Sociology of Corruption course

1. Global Corruption in theWorld
MUHAMMAD SAUD, BS Soc. MS Soc.
Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Political Science,
Universitas Airlangga
Email: muhhammad.saud@gmail.com
“Sociology of Corruption”
Corruption causes inequity in society and
the gap between the rich and the poor
increases

2. What we have to discuss
• Introduction about Corruption
• Type of corruptions
• Panama Case
• Transparency International report
• Discussion on world corruption cases

4. Corruption kinds/types
Money
laundering
Nepotism
Favoritism
Political
Employment
Jobs
Projects
Programs
References
&
Political
Involvement
in
Institutions

5. Panama Papers
• The Panama Papers was the largest financial data leak in history
• It covers nearly 40 years, from the late 1970s through the end of 2015
• 214,488 offshore accounts revealed across 200+ countries
• The leaked documents illustrate how wealthy individuals and public
officials are able to keep personal financial information private
• They were created by a corporate service provider in Panama, “Mossack
Fonseca”

6. Mossack Fonseca
• A Panamanian law firm known for helping clients set up offshore
accounts
• Helps clients move money into offshore shell companies
• Their clients include criminals and members of various Mafia
groups, in addition to government officials

8. Corrupt cases explored

9. Lessons from the massive Siemens corruption scandal one decade later
• Ten years ago a colossal corruption scandal involving Siemens, one of the world’s largest
electrical engineering companies, shocked the world.The scale of it marked it out as the
biggest corruption case of the time.

10. DRAINING NIGERIA OF ITS ASSETS
• Sani Abacha was a Nigerian army
officer and dictator who served as
the President of Nigeria from 1993
until his death in 1998. His five-
year rule was shrouded in
corruption allegations, though the
extent and severity of that
corruption was highlighted only
after his death when it emerged
that he took between US$3 and $5
billion of public money.

11. FUJIMORI’S PERU: DEATH SQUADS,
EMBEZZLEMENT AND GOOD PUBLIC RELATIONS
• Fujimori presented a clean image to the public
during his presidency while he used death
squads to kill guerrillas and allegedly
embezzled US$600 million in public funds. After
fleeing to Japan in 2000, he became the first
elected head of state to be extradited to his
home country, tried and convicted for human
rights abuses.

12. KADYROV’S CHECHNYA:
BIKERS, BOXERS, BRIBES
• In Chechnya, everyone earning a wage
pays an unofficial tax to an opaque fund
controlled by the head of the republic,
Ramzan Kadyrov

13. SHUTTING DOWN COMPETITION INTUNISIA
• From 1987 to 2011, President Ben Ali
created laws that meant companies
needed permission to invest and trade in
certain sectors.This allowed him to shut
competition out whilst letting 220 family
businesses monopolise numerous
industries, including telecommunications,
transport and real estate. In 2010, these
businesses produced 3 per cent ofTunisia’s
economic output, but took 21 per cent of
the private sector profits. Unsurprisingly,
the BenAli family amassed US$13 billion.

14. UKRAINE’S MISSING MILLIONS
• A golf course, ostrich farm, private zoo and full-
size Spanish galleon replica were just some of the
attractions at Mezhyhirya, the multimillion dollar
137-hectare estate of Ukraine’s former President
ViktorYanukovych.
• Yanukovych and his family fled to Russia in
February 2014 after civil unrest sparked deadly
conflict claiming over 100 lives, including by
sniper bullets.Three years after these tragic
events, a Ukrainian court foundYanukovych
guilty of high treason and sentenced him to 13
years in prison in absentia.

15. RICARDO MARTINELLI’S SPY-
GAME IN PANAMA
• From 2009 to 2014, Martinelli allegedly
rigged tenders for public contracts,
including those for meals and school
bags, under Panama’s largest social
welfare scheme. Most notably, he is
accused of having used public funds to
monitor the phone calls of more than
150 people, including politicians and
journalists.

16. THE 1MDB FUND: FROM MALAYSIATO
HOLLYWOOD
• In 2009, the government of Malaysia set up a
development fund, 1Malaysia Development Berhad
(1MDB). But instead, it seems to have boosted the
bank accounts of a few individuals, including the
former prime minister himself, a fugitive financier
and a US rapper.
• Through a network of shell companies and layers of
transactions, billions of dollars of development
money was allegedly spent on luxury real estate in
New York, paintings and gifts for celebrities, among
other things. More than US$700 million may also be
held in Razak’s private account, despite his claims
that the money was a “donation” from a Saudi
prince.

17. THE RUSSIAN LAUNDROMAT (WITH A LITTLE
HELP FROM MOLDOVA) Money laundering
• The Russian Laundromat, a massive money
laundering scheme that siphoned off
somewhere between US$20-80 billion in
fraudulent funds away from public services
and the citizens who need them most, could
be one of the reasons why.
• To move the money out of Russia, UK-
registered shell companies issued fictitious
loans to each other and Russian companies,
fronted by Moldovan citizens, guaranteed
them. Once the debtors failed to “pay back”
these loans, corrupt Moldovan judges fined
Russian companies and ordered them to
transfer funds to accounts in a Moldovan
bank. From there on, the money flowed into
Latvia and other EU banks where it was
ultimately cleaned.

18. SPAIN’S LARGEST CORRUPTION
SCANDAL: GÜRTEL
• Over the last 10 years, the Gürtel case has
grown into to the biggest corruption
scandal in Spain’s democratic history,
reaching all the way up to the president’s
office.
• At the center, the complex scheme
funneled illicit donations and bribes to
the then-ruling party in exchange for
rigged government contracts. #Correa

19. VENEZUELA’S CURRENCIES OF
CORRUPTION
• Less than 20 years ago, Venezuela was South
America’s richest country. Today, it’s facing one of
its worst political and humanitarian crises – and
corruption has a key role in it.
• The plundering of the state-owned oil company,
PDVSA, is exemplary of the widespread corruption
at the highest levels of government. Once the basis
of Venezuela’s wealth, the country’s vast oil
reserves ultimately filled the pockets of a small
group of individuals.
• With help from European and US banks, a group of
Venezuelan ex-officials allegedly siphoned off
US$1.2 billion from PDVSA to the US, exploiting
the country’s complicated currency exchange
system that only allows certain people and
companies to exchange currencies at the official,
hugely inflated rate.

20. MALDIVES: A PARADISE LOST
• In the Maldives, tourism is the largest contributor to the economy – it’s where the money is. So it
should come as no surprise that the country’s biggest corruption scandal is also linked to tourism. In
2016, Al Jazeera revealed that approximately US$1.5 billion was laundered through fake tourism
investments in a scheme of astounding simplicity.
• The money was allegedly transported to the Maldives in cash, approved by the financial authority and
transferred to private companies, where it appeared as clean profits from tourism investments.

21. TEODORÍN OBIANG’S #LUXURYLIVING IN
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
• Teodorín Obiang’s Instagram account celebrates
#LuxuryLiving, showing off his mansions, million
dollars’ worth of Michael Jackson memorabilia and
supercars. However, Obiang funds this lifestyle by
embezzling funds from Equatorial Guinea where he
serves as vice president to his own father.
• This oil-rich country has the highest per capita
income in Africa, but about three-quarters of its
population lives in poverty. Since 1979, the ruling
Obiang family, along with their cronies, have stolen
billions of dollars from the people.

22. HOWTHE GUPTA FAMILY CAPTURED SOUTH
AFRICATHROUGH BRIBERY
• In what’s been described as a “modern coup”, the
Gupta family took control of South Africa.
Through allegedly bribing politicians, giving
lucrative jobs to President Zuma’s children and
other ways of buying influence, Ajay, Atul, and
Rajesh Gupta captured the state.
• The Gupta family took as much as US$7 billion in
government funds, including a US$4.4 billion
supply contract with South Africa’s rail and port
company.The Guptas also hired and fired
government ministers, while the president fired
tax officials and intelligence chiefs to protect
them from investigation.

23. MYANMAR’S DIRTY JADE BUSINESS
• In 2015, a report revealed that corrupt
military officials, drug lords and their
cronies, had been illegally exploiting jade
mines in northern Myanmar and smuggling
the stones to China.
• In total, more than US $31 billion in jade
stones were extracted in 2014 alone – the
equivalent of half of Myanmar’s GDP that
same year. Yet, the majority of people living
in the mining regions and working in the
mines did not see any of this money and as
much as US$6.2 billion was lost in taxes.

24. FIGHTING IMPUNITY IN GUATEMALA
• Approximately 90 per cent of crimes in Guatemala
go unpunished, so taking action against impunity
should be a priority. At least that’s what the
International Commission against Impunity in
Guatemala (CICIG), backed by the UN, has been
doing successfully for the past 12 years.
• In 2015, former president of Guatemala was forced
to resign because of a corruption investigation that
ultimately led to his conviction. Since then, the
commission has been investigating dozens of high-
level corruption cases and enjoys strong popular
support.

25. TURKEY’S “GAS FOR GOLD” SCHEME
• In a real-life version of House of Cards, Turkey
found itself embroiled in a massive corruption
scandal in 2013. Turkish police officers raided
several homes, including two belonging to the
families of the ruling Turkish elite. During the
investigation, police confiscated some US$17.5
million in cash, money allegedly used for bribery.
At the heart of the scandal was an alleged “gas for
gold” scheme with Iran, involving businessman
Reza Zarrab. Zarrab was reportedly involved in a
money laundering scheme as part of a strategy to
take advantage of a loophole in US-led sanctions
on Iran. All 52 people detained were connected
with the ruling Justice and Development Party
(AKP).