Different biological wastes are produced during livestock and poultry production and processing. These wastes need proper disposal and recycling for keeping the environment and surrounding free of their damages. All the details are given for adoption according to the global rules and regulations

1. TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
PROTOCOLS OF BIOLOGICAL WASTES
PRODUCED ALONG THE PRODUCTION
AND SUPPLY CHAIN OF LIVESTOCK AND
POULTRY
BY
Prof. Dr. Sar Zamin Khan
PhD, Postdoc Japan,
Postdoc USA (Fulbright Fellow)
Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science
The University of Agriculture, Peshawar

2. WASTE AND DECONTAMINATION
Waste:
Waste is any unwanted or unusable substance which is discarded
after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use.
A by-product by contrast is a joint product of relatively minor
economic value.
Decontamination:
It is the process of cleansing an object or substance to remove /
neutralize contaminants such as micro-organisms or hazardous
materials, including chemicals, radioactive substances, poisonous
gases and infectious diseases.

3. DEFINITION AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE
Safe health-care waste management is fundamental for the provision of quality,
people-centered care, protecting patient and staff safety and safeguarding the
environment.
As part of broader water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and infection
prevention and control (IPC) efforts, safe management of health-care waste
reduces health-care-related infections, increases trust and uptake of services,
increases efficiency and decreases cost of service delivery.
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
 SDG 3 on health
 SDG 6 on safely managed water and sanitation
 SDG 12 on sustainable consumption and production

4. DEFINITION DISPOSAL OF WASTE
Global action plan aims to ensure that all health-care facilities
have basic WASH services by 2030 (WHO & UNICEF, 2015).
This includes safe health-care waste management involving
segregation, collection, transportation, treatment and waste disposal.
Five guiding principles are widely recognized as the basis for
effective and controlled management of waste, widely used in many
countries when developing their policies, legislation and guidance.
i. Polluter pays
ii. Precautionary
iii. Duty of care
iv. Proximity
v. Prior informed consent

5. WASTE MANAGEMENT
“Waste management is the collection, transport,
processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of
waste materials.”

6. Waste management refers to the many methods and processes of
dealing with waste at every stage from generation and collection
through to final disposal.
• Waste needs to be managed in order to prevent contact with
humans or their immediate environment.
• Therefore, the main purpose of waste management is to isolate
waste from humans and the environment, and consequently,
safeguard individual, family and community health.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF DECONTAMINATION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

7. Management Strategies Options

8. WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY

9. WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES CYCLE

10. Treatment and Disposal
 General waste should be dumped at municipal dumping site.
Sanitation officer should be responsible for proper coordination
between municipal and hospital.
 Use of label/symbol is useful in identifying waste for treatment .e.g.
• Risk of corrosion
• Danger of Infection
• Toxic hazards, Glass Hazards
• Radioactive materials etc.

11. TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL STRATEGIES
1.Incineration
2.Chemical Disinfection
3.Wet and dry thermal treatment
4.Microwave irradiation
5.Land disposal
6.Inertization

12. TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL STRATEGIES

13. TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL STRATEGIES
1.INCINERATION
High temperature dry oxidation process that reduce organic and
combustible waste into inorganic incombustible matter. Resulting
in significant reduction in waste volume and weight.
WASTE INCINERATION
HEAT
FUEL GAS
ASH

14. TREATMENT & DISPOSAL STRATEGIES
2.CHEMICAL DISINFECTION
Commonly used for treatment of liquid infectious waste
e.g. blood, urine, stool and hospital sewage
Chemicals are added to waste, to kill or inactivate the
pathogen it contains.

15. TREATMENT & DISPOSAL STRATEGIES
3.Wet and dry thermal treatment
• Wet thermal treatment/steam disinfection is based on exposure of
infectious waste to high temperature and high pressure steam
similar to process of autoclaving, inappropriate for treating
anatomical waste, chemical and pharmaceutical waste.
• Screw feed technology: Dry thermal treatment in which waste is
shredded and heated in rotating auger. 80% volume and 20-35
weight is reduced, suitable for infectious waste and sharps.

16. TREATMENT & DISPOSAL STRATEGIES
4.MICROWAVE IRRADIATION
• Microwave of frequency 2450MHZ and wave length
12.24cm used to destroy the microorganism.
• Water contained in the waste is rapidly heated by
microwave and infectious components are destroyed by
heat conduction.

17. TREATMENT & DISPOSAL STRATEGIES
5.LAND DISPOSAL
• Open Dumps: risk for public health.
• Sanitary landfills: designed and constructed to prevent
contamination of soil, surface, ground water and direct
contact with public.

18. TREATMENT & DISPOSAL STRATEGIES
6.INERTIZATION
• Process of mixing waste with cement and other
substances before disposal in order to minimize the
risk of toxic substance migrating into surface water
or ground water and to prevent scavenging.
• Proportion of 65% waste 15%lime 15% cement and
5% water is used.

19. TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF POULTRY
AND LIVESTOCK MORTALITIES

20. HIGH RISK?
If there is a Disease Outbreak for example
• Avian Influenza
• Foot and Mouth Disease
Even after death, diseased or contaminated
animals/birds can pose a threat to animal and human
health unless they are properly disposed.

21. DISEASE TRANSMISSION RISKS
• Improper Disposal
• Risks to ground and surface water from leachate
• Risks to human and animal health
• Pathogens present in carcass can spread by
• Runoff from rainfall
• Direct contact with other animals
• Scavengers
• Insects

22. MANAGING POULTRY MORTALITIES
• Mortality disposal following a catastrophic
disease event can become a major challenge for
poultry producers.
• Disposal decisions must balance
• Animal Health Goals
• Environmental Protection
• Safeguarding Public Health

23. MANAGING POULTRY MORTALITIES
• In the event of catastrophic disease, humane destruction of
infected or exposed poultry and proper disposal is needed to
stop further spread of infectious organisms.
• Establishing pre-emptive culling and controlled slaughter
programs for suspect cases may be feasible and can assist in
limiting the potential spread of disease.
• At times, healthy birds may need to be slaughtered prematurely
to create a safe buffer zone.

24. Disposal Options
• Burial
• Landfills
• Incineration
• Rendering
• Composting

25. DISPOSAL OPTIONS
On-site disposal of mortality is preferred over off-site
disposal practices to reduce potential spread of disease
organisms and environmental impacts.

26. ON-SITE COMPOSTING
On-site composting:
One of the most biosecure and environmentally sound options available for
poultry mortality disposal. Siting of the compost windrow becomes a priority
to prevent nutrient leaching and other issues.
A. In house composting
B.Out of house composting
• Bringing materials required for composting to the farm poses some
biosecurity risk from vehicles entering and exiting the facilities.
Carcasses, manure and other
infected organic material (eggs,
feed, etc.) are then placed onto
the base layer.

27. IN-HOUSE COMPOSTING
Where possible, carcasses and litter should be left within the house for at least
the initial compost cycle for inactivation of pathogens within the material
before it is removed from the facilities.
Maintaining the compost process under roof eliminates potential air and water
quality issues.
Once the compost has been through a primary heating cycle, it can be removed
from the house for additional heat cycles and then land application.

28. OUT-OF-HOUSE COMPOSTING
• For high-rise layer houses or other structures that will not
accommodate composting space or equipment requirements,
mortality can be placed in sealed totes or trailers and moved to an
on-site location for composting.
• While this process exposes the area to the active pathogen, the
material remains on the premises and under quarantine conditions.
• Careful control of traffic on and off the farm must be heightened
under these disposal conditions.

29. OFF-SITE DISPOSALAT PERMITTED LANDFILL
• This method, while pragmatic, has some inherent risks associated with it.
• A pre-approved list of certified, accepting sites is needed.
• Not all landfills can or will accept animal mortality.
• Transport containers or trailers must be double lined with plastic sheeting and
disinfected to and from the landfill site and still pose a potential biosecurity risk
when taking infected carcasses from houses onto public roads.
• Tipping fees combined with hauling costs make the use of landfills one of the
more costly forms of mortality disposal.

30. OFF-SITE RENDERING, INCINERATION OR COMPOSTING
• There are inherent risks associated with off-site processing
or disposal, namely the potential spread of pathogens
during the pickup and transport of mortality from one site
to another.
• Adherence to strict sanitation and disinfection practices for
transport vehicles and personnel can alleviate most
biosecurity concerns.

31. ON-SITE BURIAL UNDER EMERGENCY PERMIT
• The traditional method of disposal of dead poultry is by burial and this method is
likely to be used extensively in the case of highly pathogenic disease outbreak.
• Regulations require that an appropriate site be approved, with the type of soil that
allows for proper drainage and mandatory separation from the local water table.
• Problems associated with burial include
 the potential for spillage and contamination when moving the birds outside
the house
 restrictions on approved sites due to high water table or soil type
 long-term fallowing of the burial site; and public perception issues with
regard to local ground water contamination.
• As an alternative to in-ground burial, carcasses could be mounded above ground
and covered with dirt. After the crisis is over, the material could then be moved to
a more permanent site.

32. MANAGING LIVESTOCK MORTALITIES
• Depending upon the incident—natural disaster or CBRNE
agent (chemical, biological, radiation, nuclear, explosive)—
local, state, and federal regulations may dictate the method of
carcass disposal to be used (commonly burial, composting,
rendering, or incineration).
• During disease outbreaks and hazardous material exposure,
state and federal veterinarians will also be involved in the
decision-making process.
• Allowing carcasses to decompose naturally in a remote corner
of the farm should be avoided due to health, environmental,
and legal concerns.

33. KEY MESSAGES
• Each mortality management practice has pros and cons and should be
carefully considered, based on the situation at hand.
• Site assessment, biosecurity, severity of outbreak and available
resources are key elements that influence the decision-making process
when selecting the most appropriate option.
• Regardless of the method chosen, all poultry farming operations should
have a detailed catastrophic mortality management plan in place
should a disease outbreak occur. The plan should be developed with
assistance from the respective poultry company and state regulatory
agency.
• Finally, time is critical when responding to any disease outbreak. To
reduce odor and exposure to flies and scavengers, a mortality
management practice should be implemented immediately and
completed rapidly, yet efficiently.

34. TYPES OF POULTRY HOUSE WASTES
1. Poultry manure
In the intensive poultry production system where birds are housed in cages or
on slated floors, the excreta collected is by and large free of foreign materials
except, of course, a bit of broken feathers downs, spilled feed or broken egg
shells
2. Poultry litter
• The excreta from birds reared in confinement housing system with some
kind of material spread onto the floor is not removed daily but allowed to
mix with the bedding.
• In the course of time, the bedding gets impregnated with droppings,
decomposed and transformed into the so called built- up litter.
• Some of the materials commonly employed for bedding included rice husk,
wood shavings, sawdust groundnut hulls and chaffed hay.
Disposal/processing of poultry house wastes

35. PROCESSING PROTOCOLS OF POULTRY WASTES
1. In order to minimize risk of health hazard following feeding of
poultry wastes to farm livestock, it may be useful to process
these appropriately.
2. Processing methods helpful in
 Detoxification
 Improving its feeding value
 Palatability
 Texture/colour etc.

36. 1. DEHYDRATION
a) Drying is an oldest method known to be effective against pathogens.
b) Drying of poultry manure or litter is feasible because it contains less moisture
than that in cattle or buffalo excreta.
c) Sun drying is inexpensive but slow.
d) Drying at high temperature leads to significant lose of n which can be
minimized through acidification of excreta prior to drying.

37. 2. STACKING
a) Another simple way of drying poultry waste is through
stacking.
b) The litter is stacked to a depth of about 1.5 m under a roof
for 6-8 weeks. Such litter is fairly sterile with fecal coli
forms such as salmonella.
c) This may as well be treated with formalin to preserve its
nutrients.

38. 3. CHEMICAL TREATMENT
1. Feeing of fresh poultry manure is possible only when it has been treated with
formalin.
2. Apart from its main function as a preservative, formalin acts as bactericide
and fungicide thus drastically lowering the microbial count of the substrate.
3. The manure is treated with 0.7% formalin (V/W) containing 37%
formaldehyde.
4. The addition of molasses to formalin-treated stuff is often
necessary to improve its palatability.

39. 4. ENSILING
1. Of the various methods of treating wastes, ensiling seems to be the best
for it improves not only the palatability of the stuff but also destroys
pathogens.
2. Poultry manure or litter can be ensiled with crop residues, forages and
other roughages, fruit and vegetable wastes, root crops or with molasses
alone provided there is sufficient moisture (40-60%) and soluble
carbohydrates in the substrate to ensure good fermentation process.
3. When ensiling poultry wastes with dry materials, sufficient quality of
water may be added to attain a desired moisture level.

40. HEALTH HAZARD AND SAFETY CONSIDERATION
1. The great concern lies in the excessive accumulation of macro-mineral (Ca,
Si, and Fe), trace elements (Cu, Mn, Zn, Se), medicinal compounds (anti-
biotics, coccidiostats, sulphatmilamides) mycotoxins and hormones besides
pathogens directly transmittable via wastes from animals to human beings.
2. Most studies on these aspects show that the rumen microbes virtually break
down all of the metabolites derived from fecal wastes.
3. Likewise, toxicological research involving feeding of dried layer manure at
30% level on dry basis to steers for 180 days revealed no adverse effects on
various physiological parameters.
4. Experimental and field observations have so far produced no evidence to
show that poultry wastes recycling poses any potential health risk to animals
provided that such wastes have properly been processed and the rations
carefully balanced.

41. Diagrammatic scheme of
Disposal/processing of poultry house wastes