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1. The Water
Cycle

3. Groundwater moves slowly. 1 mm –
1.6 km per day
Spring—where water table meets
surface
Groundwater helps keep rivers, lakes
and wetlands full of water
Groundwater—water
under the ground where
the soil is completely
filled with water.

4. Aquifer = groundwater

5. Groundwater

6. Zone of Aeration: area where the pore
spaces in the rock/soil are empty of water
Zone of Saturation: area where the pore
spaces in the rock/soil are filled with water
Water Table: boundary between zone of
saturation & zone of aeration; wells must go
below the water table to reach water
Vocabulary

7. Porosity: the
percent of a
material’s volume
that is pore space
Permeability: how
quickly water can travel
through a material
Porosity and Permeability

9. Notice that the pore spaces
do not connect!

10. Well Water
A well draws
water from
an aquifer

11. Cone of Depression: Created when
ground water is pumped from a well

12. Page 304 of your textbook…
2. What rock typically makes
up the upper impermeable
layer?
3. What type of sediment is
that rock make from?
4. The ________ in the
aquifer is under
_____________ and may
________ upwards when
an ___________ well is
drilled.
1. What is an artesian formation?

14. Dangers to Drinking Water

15. Sinkholes from
groundwater
overpumping, Antelope
Valley, CA
Dust storm during Dust
Bowl in Kansas, when
overpumping from wells
& a drought caused
farmers to ‘overspend’
the water budget

16. The cone of depression at a well makes the groundwater
flow ‘downhill’ toward the well, so all neighboring
pollution goes into the well.

17. Caves

18. Caves

19. Luray Caverns, VA

20. CAVERNS CONTINUED

21. Stalactites ‘hold on tight’ to the ceiling while stalagmites are on
the cavern floor.
The Stalactite results from dripping
water (infiltrating) through the cavern
ceiling. With it, it brings calcium
carbonate, or calcite, in it. Over time,
this deposits as each drip hardens.

22. Karst Topography
Overhead view of sinkholes filled with
water in Turkey
An area with lots of
sinkholes & fissures
in the ground where
it has collapsed into
limestone caverns
formed when acidic
water dissolved the
limestone.

24. Step 1: Acidic groundwater dissolves
limestone. Then the water table drops,
leaving empty caves.
Development of Karst Topography
Step 2: Ground above the caves is
eroded away.
Step 3: Thin rock above the cave
collapses, creating a sinkhole.

25. How Do Sinkholes Form?

27. Winter Park, FL

28. Sinkhole, Shenandoah Valley, VA
Sinkholes in
Virginia? Click
here!

29. Video Clip here Flooding from tropical storm Agatha caused an enormous
sinkhole that swallowed a building in Guatemala City

33. WATER REVIEW!!!!
Objective: To construct a 10-question multiple
choice quiz focused on the Water material. All
questions must be in multiple choice format. You
must include 3 to 4 possible answers for each
question. CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
FOR EACH ONE. Include at least 1 diagram.
Chapter 13 Surface Water, 5 Questions
Chapter 14, Ground Water, 5 Questions
STAPLE THIS HAND-WRITTEN PAGE TO
THE END OF YOUR TAKE-HOME UNIT.

34. CONGRATS.. YOU ARE
FINISHED!
• Double-check that all portions of your take-
home packet are filled in correctly.
• Make sure your 10-question review quiz is
stapled at the end (and written neatly).
• BE CAREFUL IN THAT ALL WORK
YOU SUBMIT IS INDIVIDUAL AND
SHOULD NOT BE COMPLETED AS A
GROUP EFFORT.