Glaucophane Quadrangles Research Paper

Glaucophane Quadrangles Research Paper
GENERAL ROCK TYPES
The oldest rocks exposed are arkosic sandstone and shale, and small amounts of thin–bedded chert and altered volcanic rocks, of the Upper Jurassic
Franciscan formation. Large masses of serpentine and smaller plugs and dikes of gabbro and diorite intrude these sediments; glaucophane schists and
their unusual mineralogical assemblages are developed locally. The series as exposed on the San Jose quadrangle consists chiefly of sandstone, shale,
and jasper; with occasional bed of heavy conglomerate. Scattered here and there throughout its area are small patches of greenstone, probably of
tuffaceous origin. In several localities it is associated with serpentine, eclogite, and diorite, each of which is supposedly intrusive into it. However,
large areas of practically unaltered sandstone and shale exist in what is known ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The picture on the left is an illustration of the above mentioned faults taken by USGS Science for a Better World. Relatively thick sequences of
sandstone that were probably deposited in deep marine environments and resemble the type Butano Sandstone of the Santa Cruz Mountains. These
Sandstones, however, overlie Franciscan rock and were probably deposited well over one hundred miles southeast of the type of Butano Sandstone they
belong to. They reached their present location by large amounts of right–lateral slip along the nearby San Andreas Fault. The sequence consists mostly
of interbedded arkosic sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone with locally abundant conglomerate lenses. A basal breccia and conglomerate that contains
fragments of Franciscan graywacke up to 15 ft long is present. Chaotically bedded zones are abundant throughout the rocks; they consist of large blocks
of sandstone set in a shredded mudstone matrix and are probably of both tectonic and synsedimentary
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Geologic History Of Boulder
Geologic History of Boulder Boulder has a complex geologic history. The lithology of each formation in Boulder will be discussed along with the
interpreted depositional environment explaining what we see in the present day. Formation Lithology The oldest rock unit in Boulder is the Boulder
Creek Granodiorite which formed 1.7 billion years ago during the Precambrian period. This whitish–grey, intrusive igneous granodiorite is felsic
intermediate in composition and has visible crystals of quartz, potassium feldspar, biotite, hornblende and mica. The next formation seen is the
Fountain Formation. Fountain Formation is a poorly sorted conglomerate with clasts ranging from sand to cobbles. The rock is maroon to pink in color
with sub angular clasts... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It cooled from a felsic intermediate magma which means medium silica content. After it cooled completely, the Boulder Creek Granodiorite was
uplifted to the Earth's surface due to the tectonic forces from the Ancestral Rockies mountain building event. This caused the granodiorite to be
exposed to the surface creating a mountain–like structure which allows river to form and flow downstream. These rivers have high energy due to
gravity and are able to transport big clasts of cobble size and deposit them at the bottom of the mountain. At the bottom of the river, the energy of the
stream drops abruptly creating a poorly sorted conglomerate. As the stream continues to flow, it carries along sand to a beach environment. Here, the
Lyons Formation is formed. Beach is an ideal environment for this formation because there a lot of sand and the oscillatory flow of the beach created
ripple marks on the Lyons sandstone. Beach is usually a windy area, so it helps with the ripple formation and also the dry up the muddy area at the
beach shore. This supports the evidence of mudcracks that were observed in the Lyons Formation. Based on the paleocurrent data from Morrison, CO,
the wind was blowing to the East and these are the dip directions of the mudstone and sandstone beds. From the beach environment, these sea level
advanced a little bit creating a shallow marine environment. This kind of environment supports the formation of the mudstone and sandstone where
there is slow current. The water is shallow enough for sunlight to get to the bottom for the cyanobacteria, the earliest life on Earth, to obtain their
nutrients and finally settle down in the beds forming ridge–like shape on the Lykins sandstone. With that depth of water, calcite is also able to
precipitate out the water and is trapped in the pores of the sandstone. The Entrada and

Natural History: Determining the Age of Rocks and Fossils
Part A Most likely environments for sedimentary formation Limestone containing ammonites Likely from the cretaceous, formed with the transgression
and regression of ocean waters, possibly 70–100 million years ago at which time the sea transgressed and regressed a number of times. The presence
of the ammonites suggests that the formation was from the upper Cretaceous period. Limestone is a sedimentary rock, composed largely of calcite
and aragonite, which are both different forms of calcium carbonate. It makes up about 10% of the total of sedimentary rocks. It is composed of grains
of skeletal fragments of marine organisms, pressed together over time with variable amounts of silica. Sandstone Classic sedimentary rock composed
mainly of sand–sized mineral or rock grains (quartz or feldspar). Usually porous and are valuable aquifers and petroleum reservoirs. Red color
suggests iron oxide staining, which helps cement many of the grains. Likely formed in an area in which there were numerous iron deposits, very
common in what is now the American Southwest. Coal Bed Typically formed about 300 million years ago, flooding of dense forests and low–lying
wetlands caused vegetation to be buried and over time, compressed. In combination with heat and protection from oxidation by more mud or acidic
water the vegetation was converted to coal. Sandstone with grain–size histogram See above on Sandstone; but likely instead of iron oxide coloring the
material, these were likely formed as

Michael Orr Hypothesis
1.What is the hypothesis being tested by this research?
a.Michael Orr, a graduate student, wanted to investigate if the bee nests found in the sandstones of a national park in Utah had been identified in the
USDA's National Pollinating Insects Collection.
2.What general methods/approaches are used in the research?
a.First, Orr set out to see if the bee's he was interested in were identified in the USDA's National Pollinating Insects Collection.
i.After finding out that the sandstone bees were not identified, he contacted Frank Parker for further information over this matter.
b.Parker had previously researched this species, so he and Orr collaborated for further research on these bees.
i.The pair learned more about the bee's identity

History And Current Dynamic Of Sandstone
Sandstone Federal Correctional Institution in Sandstone, Minnesota has housed many an inmate including the actor Tim Allen (Rodriguez) and it
ranks 40 of 50 on arrestrecords.com's 50 most comfortable prions in the world. A well–maintained lawns leads to well–kept cells, where nonviolent
offenders are kept occupied with leather making and stained glass creation. Some inmates may consider this a little boring, but anything is better than
being assaulted. (Records) This paper will discuss the history and current dynamic of Sandstone, inmate demographics, services available to them, staff
demographics and their style of this staff. In 1931, the United States was in the middle of the Great Depression. After the black market crash the... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This report form 1929, focused on the issue of overcrowding in the federal prison system and how federal judges in Minnesota indicated a need of
more federal prison farms in the northern part of the state. Barstow reasoned that a prison farm could bring income and jobs to the town to make up
for the economic fall of the quarry and railroad. The town had a piece of land that had not been cleared across the Kettle Rover to the east of the
Sandstone that Barstow thought would be perfect. Barstow recruited the help of Senator Adolph Larson, Dr. Homer p. Dredge, and businessman John
F. Hawley. These four men, later known as "the prison farm four, called a town meeting and formed a committee with a goal of obtaining a federal farm
for Sandstone. The U.S. department of Justice had already announced intent to build a new prison farm in Minnesota, but Sandstone was not the only
town bidding for a new institution. Sandstone, however, had the unique advantage of being positioned half way in the middle of the Twin Cities and
Duluth, these cities delivered most of the Minnesota's prison population. That June, the superintendent of prisons visited the prosed site and
recommended Sandstone as the location for the new prison far. On November 10, 1931, Sandstone received the news that their bid of $5 per acre, for
2, 885 acres. (Troolin, Pine County History: The Federal Correctional Insitution at Sandstone: A History

How Does John Updike Use Flashbacks In A Sandstone Farm House
"A Sandstone Farmhouse" has to be John Updike's most supreme short story, and it's a must read. He speaks on how a man named Joey is
reminiscing about his mom and the house they lived in when he was just a young boy. Updike extensively uses flashbacks and imagery to create the
grand story. Firstly, The story goes from present to past many times. There's multitudes of flashbacks that he uses to explain who his mom was and
what the house meant to his family. The flashbacks help convey who his mom was as a person and the life that he grew up. The story starts by going
back 40 years to the time of World War Two, this is of the time before they bought the house and they were looking at it to potentially buy it. They
bought the house the next year ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Joey talks about what he found after his mother's death as he was going through the contents of the house and he finds an old college yearbook
with portraits of his mother, "With a magnifying glass he studied her unsmiling, competitive face, with her hair in two balls at her ears and a
headband over her bangs." This excerpt really shows how into detail Updike goes, it's really great because it helps convey what is going on in the
story so everything can be seen clearly as he wants the reader to see. Joey is going through the basement and there's a description of how he does it
and it has imagery anda use of an onomatopoeia in it, "Joey's city shoes slithered on the smooth floor, and then thumped on the wooden cellar stairs."
(129) This really helps the reader see what's happening as if he's there. The onomatopoeia helps strengthen the imagery present in the sentence.
Towards the end of the story Joey explores his father's toolhouse, it was a pathetic one. His father wasn't a manly man and didn't get much use out of
it, "In the toolhouse, where his father had left a pathetic legacy of rusty screws and nails neatly arranged in jars, and oily tools, half of them broken,
mounted on rotting pegboard, there were also antique implements worn like prehistoric artifacts"

National Parks : The Values Of Mesa Verde National Park
Theodore Roosevelt once said "There is nothing so American as our national parks. It is, in brief, that the country belongs to the people, that it is in
the process of making for the enrichment of the lives of all of us" (National Park Foundation, 2017). In America, we are fortunate to have many
different outdoor activities and sites to visit. National parks are a great place to experience what the outdoors has to offer us. In the United States, we
have over 400 national parks in total. They each have it own features and individualities that make them unique. Without the volunteers and employees
for the park, none of this would be possible. The goal of these parks is to educate the communities, preserve the park for future generations to come,
and make it a great place to visit. Mesa Verde National Parkincludes some great sites to see including the cliff palace, the spruce house tree, and the
balcony house.
Mesa Verde National Park displays many unique qualities that a national park is lucky to possess. Not only is the park open every day of the year,
but they have some of the most beautiful hiking trails along the Wetherill Mesa. The park was built by Theodore Roosevelt in 1906, and it is located
in southwest Colorado. The park has more than 4,700 locations to be seen in it. The park has a slope located on the north side that is 2000 feet steep.
The team at the Mesa Verde Park works to preserve the park's sites. The Park team centers their attention to making certain the

Geological and Dispositional History of the Starved Rocks,...
Geological and Dispositional History of the Starved Rocks, Illinois Describe the clastic and carbonate facies you have discovered. Starved Rock
State covers about 200 miles and some 470 million years, from Ordovician sandstones to Pleistocene glacial till. The Ordovician St. Peter Formation
sandstone was deposited across the midcontinent during the second major marine transgression of the Paleozoic Era. The first transgression deposited
Upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician clastics and carbonates. The clastic to carbonate rock transition is consistent with gradual sea level rise over the
North American craton. Sea level dropped late in the early Ordovician, exposing the carbonate strata to processes of cave development. The St. Peter...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are coarsening–upward sequences preserved, with flooding surfaces represented by low–relief erosional contact of trough–cross–stratification
(runnel) upon low–angle planar bedding (swash zone). Starved rock and St. Peter Sandstone are an erosional remnant of Ordovician period. These
remnants contain Pennsylvanian clastics that survived the washing out of the Illinois River at the end of the Ice Age. Evidence for swift, turbulent,
and deep water includes gravel bars and erosional features as high as 160 feet above the current level of the river, massive cross bedded sand, and
gravel deposits along the river course. Identify the likely sedimentary environment where it might have been deposited. There are 18 canyons at
Starved Rock that were formed by glacial melt water and stream erosion. Starved Rock State Park is located along the south side of the Illinois River,
one mile south of Utica and midway between the cities of LaSalle–Peru and Ottawa. The park is best known for its fascinating rock formations,
including the St. Peter sandstone. It is located down in a huge low inland sea more than 425 million years ago and later brought to the surface. The
areas along the river are mainly forested; much of the area is a flat, gently rolling plain. The upland prairies were created during an intensive warming
period several thousand years after the melting of the glaciers. The Illinois River Valley in the Starved Rock area is a major

Blc Case Study
The U.S. Silica mines in Columbia SC main focus is sustainability. They are the leading silica sand supplier and they focus on materials that are
essential in modern living. U.S. Silica produces fiber glass, face powders, tooth paste, roofing shingles, etc. They manufacture fiber glass the most.
Airplanes, boats, and truck are some of the consumers that use fiberglass the most. Sand mining also extracts important minerals like zircon, and rutile
which both contain useful elements for industrial purposes. One key point that was made about mining is that the total economic impact of mining
annually is 1.9 trillion. On the U.S. Silica mines website they list six areas that are their strongest. The oil and gas wells which they state are more...
Silica mines the sand looks and feels like baking flour. They also have kaolin which is a white type of clay. They try to stay away from working
with the kaolin because it's sticky and hard to deal with. They also do very little frac mining. The frac mining process has several steps. Before
frac mining can began all vegetation must be removed from the area. Then to reach the target sandstone, all unwanted rock layers has to be
removed. Thirdly the top of the sandstone has to be exposed and since frac sand is cemented together explosive charges has to be placed inside
holes drilled near the edge of the mine so the sandstone can break into small pieces. Then loaders are driven in to scoop up sandstones from near the
wall of the mine pit. After the loaders scoop up the sandstones they send the sandstones to a crusher which breaks down the large chunks into
individual sand grains. Sand grains are then washed to remove any unwanted particles. Once it has been washed, it is stockpiled for drying, sorting,
and the final shipment. After the final shipment mine reclamation is started which is when the mined pit is filled back up with rocks and other
materials that were not used from the sandstones and the new surface eventually be replanted. Regular sand mining at the U.S. silica is similar to this
process except that there is no need for the explosives process because the sand is already soft and comes apart

Callytharra Formation Essay
4.3 Methods
Methods used included, taking GPS points at different rock units and marking them onto an aerial map to distinguish bearings and lithologies,
traversing the area, and identifying rock and fossils types.
4.4 Regional Geology
The Callytharra Formation and associated unit Moogooloo Sandstone are found in the Merlinleigh Sub–basin of the Southern Carnarvon Basin. The
Callytharra Formation was forming toward the end of the last major glaciation and represents formations that were deposited in a cool temperate
climate. Moogooloo Sandstone is restricted within the Merlinleigh Sub–basin, within an average thickness of 35m (Mory & Backhouse, 1997)
4.5 Lithology/Palaeontology
The Moogooloo Sandstone formed in the early Permian and consists ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Literature suggests that the Wandagee Formation conformably overlies the Quinnanie Shale (Mory & Backhouse, 1997). These two sections were
most likely deposited within a marine shelf, perhaps below the storm water wave base (notebook page 33). The Quinnanie, displaying no trace fossils
or bioturbation and generally massive in structure may suggest that it was deposited at greater depths than the Wandagee Formation or it may suggest a
cycle of shallowing and deepening waters, due to tidal influences. The Quinnanie representing deepened waters. Its more organic make–up may also
indicate that it was deposited at greater depths than the Wandagee. The Wandagee Formation contains a vast number of structures that indicate a
shallower environment than the Quinnanie. Whilst still being deposited below the storm water wave base, it may be possible that it was deposited
during a shallowing oscillation. Trace fossils that were burrowing indicate shallower waters, the stratigraphic log demonstrates these relationships,
figure 22).
5.7 Petroleum Potential
Quinnanie Shale is suggested to be a source rock, it has fair levels of organics, but has low generating potential, and is most likely more gas prone. The
Byro Group itself contains some source rocks. However, it is suggested that this system is immature (Ghori, 1998)
5.8 Discussion of the Williambury

Wasco Oil Synthesis Essay
The Wasco oil field produces mainly from the Oligocene Vedder Formation and Eocene sandstones within the Kreyenhagen Formation in the San
Joaquin basin, California. The Vedder and Kreyenhagen sandstones in the Wasco oil field consist of fine
–to coarse–grain, very poor to well sorted,
angular to sub round, arkosic arenites. Porosity development in these deeply buried sandstones was significantly affected by compaction, dissolution
of framework grains, and precipitation of authigenic minerals. These diagenetic processes controlled the quality of the Vedder and Kreyenhagen
sandstone reservoirs. The data and interpretation for this study were based upon a detailed petrographic examination of sixty (60) thin sections
prepared from the core samples of the Kreyenhagen and Vedder sands from Mushrush wells 1, 2, and 5 of the Wasco oil field, California, and
supplemented by textural and chemical analyses of twelve thin sections obtained using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an
energy–dispersive x–ray spectrophotometer (EDS). The thin sections were studied to establish the mineralogical, compositional, and textural properties
of the Vedder and Kreyenhagen sandstones. The data collected were used to determine the diagenetic paragenesis including porosity development of
the Vedder and Kreyenhagen sandstones of the Wasco oil field.

Mesa Verde National Park On The Colorado Plateau
Mesa Verde National Park on the Colorado Plateau contains many geological aspects of interest, including its sedimentary rock layers, its canyons,
its alcoves utilized by ancient people and how these alcoves were formed. Mesa Verde National Park is located in the southwest corner of Colorado,
close to the Four Corners area, on top of a high mesa overlooking the Mancos River (Harris et al. 2004). The park, covering 81 square miles, consists
of several main sedimentary formations that are characteristic to the park (Encyclopedia Britannica 2015). Canyons are carved into the sedimentary rock
, with the cave dwellings found high on their steep walls. These dwellings are an especially unique aspect to the Mesa Verde National Park, and are built
out of large alcoves. The alcoves were produced by weathering and erosion of the sedimentary rock type. To better understand how these alcoves
formed, we must understand the geology of Mesa Verde National Park and how it has developed over history.
First, we must examine the sedimentary formations; when they were formed, how they were formed, and what materials they consist of. About
ninety–three to one hundred million years ago, the Western Interior Seaway rolled through the North American continent, eventually reaching the
geographical area of today's Mesa Verde National Park (National Park Service 2005). This sea deposited a thick, hard sandstone base that is called
Dakota Sandstone, although this layer is not exposed in the park

The Cook Inlet Basin : Location And Extent
Yetter, Drew J., Cook Inlet Basin
Location and Extent: The Cook Inlet Basin is located in the south central part of Alaska, and stretches roughly 180 miles from the Gulf of Alaska to
Anchorage. (Figure 1) This basin includes Susitna and Copper River basins in the north and the Shelikov Straight to the southwest. The watershed of
this inlet covers around 100,000 km2 in southern Alaska, east of the Aleutian Mountain Range, receiving water from four main tributaries, the Knit,
Little Susitna, Susitna, and Matanuska Rivers. The Cook Inlet is extremely important to the economy of Alaska as it provides a navigable passage to
the port of Anchorage in its northern end.
Stratigraphy: The Augustine–Seldovia arch, which is oriented east–west, transverse to the main structural trend of the basin, separates the forearc basin
into two depocenters. (ADNR 2006). The northern depocenter in upper Cook Inlet is dominated by roughly 25,000 feet of Cenezoic strata. The
southern depocenter in lower Cook Inlet and Shelikof Strait contains a thinner Cenezoic section superimposed on top of 36,000 feet of Mesozoic strata.
Tertiary deformation the Cook Inlet basin started between Eocene and early Oligocene time. Deformation in the upper Cook Inlet is resulted in folds,
faults, and eroded horst blocks. The deformation was a result of transpressional forces. (Figure 3) As a result, adjacent grabens filled with alluvial
deposits and continued to deform until late Miocene to Holocene time.

Analysis On The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System
The integrated geophysical, remote sensing, isotopic and geochronologic and modelling studies on the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System have come
up with the following findings and recommendations:
1–Geophysical studies:
Based on the integration of gravity, magnetic, and borehole data the structural trends, uplifts and sedimentary cover affecting theaquifer behavior have
been conducted. The area of the NSAS is affected by several structural trends in different directions; the most prominent directions are NE–SW, N–S,
E–W, and NW–SE. The dominant NE–SW trend is associated with the Pelusium and Qattara mega shears.
The sedimentary cover shows a northward increase from less than 0.5 km in northern Sudan and southern Egypt to more than 6 km at the Mediterranean
coast. The sediments thickness shows a shallowing of the basement rocks along the east–west trending Uweinat–Aswan basement uplift which may
impede the south to north groundwater flow and replenishment from the recharge areas in the south.
The NE–SW trending Pelusium mega shear cuts the Precambrian rocks and continues upward in the sedimentary cover; it formed deep structural
controlled basins along its zone, which were filled by high thick sediments of relatively high hydraulic conductivities extending from the Kufra Basin
in Libya and Chad to the northern part of Dakhla Basin in Egypt. This zone could provide a preferred groundwater flow pathway from the Kufra to the
Dakhla Basin.
2–Climatically (GRACE & CLM4.5):

Building Rock Types in Nottingham City Centre
Rock types used in Nottingham city centre buildings
The purpose of this investigation is to identify and visually examine the various rock types used in Nottingham city centre buildings.
Table 1. General information
Question
Answer
Briefly explain why the rock types used in the buildings are given specific, local names (e.g. "Ancaster Stone", "Bulwell Stone" and "Portland Stone"
are three different types of limestone used in Nottingham buildings).
Rock types used in buildings are given the local name of their origin. Rocks of the same type will have variations depending on their geographical
background. Therefore by naming rocks after their origin, it is easy to confirm that they come from the same place and so have less ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bottom layer course is a dark grey Gabbro. Next is a thin course of Rapakivi Granite. The main panels are a greenish grey Magmatite.
(78) The former Gala Casino building
A partially resorbed xenolith can be seen in the right front, grey granite panel. What is a "xenolith"?
The National Geographic states that a xenolith is a piece of rock embedded in a different type of rock. Xenoliths are usually trapped in cooling magma
and so most commonly found in igneous rocks.
(68) Enfield Chambers
Describe the rock material (including the form of the blocks) for the limestone used in the exterior of the ground floor of the building
The Cross–bedded limestone is a dark yellow colour. The rock consists of fine sized grains and small crystals. The blocks of limestone are
approximately 1000mm x 450mm and have a smooth texture.
(67) Prezzo
The front columns are a porphyritic type of igneous rock. What does "porphyritic" mean, and can this feature be seen in the columns?
The Geology class website explains that porphyritic means an Igneous rock made up of both large and fine crystals. This texture can be seen in the

columns. Larger silver crystals are embedded in the finer black crystals.

Geology of the Sydney Region
Bronte section
The cutting at Bronte is a section of rock face which made of a sendimetary layer known as Hawkesbury Sandstone. The sandstone is formed by
grains of sand being compressed by the pressure of the surface above where it lies. Over time, the pressure results in the grains of sand being fused
together to form a sandstone. Our group start from chainage 250 to 260. These section can be roughly divided into 4 section which are list below.
Section 1,250–252.5 chainage
The main features for section1
There are 3 joints located in the left corner of section one, which numbered 1 to 3 and with the dip angle of 70–90, however, it towards different
direction, the first one towards 151 SE, the second one is 325 NW, the last one is 96 E. These 3 joints are parallel to each other and vertical toroad
surface, all fill in with sand and gray. These vertical joints mainly terminated into rock substance on one side and continued to the ground on the other
side. This suggested that there is a large possibility that the defect continues to the underlying rocks. In addition, there is a continuous bedding planes
within this section. The bedding plane continued to the other section, with the dip angle of 82, towards 80 E, fill with sand and the length is undefined.
Some vegetation can be found at top of section.
Section 2, 252.5–255 chainage
The main features for section2
This section start from joints 4 to 8. For joints 4,6,7,8, they are with the dip of angle of 75–90, and

Bondi Excursion
In this part all the stops in Bondi excursion will be discovered. The route was starting from Hugh Bamford Reserve, we then walk down to the North
end of Bondi beach. The following content will cover the observation and description of the main soil, rock and structure types. Some of the
geological characteristics like surface colour, weathering degrees and others features will also be discovered.
From the Sydney geological map, we can find that Bondi is mainly situated on Hawkesbury Sandstone. That is Rh–medium to coarse grained quartz
sandstone, very minor shale and laminate lenses.
A high cross sectional cutting of Hawkesbury Sandstone is exposed and subject to weathering in this stop. The cross bedding in the middle might
indicate that coarse sand grains and some large quartz formed the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The result of iron in the rock is the yellow to orange colour. And the dark stains on the surface of the sandstone are the result of runoff from thesoil. In
addition, some vegetation growing on the outcrop, but they are not as much as the one at stop 1.The small amount of plant leading to less shrink joints,
expansion and less sand or clay on the sandstone.
As pebbles can be seen on the Hawkesbury Sandstone, that means pebbles were deposited when the sand particles were deposited. Some pebbles
chopped out of the Hawkesbury sandstone indicates that they gradually weather out over time.
The presentation of water flow mark and a trace of sand on the rock surface are the result of wind and sand erosion.
There is an old basaltic dyke that intruded along to the sandstone and it continues south. The dark clay colour material is the result of weathering of
basalt. This dyke is one of the few dykes over that area, and the formation of the dyke has influenced the rocks through contact

Unit D1 Volcanor
Unit D was differentiated into two basaltic tephra subunits (D1 and D2) and a diatomaceous marl (D3). The maar tephra apron is comprised
primarily of unit D1 (Figures 4 and 6), which has been described in detail by Fisher and Waters (1970:166–169). The D1 subunit is thickest at the maar
rim and becomes progressively thinner towards the distal portions of the apron. It is thinly and distinctly bedded and composed predominantly of ash
and finely fragmented sedimentary rock interbedded with occasional, scoria–rich layers of coarse ash and very fine lapilli. These deposits are
interpreted as pyroclastic base surge deposits associated with a phreatomagmatic, maar–forming eruption based on the presence of low–angle
cross–bedding, round accretionary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the luminescence ages appear somewhat younger than the radiocarbon–based age estimates for the two eruptive phases, the 2–sigma ranges
of the dates indicate that they are consistent (Figure 8). Because they are from the same geological context, the two luminescence ages for the C3
basalt flow associated with the initial eruptive phase can be statistically combined using the OxCal v. 4.2 program (Ramsey, 2009) to reduce the
standard error, resulting in a luminescence age estimate of 12,720 В± 610 yr (Figure 8). The 2–sigma range of this combined luminescence age falls
within the 2–sigma radiocarbon–based age range estimate of 13,560–13,330 cal yr BP. Likewise, the two luminescence ages of 10,250 В± 805 yr and
10,420 В± 765 yr associated with the second, phreatomagmatic eruptive phase overlap with the 2–sigma radiocarbon–based age estimate of
12,160–11,720 cal yr BP. The luminescence sample associated with Zuni Salt Lake lacustrine highstand deposits at profile 13–5, which must post–date
the phreatomagmatic eruption based on stratigraphic relationships, produced an age of 10,935 В± 980 yr, in better agreement with the radiocarbon
evidence associated with the second eruptive phase. It is possible that we underestimated the soil moisture associated with the UIC–3476 and –3421
luminescence samples, which could explain why the two luminescence–based maar eruption ages are

Capital Reef National Park
The Capital Reef National Park is located in south/central Utah, and is part of the great Colorado Plateau. An area of 378 square miles, the Capital
Reef National Park is just one of many national parks located near the four corners (Arizona, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico). Like it was mentioned in
the prompt, most of the rock formation in the Capital Reef is very similar to that of the other national parks, however, there is one geologic feature in
particular that attributes to its uniqueness. Other than its unique name, Capital Reef lies "along a north–south– trending monocline, called the Water
Pocket Fold."(pp.56 text book.) "Waterpocket Fold derives its name from depressions in the sandstone which hold water after a rainfall known as
waterpockets,

Supersequences Of Discussion And Interpretance Of...
6.0Discussion and Interpretation 6.1Source Rock The major source units modelled for both transects include the blue whale supersequence, the upper
white point supersequence and the tiger supersequences, these three units are considered to have the highest potential of having sourced
hydrocarbons that we preserved in traps. 6.2Reservoir Fluviodeltaic sandstones of the Potoroo Formation have excellent reservoir potential (net to
gross ratio of more than 70% and porosities over 35% in Potoroo 1, and well over 20% in Gnarlyknots 1A even below 3000 m), but they may lack an
adequate regional seal. However, thick and laterally extensive claystone units within the Hammerhead Supersequence are likely to be present and
provide... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other principal reservoir candidates are deltaic sandstones of the Ceduna and Platypus formations, where porosities of up to 30% have been
encountered. Locally, marine sandstones of the Tiger Supersequence (Wigunda and Potoroo formations) also have excellent reservoir quality. Away
from regional highs, prodelta mudstone of the Wigunda Formation provides an effective seal for these highly porous intervals. Of secondary interest
are fluviolacustrine lithologies intersected within the Loongana and lower Borda formations. Although of highly variable reservoir quality, these
intervals have poor to moderate overall porosity, mainly due to the high depth of burial. Shales of the Madura and Toondi formations and
intraformational shale of the Loongana Formation can provide adequate seal for these potential reservoirs. Major cap rocks exist in the Borda and
Neptune formations. Excellent quality reservoir rocks have been encountered in the overlying Eucla Basin, within the marine Wobbegong
Supersequence (Pidinga Formation and Hampton Sandstone). 6.4Timing of Maturation and Migration Present–day maturity levels, based on the
constraints described above, are shown in Figure 16. On the northern transect (Fig. 16a), the oil window is typically reached at depths between 2.0 and
2.5 km below sea surface. Thus, along this transect, the lower Tiger Supersequence is mature for oil generation in the central part of the

FIELD REPORT ON AFIKPO BASIN AND ITS
FIELD REPORT ON AFIKPO BASIN AND ITS' ENVIRONS By KPE, MARILYN GEORGE U2010/5565058 Submitted to DEPARTMENT OF
GEOLOGY FACULTY OF PHSICAL SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT COURSE TITLE: GEOLOGICAL MAPPING PROJECT COURSE CODE: GLY 414.2 COURSE
LECTURERS: Dr. Mrs Oloto Rev. Richmond Ideozu Mr. Kingsley Okengwu Mrs. John Onwualu NOVEMBER, 2014 DEDICATION This report is
dedicated to Jah Almighty for giving me life and seeing me through my endeavours. Also, the George's family, my friends, course mates and well
wishers. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Murat 1972 noted that the Nkporo formation was deposited by the upper campanian transgression into the newly subsided Anambra depression and
Afikpo syncline following the abakaliki folding phase.over 2000m sediments where eroded from Abakiliki anticlinorium and deposited in the
Anambra basin (Burke 1972). 1.1 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY Finding a location was very difficult because most of the names of the
villages on the map were either wrongly spelt or have been changed over–time. Most of the track roads were not accessible by vehicles so we had to
trek for long kilometers to get to an outcrop. Fig. 1. Location and accessibility map of the study area. 1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE
STUDY Our primary aim was to study the Geology of Afikpo ie; the lithology and how the structures are laid down and to produce a detailed
Geologic map of the area. This we did as a group but locating the outcrop and recording the necessary information on our topographic map. 1.3.0
GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA 1.3.1 RAINFALL, CLIMATE AND VEGETATION The mapped area is in the equatorial climate region i.e it
has two climate conditions, the rainy and dry seasons. The rainy season runs from April to September while the dry season runs from October through
March. The temperature range of the area is between 25В°C and 27В°C. The vegetation of the area is dominated by

Anangu Research Paper
Uluru is located in the middle of Uluru National Park, and is about 335 Kilometres Southwest of Alice Springs, however many people travel by road,
which is about 463 Kilometres from Alice Springs.
Question 1:
What is Uluru's Size?
Uluru is approximately 2.4 Kilometres Long , 1.6 Kilometres Wide , 348 Metres tall above sea level, and 2.5 Kilometres deep below sea level.
Have there been any deaths?
There has been 37 recorded Deaths, from climbing Uluru since 1950. The most famous death at Uluru is the death of Azaria Chantel Loren
Chamberlain, who went missing from a camp site at Uluru, Originally Lindy Chamberlain (the mother) and Michael Chamberlain (the father) were
imprisoned, however the sentences were quashed. A dingo was then the suspect,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Is Uluru Holy?
Uluru is a Holy and sacred place for the Anangu Tribe.
Who is the Anangu Tribe?
The Anangu Tribe lived at Uluru until the 1900's when the Government declared ownership, many of the Anangu tribe people weren't living there at the
moment. In 1983 the government gave owner ship back to the Anangu Tribe, and made it a national park.
What's at Uluru?
Throughout Uluru there is Little Vegetation, Waterholes, Rock Caves, Several Springs,Historically Uluru has 46 native Species, and has Several
Ancient Paintings.

Question 2:
Broken pieces of rock would have drifted down a river, eventually the broken pieces of rock would have settled at the bottom of the water and
become deposited, the deposited rocks form layers, the weight from the pieces of rock squashes the bottom layers of sediments and the water between
the rocks are squeezed out, Crystals and different salts start to form which causes a type of glue– this is called cementation, eventually a sedimentary
rock is formed, however this may take Millions of years.
Question 2 A:
Uluru is made up of mostly, Sand, Sandstone, Feldspar, Granite, Arkose, and Various Crystalline Minerals.
Question 2

Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado
Introduction
Mesa Verde National Park, located in Montezuma County, Colorado, was established in 1906 by President Theodore Roosevelt. This United States
landmark was designated for the preservation of several Puebloan archeological sites and the vast geologic history exhibited within the 52,485 acres
of land occupied by Mesa Verde. The Ancestral Puebloans, or Mesa Verdeans, associated with the archeological sites ofMesa Verde National Park, lived
in the Mesa Verde region from the mid–sixth century to the end of the thirteenth century.[3]
Around 650 A.D., the Mesa Verdean peoples initiated construction of apartment–style homes, termed by Spanish explorers as pueblos. The Puebloan
architecture is original in that it utilized the local stone and mud deposits of the region to maintain the structural integrity of their burgeoning
developments. As this community evolved into the twelfth century, Mesa Verdeans further integrated thegeology of their environment into their
lifestyles by building homes, known as cliff dwellings, within the naturally formed alcoves of Mesa Verde. By the thirteenth century, the Mesa
Verdeans vacated this region due to severe droughts and subsequent social instability. Despite the later abandonment of their cliff dwellings, it is clear
that the geology of Mesa Verde National Park impacted the lives of the Ancestral Puebloans significantly. The following sections provide detailed
information regarding the rock formations that make up the geological

Lyons Sandstone Formation
The well tested in this project is located in the city of Brighton in Weld County, CO. Well SHABLE AB11
–04P which is operated by Halliburton is one
of the many wells in the Wattenberg field. Wattenberg field is a low permeability ("tight") basin center gas field (Highley 12).Based from the
Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission in 1999, the Wattenberg field has approximately produced 1.75 TCFG, 76.4 MMBO, and 15.7
MMBW from all of the formation above. The primary source of hydrocarbon production in the Wattenberg field comes from the Muddy ("J")
Sandstone formation which currently has 1,900 producing wells. The Wattenberg formation also has a potential biogenic gas reserves for coalbed
methane (CBM) production at the Laramie formation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lyons sandstone can be divided into two distinct types which are the red and grey facies. The red facies are the red– colored sandstone which contains
no hydrocarbons and the gray facies are the white to black– colored sandstone which contain hydrocarbon in its matrix (Levandowski,

Faulty Hill Formation Research Paper
At the intersection of Neva Road and U.S. 36 we examined three different members, the Smoky Hill, Fort Hayes, and Codell, which belong to two
different formations, Niobrara and Benton. The Smoky Hill and Fort Hayes belong to the Niobrara formation while Codell belongs to the Benton
Formation. In the Niobrara's Smoky Hill and Benton, Inoceramid clam (giant clam) fossils were found. These three formations are of Late Cretaceous.
The Smoky Hill Member is mainly a calcareous mudstone, a rock outcrop that looks and behaves mostly like mudstone, but does have some
characteristics of a limestone, like fizzing. The Smoky Hill is the youngest of the members. It is fine grained, dark to light gray, mudstone which
breaks in rectangular like shapes. Mudstones are deposited in low energy environments, like ocean floor, deltas, or lakes.
The Fort Hayes is in the middle of the two formations, and it is mainly made up of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This sandstone is a dark–ish gray–brown, medium to fine grained sandstone. This sandstone was the most hidden of all all the members, making it
seem more easily erodible. Sandstones are usually deposited at a higher energy because as the energy level lowers the force can not longer hold the
heavier particle. So, not only is the Codell member the oldest, but it had the most energy. Sandstone can be deposited at the beach, the shore of a lake,
deltas or deserts.
The Inoceramid clams found in the Niobrara formations leads to the assumption that the mudstone and limestone were deposited at the sea floor.
Clams today are mostly found in the deep burrows of mud, and with the principle of uniformitarianism you can deduce that those clams were also
most likely living on the sea floor. The clams living at the sea floor would be supported by the fact that the clam fossils were found in mudstone and
limestone because mudstone is usually in lower energy environments like the sea

Formation Of The Kufra Basin
The NSAS area has been subjected to intensive geological studies by several workers (Ball, 1927; Sandford, 1935; Knetsch and Yallouze, 1955;
Ibrahim, 1956; Said, 1962; Hume, 1965; Ambroggi, 1966; Ezzat, 1974; Pallas, 1978; Amer et al., 1981; Klitzsch and Wycisk, 1987, 1999; El Ramly,
1983; Klitzsch et al., 1987; Hesse et al., 1987; Schandelmeier et al., 1987a; Wycisk, 1987a, 1990, 1993,1994; E1 Gaby and Greiling, 1988; Klitzsch,
1989, 1994; Said, 1990; Hermina, 1990; Klitzsch and Squyres, 1990; Klitzsch and Semtner, 1993; Mansour et al., 1993; Thorweihe and
Schandelmeier, 1993; Issawi, 1999). The two major units of the aquifer, the Kufra Basin (Libya, northeastern Chad and northwestern Sudan) and the
Dakhla Basin (Egypt) (Fig. 1), have undergone different geological developments. Formation of the Kufra Basin began in the Early Paleozoic, and was
complete at the end of the Lower Cretaceous. The Dakhla Basin was presumably formed at the beginning of the Cretaceous (at least its southern
portion).
In addition to the geological developments described above, the aquifer area also comprises the upper Nile Platform in Egypt, as well as the Northern
Sudan Platform in Sudan. These are, however, areas of minor importance for groundwater resources. The NSAS changes gradually from continental
sandy facies in the southern regions, to intercalations of sandstones and clays of alternating continental and shallow marine facies in the central
regions, to mainly marine facies in the

Nt1330 Unit 3 Lab Report Sample
3.1. Petrographic Examination Petrographic thin sections were prepared and optically analyzed using Leitz polarizing microscope. Optical microscopy
was very useful for identifying the mineral composition, different litho types and the exact stratigraphy of the samples. It provided information on the
decayed layers and their size, color and texture. Additionally, the characteristics of minerals, cement materials and textural and digenetic features of the
samples were further examined. 3.2. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM–EDX) In order to identify their textural, mineralogical changes and altered
stone surfaces, images of crusts and salt samples were analyzed using (SEM JEOL JSM5500LV). They were coated with gold and a (10 KV) detector
of (6587 model) was used.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
X–ray diffraction (XRD) Mineralogical composition for the bulk samples powder were determined using X–ray diffraction (Philips X–ray diffraction
equipment model PW/171) with monochromator, Cu k –ГЎ radiation (1.542 =Ч’Г…) at 40 kV and 35 mA at X–ray diffraction lab, Physics
Department, Assiut Faculty of Science, Egypt. The patterns were recorded from 4 to 90В°2ГЁ. In addition, reflection peaks were between 4 and
902СІ, of 0.06в—¦/min speed. Corresponding spacing (d,Г…) and the relative intensities (I/IВ°) were also obtained [Moore and Reynolds,1997]. 3.4.
Determination of physical and mechanical properties of the sandstone: The specimens used for physical and mechanical properties were cubic of 4
cm edges and were estimated using (ASTM C97). Sandstones' porosity was measured and was 18–25%. The bulk density of the temple's sandstone
was 1.5 – 1.87gm/cm3. The compressive strength of the sandstone was estimated for both dry and wet samples. It was estimated on the smooth surface
of 12 cubic samples (3.5Г—3 . 5Г—3.5 cm). They varied from 20–25 kg/cm2 for the dry samples and 11–13 kg/cm2 for the wet ones. but The (dry)
strength was classified low strength to medium strength. 4. Results 4.2. Petrographic

The Curse Of The Kehlets: A Case Study
DESERT ENVIRONMENTS : MYSTERIES
THE DISAPPERANCE OF THE KEHLETS
INVESTIGATION
On March 22nd, 2015, an inexperienced prospecting couple went missing. Raymond Kehlet, 47 years old and his wife, Jennie Kehlet 49 years old
from Beverly both disappeared while prospecting for gold in Tabletop near Sandstone.
Sandstone is a small town located in the mid–west region of Western Australia and 661 km north of Perth. Sandstone has a small population of 105
people. Sandstone receives 255.1 mm of rain annually on average and highest temperature is 27.3 o c in January and lowest is 13.2o c in July. In
1894, gold was discovered at Sandstone which became part of the gold rush town site. In result, there are now many old mineshafts in the area of
Sandstone. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They believe the answer will never be confirmed until Jennie is found as there are many unanswered questions and my possibilities. Many people
suspect that Jennie had killed her husband after a conflict or the greed for gold. However, this is very unlikely as relatives and friends claimed that
the couple barely argues and there were no evident of murder. Although, if this is a murder case, the most plausible suspect would be Graham Milne,
the man who left the couple just before they disappeared. Furthermore, he refused to speak with the reporters and had introduced the couple to gold
prospecting. Still, there are no evident of criminality for this disappearing case.
I believe the most plausible theory would be Mr Milne had left the couple for his own personal reasons. The Kehlet decided to continue their search
for gold when they wandered off–course. During the night, Raymond Kehlet stumbled upon a

Tuscarora Vs Morrison Formation Essay
Both the Tuscarora and Morrison formations have similarities. At the same time, they both are composed of unique materials that is what set them
apart and thus the reason I say they have differences. Obvious differences will include that the Tuscarora is known as an eastern sandstone, while the
Morrison is a western sandstone. More obscured differences can be like what ages they are in. The Tuscarora formation is in the Silurian age, located
in Pennsylvania, mostly composed of quartzite, and is secondarily composed of sandstone. Its thickness is 150–200 feet and is in the lower part of the
Silurian age. The Tuscarora formation is in the Clinton group. One member would be Castanea located at the top of the Tuscarora Formation. The
depositional environment is, as we know it, a continental shelf of some sort of marine zone because of sediment structures like fossils and
cross–bedding. The Tuscarora formation is mainly non–porous and neither... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The age is somewhere between Kimmeridgian, Tithonian, and maybe Oxfordian. The group of the Morrison formation is the Kootenay group and
members are the Tidwell, Brushy Basin, and Salt Wash. The Morrison formation is about 750 feet thick. Most of the sediments were left near some
sort of marine geographical region. The Morrison formation generally has high porosity and permeability due to bigger gaps in the sandstone and
mudstone. The Morrison formation also includes lots of fossils. Generally speaking, both the Morrison formation and Tuscarora formation are
similar because of where they are deposited and they both have fossils in them which is valuable for paleontologists. Huge differences would be
whether one was made of porous and permeable material and the other was not which makes an even bigger difference in how long that formation will
stay that same shape it was a while back to

Lab Exercise # 1: Grain Analysis
Question 1 of 33 3.03/ 3.0303 Points
Questions 1 through 5 are based on Lab Exercise #1: Grain Analysis.
1. Bag A contains A.well–sorted sand. B.clay.
Correct C.a moderately sorted mix of sand and silt. D.a poorly sorted mix of gravel and sand.
Answer Key: C Feedback: The correct answer is C. a moderately sorted mix of sand and silt.
Bag B contains
Correct A.well–sorted sand. B.clay. C.a poorly sorted mix of sand and silt D.a poorly sorted mix of gravel and sand.
Answer Key: A Feedback: The correct answer is A. well–sorted sand.
Bag C contains A.well–sorted clay. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Answer Key: C Feedback: The correct answer is C. fizzes during an acid test.
Specimen #15 is A.quartz chert. B.shale.
Correct C.limestone. D.conglomerate.
Answer Key: C Feedback: The correct answer is C. limestone.

Which of the following is a diagnostic feature of Specimen #17? A.It fizzes when tested with acid. B.It is a very coarse–grained sedimentary rock.
Correct C.It is a fissile sedimentary rock. D.It is obviously the product of a high–energy depositional environment.
Answer Key: C Feedback: The correct answer is C. It is a fissile sedimentary rock.
Specimen #17 is A.conglomerate. B.gyprock. C.quartz chert.
Correct D.shale.
Answer Key: D Feedback: The correct answer is D. shale.
Specimen #16 is composed of
Correct A.silica. B.calcium carbonate. C.grains of sand–sized particles. D.gypsum.
Answer Key: A Feedback: The correct answer is A. silica.
Which of the following is a diagnostic feature of Specimen #16? A.It effervesces when tested with acid. B.It is a very coarse–grained sedimentary
rock. C.It is a fine–grained sedimentary rock.
Correct

The Delicate Arch: A Freestanding Arch
This particular arch, the Delicate Arch, is a prime example of a freestanding arch. A freestanding arch is the last "step" in the process of how
arches form. First, we would have a solid sandstone wall. Because there is salt upheaval from the Paradox Salt in lower layers, the sandstone layers
also bulge and crack, creating joints along the edge of a valley. Joints are simply the cracks formed when the rock layers are moved around. Every arch
begins as a fin, which is what forms when the joints are weathered and eroded. Then, it forms a Blind Arch, which forms when a fin is too wide to
break through the entire way. After a Blind Arch comes a window, in which most of the fin is still in place but there is a distinct opening through the

- En-Side Effects Of Aboriginal Striation On The Gneiss
The Granite rock is an intrusive rock that formed from magma coming from beneath the earth's surface. It went through a slow cooling process that
allowed the minerals; mainly quartz and feldspar to form where the result is the coarse texture. The granite went through hydrothermal metamorphism
(involves hot fluid) and contact metamorphism. The gneiss, however, being able to withstand high temperatures came from a large country rock. This
piece of gneiss broke off from the country rock and got trapped in between as the granite cooled. The gneiss then became the xenolith. This shows that
the granite is the younger rock and the gneiss the older. The striations on the Gneiss were caused by faults. A slick–en– side fault caused the horizontal
striations

Mesa Verde National Park
Mesa Verde National Park is located in Southwest Colorado and in 1906 it was established as a park in order to preserve the structures that were
built by the first settlers in the area. Mesa Verde is about 51,122 acres and has about 8 canyons within it. While its name might suggest that it's a
mesa, Mesa Verde is actually a cuesta (E. Tuttle, Harris, S. Tuttle, 2004). Mesa Verde's history starts off around 500 A.D with the discovery of pit
houses, which was one of the few signs that it was a place of permanent habitation. Pit houses were used for a number of reasons, it provided shelter
during extreme weather and it was important in cultural activities. Beginning in 1100, there was an emergence in the construction of cliff dwellings
which were... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were deposited 81 millions of years ago and are above the Mancos Shale. The Point Lookout Formations are tan colored sandstones. When the
Point Lookout were deposited the water in the area was shallow causing changes in "deposition from shale back to beach deposits of sandstone"
(www.nps.gov). Also, Point Lookout Sandstones could form into alcoves but only small ones, so it was not used by the Ancestral Puebloans.
Menefee Formations was found around 78 millions of years ago, after the Point Lookout Formation was deposited. Swamps were developed in the
area and resulted in fine grain shales. The shales were created because of the plant and organic material that had decayed/accumulated
(www.nps.gov). The Menefee Formation are usually dark brown or black. The impressions that are left on the shales range from leafs, tree branches,
and other plant remains. Cliff House Sandstone formations were first found 75 millions of years ago and it got its name after the cliff houses that
were built under the alcoves. They are easily characterized by its orange colored sandstone. However, even though it is a relatively recent rock unit at
the park, not many fossils in this formation can be found as a result of the wave and other biological actions in beach environments (www.nps.gov).
The wave movement has even created ripple marks throughout that can be easily

Stratigraphy Of Ototoka Beach, Whanganui
Stratigraphy of Ototoka Beach, Whanganui Abstract This report aims to give an insight into the Stratigraphic history of the formations observed at
Ototoka beach, Whanganui and to apply the use of various geological methods in examining individual sedimentary units in order to work out the
environment that would have existed at the time of their deposition millions of years ago, and therefore we have constructed a history of
environmental changes for the area over a large scale of time, such as the rise and fall of sea level and the co–occurring increase and decrease of
temperatures as a result, which has given us a better understanding of how the planet's environments change over time and how ours is changing at the
present day. Introduction/Background We conducted our study at Ototoka Beach in Whanganui (Figure 5). The aim of our project was to work in
groups to measure a section along the beach using pace and compass techniques whilst describing sediments, and collecting Micro and Macro
paleontology samples for further study. We combined the data we collected on the fieldtrip with data we were given along with published literature to
form an understanding of the stratigraphic record of Ototoka Beach. Regional Formations at Ototoka Beach (In Order): Lower Okehu Siltstone,
Butler's Shell Conglomerate, Upper Maxwell Formation, Mangahou Siltstone, Middle Maxwell Formation, Pukekiwi Shell Sand, Lower Maxwell
Formation Aswell as conducting our own personal research at Ototoka

Driftless Area
I live in part of the upper Mid–West known as the Driftless area. The terrain contains high bluffs and hills with narrow valleys. The Driftless area,
unlike the rest of the Mid–West, escaped the terrain smoothing, mineral depositing influences of the ice sheets during the glacial period (Jefferson,
2010). The bedrock contains limestone, sandstone and shale, and is exposed or near the surface making it popular for sand mining. About 95 present of
the frac sand mining in the United State is done here.Driftless Area When the sandstone layer in the bedrock is broken down and crushed into
individual granules it is called silica sand. This type of sand is very uniform, non–porous and strong; it can maintain its shape when exposed ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This material is often stockpiled separately on the site for use during mine reclamation (Wisconsin). Unfortunately the wild life is displaced, bird
migration is interrupted and the vegetation is destroyed. The Driftless area has a lot of plants that are unique to this area only. Explosives are then
used to break the bedrock apart. The unwanted rock such as the limestone and shale are stock piled to be used later for the reclamation process.
Excavation equipment and dump trucks bring the sandstone to the crusher that is located on the mining site. The crusher breaks the sandstone chunks
into individual sand grains. The sand has to be filtered to remove the smaller grains of sand that are not acceptable for fracking. The entire process
causes a release of silica dust. Inhaling silica dust can lead to serious, sometimes fatal illnesses including silicosis, lung cancer, tuberculosis (in those
with silicosis), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Silica exposure has also been linked to renal disease and other cancers. In 1996,
the World Health Organization– International Agency on Cancer Research (IARC) identified silica dust as a "known human carcinogen" (Center).
Due to this risk factor "the federal government regulates workers exposed to silica dust, but there are no limits set for the general public" (Wisconsin).
This is a big

The Badlands Research Paper
The Badlands
Quickly pulling over to view the stark landscape, which was similar to being on the moon. I began driving the Badlands Loop a 40.03–mile road
around Badlands National Park, South Dakota. The scenery did not have the splendor of the Grand Canyon or the natural geysers of Yellowstone.
However, the sandstone formations, surround by the prairie grassland were special. Just after sunrise, the long theatrical shadows on the water and
wind carved features, created an eerie landscape. Nevertheless, this did not deter a group of bighorn sheep from grazing on the side of the gravel road.
After a brief stop to admire the large towering sandstone formations, I had a great view; high on a distant mesa sat a large plot of green grass with

Sandstone Country Club Incident Essay
On an extremely hot August night at Sandstone Country Club, an incident occurred between a server and a cook. Roberto, the server, was not
receiving great tips and was having a tough night with his tables, due to the high capacity of people getting dinner and the heat making customers
and other workers impatient. When Dr. Steele and his table sat at one of his tables, he knew he had to try his hardest to keep him happy because
he was a generous tipper but very critical if the service is bad. Almost everything that could go wrong with Dr. Steele's order went wrong. First, he
ordered a special that had already run out for the night. Dr. Steele was already angry and ordered lamb, which Roberto knew would take a long
time. When Dr. Steele asked for a second time to check on their food because his group had tickets to a play, Roberto went to Steve, the cook, and
told him to stop making the lamb and make whatever was fastest. Steve was already getting angry with Roberto for shouting orders at him and
blaming the cooks for his rough night, but told him he could make him a pasta dish. When Roberto relayed this news to Dr. Steele, he was fed up and
his group left the restaurant.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the issue with Roberto had been addressed earlier and the cooks had tried to calmly talk to him, some problems may have been avoided. The action
of firing Roberto shows his staff that he cannot accept an attitude like that in the workplace and will almost scare people into mouthing off to other
co–workers when they are angry, which is good because they won't anger their co–workers. Giving disciplinary action to Steve is also necessary to
convey the message that violence in the workplace is not acceptable either and will ensure that the staff thinks before they act on their anger in the

The Shale Is A Rock
Locality 1
I have I determined specimen A as a black Shale. I have found out that the shale is a sedimentary rock. The rock is dark/black coloured from the
picture, therefore suggests that it has high organic matter. From research I have concluded that shale is commonly marine as it is usually found in
rivers, lakes and the sea floor and this will suggest to me that the shale is from a low energy environment. The rock is hard but it is quite brittle. I have
established that all the grain sizes are less than 0.5mm which tells me they are fine grained when looking at the Wentworth's scale.
I have concluded that the fossil in the shale is called a didymograptus. The picture clearly shows us that it has two stipes in which I have calculated ...
I have tested the rock against Mohs Hardness scale and as it can be scratched from a fingernail it has a hardness of 2.5.
I have managed to calculate the density of the galena. I did this by weighing it to find the mass which was 92.6g then I found out how much water
the galena displaces to find out the volume which was 11cm^3. And when I put it into the fomula by using the mass and the volume I was able to
work out the density: 92.6/11 = 8.4g/cm^3. I have researched and found that the galena was probably formed inside a hydrothermal vein by
precipitation.
Locality 3
In locality 3, the picture clearly shows me that it is red sandstone and also a coarse sandstone syncline and I have concluded it to being quite open. I
have also noticed that the syncline is symmetrical as I can use the axial plane in order to see this. The picture presents just a trough. The trough shape
therefore tells us that the younger rocks are on the inside. There is a visible unconformity shown on the image located slightly above the syncline and
this unconformity would have been younger.
I have calculated that the limb lengths are nearly the same in length as I have calculated the average limb length of the syncline from using the
image to be 5.52cm and if I use the scale I found out that that is 22.08m. The average plane dip plane dip was 19.4 degrees which is a little different
to the other side which tells me that there was a slight difference in tension from each of the

The Juniata Formation : A Record Of Appalachain Mountain...
The Juniata Formation: A Record of Appalachain Mountain Building and Receding Seas
Introduction
Found in the Appalachian Region, the Juniata Formation extends from central–southern Pennsylvania to Tennessee (Davies 2010). Though the
thickness of the Juniata Formation is far from constant across its lateral extent, it is approximately 2000 feet thick in northern Pennsylvannia and thins
towards the southwest (Crowder 1980). Named for the Juniata River running through southern Pennsylvania, this formation consists of sediments from
the Taconic Orogeny in the late Ordovician period (Crowder 1980). Figure one displays the characteristic layers of alternating red sandstones and
shales, which are divided into three distinct units (Darton ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shale becomes more predominate at near the top of the formation (Thompson 1970b). Thompson noted that this formation is largely composed of
micrite, pelmicrite, and pelsparite, with a significant portion of dolomite also present (1970b). Indications of paleosol formation, sub–vertical burrows,
and, in the clay–rich layers, abundant hematite flakes are common of Juniata sediments (Davies 2010 and Thompson 1970b). Each of the three genetic
units in this formation, however, have unique lithologic compositions and sedimentary structures (Figure 2). Figure 2: Idealized stratigraphic column
of the Juniata Formation in southwest Virginia (Crowder 1980)
Unit A Approximately 17 meters thick, Unit A defines the lowest third of the Juniata Formation. Fragments of marine fossils, including bryozoans,
brachiopods, and gastropods, are commonly found in the bottom–most portion of this unit of structureless mudstone and quartz arenite. Quartz grains
in the sandstone beds of Unit A are typically immature and fine–grained, though the sandstone packages tend to coarsen upwards. Though typically
structureless, intermittent bedding of the sandstone and shale packages is observed in this unit, and some areas display

Glaucophane Quadrangles Research Paper

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Sarah Griffin

More from Sarah Griffin (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Glaucophane Quadrangles Research Paper