att nämna att när artiklen skrevs hade NACOR nästa 30 miljoner fall. Endast16% har sk. Outcomes data. Mortalitet definieras som 48t mortalitet och rapporteras I manuellt. Dessa är viktiga skillnader från den svenska perioperativt registret.
  22. I Sverige publicerades för första gång resultat av kort och långtids perioperativ mortalitet som del av EuSOS studien.
  23. Korttids mortaltiet är låg, I överenstämmelse med tidigare publicerat resultat inom Skandinavien. Oroaende är att långtids mortalitet var mycket hög – och detta var inte bra pga. Cancer kirurgi. Kom ihåg att de flesta patienter (70%) I EuSOS var ASA 1+2 patienter och hade inga komorbiditeter. När man analyserade I en multivariat analys var ålder, antal av komorb, kir angelägenhet de största oberöende prediktorer för 12m mortalitet. Vilket lyter frågan om mortalitet är en bra endpoint för utvärdering av långtids kirurgiskt utgång. Viktigt med EuSOS också var att natt kirurgi var INTE associerat med dåliga outcome till skillnad fårn NACOR studien. Likaledes IVA inläggning var heller inte associerat med ökat mortalitet. Sverige hade mycket låg frekven av IVA inläggningar (ca hälften av resten av EuSOS kohorten), som motsäger att tillgång till IVA-vård kan vara rädande för patienter. Ett viktig budskap dock var att Sverige hade tillgång till mycket advancerat PACUvård, som skulle kunna räknas som IVA vård I många andra länder.
  24. Utvecklat I samarbete mellan AAGBI och British Hypertension Society Hypertoni vanlig anledning till strykning (inte I Sverige?) Inga tidigare guidelines ang. Mäting och behandling av hypertoni Inga evidence att perioperativt behandling av HT ger mer vinst än BT behandling polikliniskt. I POISE studien BT reduktion med klonidin var t.i.m. skadligt. Look up POISE