Working Capital Structure And Liquidity Analysis

Working Capital Structure And Liquidity Analysis
WORKING CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND LIQUIDITY ANALYSIS OF OIL AND GAS
INDUSTRY Abstract Oil and Gas Industry plays a vital role in the socio–economic development of
India. This study is designed to show the liquidity and Working Capital structure of Oil and Gas
Industries, this study is mainly based on secondary data and the statistical tools like Mean, Standard
Deviation, Coefficient Of Variance and Analysis Of Variance(ANOVA) have been used to the study.
The study revealed that the liquidity of this industry is not satisfactory. KEY WORDS: working
capital, liquidity,ANOVA, INTRODUCTION Working capital may be regarded as the blood
circulatory system of any business unit. Its effective management can do much more for the success
of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both inadequate and excessive working capital is detrimental for a business concern. The excessive
working capital can result in idle funds which could be used for earning profit while the inadequate
working capital will interrupt the operations and will also impairs profitability (Chowdhury and
Amin, 2007). The impact of overall working capital policies on the profitability of Pharmaceutical
firms listed at Dhaka Stock Exchange was investigated by Chowdhury and Amin (2007). The
primary and secondary data was used for the period 2000 to 2004 to analyze the working capital
management policies. The results indicated that for the overall performance of the Pharmaceutical
industry, working capital management played a vital role and there existed a positive relationship
between current assets management and performance of firms. On the other side the questionnaire
data used for the study highlighted that firms in this industry have been efficient in managing their
cash, accounts receivables and accounts payable. Further this industry maintained large volume of
Inventories but maintaining large inventories didn't reflect inefficient management for this industry.
The importance of working capital management efficiency for value creation of shareholders was
presented by Shin and Soenen (1998). They empirically investigated, whether short Net Trading
Cycle (NTC) is
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Saudi Aramco : About The Company
SAUDI ARAMCO
About the Company
Saudi Arabian Oil, also known as Saudi Aramco, is an oil & gas company centered in Dhahran,
Saudi Arabia. It is one of the world's most valuable and profitable company with an estimated worth
of approximately 10 trillion US dollars, as reported by the Financial Times. The company not only
has the largest oil reserves (approximately 260 billion barrels), but also has the largest daily
production of oil (reference). The company has become a world leader in hydrocarbon explorations,
production, distribution and marketing. With headquarters in Dhahran, the company owns many oil
and gas fields in Saudi Arabia including Ghawar, world's largest oil field. Its yearly production
reaches 7.9 billion barrels, 1.26x109 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Saudi Aramco operates on the leading edge of science and creativity, helping to bring to life the
ideas that make energy more beneficial and sustainable"
Values
Cherishing any successful business practices has made Saudi Aramco one of the world's leaders in
energy. At the same time it is also important to be proud of any opportunities made possible for
others, through the company. There is a 4P principle the company operates on (reference),,
 People: Respect the diversity of people as well as nourish them. Develop a committed workforce.
 Pride: Take pride in what the company does, support excellence and commit to safety, quality and
environmental standards.
 Professionalism: Business is conducted with ethical and moral values, as well as in a responsible
and accountable manner.
 Partnership: Stakeholder interests are met through a productive and trusting relationship.
Objectives
Strategy is a plan of action to achieve certain goals and/or objectives. A good strategy takes into
account obstacles, both seen and unseen, as well as uncertainties. It is a high level plan that becomes
extremely necessary if there are limited resources at one's disposal. Good management is sometimes
defined as good execution of a good strategy. Max McKeown (2011) argues that "strategy is about
shaping the future". In other words, humans struggle to get required results with the available
means.
The company's objectives and the

Internal Audit as an Effective Internal Control System at...
CONTENTS
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2. INTRODUCTION     Literature Review Global Oil & Gas
Industry Overview Indian Oil & Gas Industry Overview Company Overview (ONGC) 2 4 6 6 20 23
24 26 28 38 39 40 41
3. INTERNAL CONTROL & INTERNAL AUDIT  Internal Control  Internal Audit  Standards
on Internal Audit 4. PROJECT PROFILE  Objectives  Research Methodology 5. LEARNINGS
& OBSERVATIONS  Learnings        Audit Scope & Coverage Organisation
Structure of IA Department Audit planning & process Audit approach & methodology Life cycle of
an audit Performance evaluation Quality systems
42 43 44 46 47 50 52 54 58 59 61 62
 Observations  Recommendations  Learning outcome 6. REFERENCES 7. ANNEXURE
Page 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After several years of seeing more money pumped into internal audit in response to the requirements
of Sarbanes–Oxley, management is now looking to trim the budget. Internal audit 's oversight went
far beyond SOX, but because SOX dominated corporate priorities in recent years, audit teams were
staffed accordingly with many junior, "box–checking" resources. But now, many audit teams are
finding themselves exposed, lacking the skills required to deal with contemporary business risks.
The number and variety of business risks and related controls that IA needs to assess, monitor and
report on has grown exponentially in just a few years. Risks related to the supply chain, treasury and
financial instruments, fraud, systems, privacy, emerging markets, strained economic conditions,
corporate responsibility, regulation, subprime exposure and liquidity are just some of the new, niche
risks which have emerged and can require highly specialized auditing skills. At the same time, more
and more companies are expecting their IA teams to create value rather than just preserve it. With
pressure mounting to deliver more while paying less and to come to terms with skills gaps, IA is
undoubtedly at a crossroads in its evolution. Having the capability to deal with today 's business
risks requires a significant level of investment in skilled resources, methods, training, career paths
and technical infrastructure. Maintaining that capability requires a sustained level of

Oil And Gas External Environment Analysis
APACHE CORPORATION – PART I
OIL & GAS EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS
University of Houston – Victoria
Ngan Tran – 1211564
MGMT 6359
10/12/2014
1.1 General Environmental Analysis
1.1.1 Demographic Segment
The age demographic segment of oil and gas industry is normally people in their late 40s and early
50s. There is also a group of neophytes but there are very few people with ages between the two
groups. Also, most of the people in this industry are highly specialty engineers with experience and
skills to make important decision about drilling. There are also other specialty people in the business
sides to vision and plan the competitive strategies to compete with other companies.
1.1.2 Economic Segment
The oil and gas industry is easily influenced by the economic segment as there are so many
dependent sectors in this industry. Thus, if the economy is in the recession/inflation, there will be
fewer oil and gas products manufactured as people will try to cut down on their energy expense such
as vacation or having an own car to drive to work...
1.1.3 Political/Legal Segment
One of the biggest political and legal issues that affect the oil and gas industry is the cause of
changing of present climates as there are a lot of harmful petroleum products that can cause damage
to the environment such as carbon dioxide cause greenhouse gas, sulfur dioxide cause acid rain
which could eventually be harmful to animal, planet and worsen illness and heart diseases... Another
issue

The Oil And Natural Gas Sector
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
The oil and natural gas sector is constituted of three major components – upstream, midstream and
downstream. The upstream industry includes exploration and production, midstream includes
processing, storing and transporting while the downstream industry includes oil refineries and
distribution. It provides consumers with various products like petroleum, gasoline, diesel, lubricants.
The purpose of our project is to study the downstream oil and natural gas sector industry
environment, that is, oil refining and distribution in India. The Indian oil and gas sector is one of the
six major industries in India that have a huge impact on the country's economy. We, in this project,
have made an attempt to identify ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conclusion
Presently the oil refining and distribution sector is dominated by public sector and as the per capita
consumption is increasing in India there is a need to add new capacity to meet demand.
Globalization had a huge impact on this sector as it bought technological advancements which
improved the recovery rate substantially.
Through our studies we came to a conclusion that there is a vast opportunity to increase domestic oil
refining which will eventually be a boom for refineries and distribution companies. This could be
achieved through following strategic actions like approving 100 percent foreign ownership,
promoting the involvement of private organizations and joint–ventures. Tax holidays to new
investors and advancing technology are another measures to enhance the oil refining and
distribution industry in India.
INTRODUCTION
There are number of agencies in Indian government that oversees the energy policies of India &
they include
The Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas,
The Ministry of Coal
The Ministry of Non–Conventional Energy Sources,
The Ministry of Environment and Forests,
The Department of Atomic Energy,
The Ministry of Power
The Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH) and the Oil Coordination Committee comes under
the scanner of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. These (DGH) were established in 1993 to
see the working of various petroleum exploration

What Are The Impact Of Crude Oil Prices On Indian Economy
Curde Oil price affects on economy is different in different country. In general, low prices are
considered good for importers of oil because it not only improves consumer spending but also
improves the trade balance of a country. Therefore an increase in oil prices has a considerable
negative impact on the GDP growth country which imports oil. Whereas drop in Oil Price is bad for
oil exporters as it could put a pessimism in revenues of oil exporting countries where crude exports
play an enormously significant role in economic growth. Moshiri &Banihashem (2012) concluded
that many oil–exporting countries are heavily dependent on exports from oil revenues, so when oil
prices are low, their economies suppress, and when oil prices are high, ... Show more content on
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Strategically, crude oil has very crucial role in country's economy. Considering this significance we
are trying to analyze the relationship between volatility in crude oil prices and its impact on the
Indian economy. This topic is apposite to the current situation where India imports almost 90% of
crude oil need. The purpose of this paper is to determine the relationship between crude oil prices
and the change in GDP, CPI, Inflation. 1.2 Problem Statement: Crude oil price is an crucial
parameter for refining industries, which has a significant impact on economy. There is a
considerable gap in demand and supply of crude oil in India. Goverment oil companies are able to
produce 20–25% of India's total requirements of crude oil. So to bridge the gap between demand
and supply, it is inevitable to import the crude oil. Therefore, both crude oil prices boom and decline
are the problematic area that may damage the Indian economy due to substantial dependency on
import. It is estimated that India's dependence on crude oil import is expected to rise upto 94% by
the end of 2030. As crude oil prices are rising/declining globally, this shockwave makes imports
expensive, it is necessary to understand the consequences of crude oil price rise on the economy.
The purpose of the study is to understand the impact of crude oil prices on the economic indicators
like inflation,GDP

Life In Algeria Essay
Algeria, the largest country in Africa, is home to 39 million people. The native language is Arabic
and the common currency is dinar. From 2010 to 2015 the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) has
increased from $4,349.00 to $5,836.00, with a population density of 16 inhabitants per square
kilometer. Algeria's GDP is among the highest of Africa's countries, compared to Egypt whose GDP
is $3314.00 per capita. From an economics standpoint, Algeria operates almost identical to the
United States having there republic government led by President Abdelmalek Sellal.
Algeria's history of producing gas isn't extremely long, but it is very productive and beneficial for its
economy and the economy of Africa, as well as Europe. Covering an area of around 2,382 thousand
square kilometers, the Republic of Algeria is, territorially, OPEC's largest Member Country and the
largest country in Africa. It is situated in the north of the continent, and shares borders with
Morocco, the Western Sahara, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Libya and Tunisia. To the north is the
Mediterranean Sea. Algeria was colonized by France as far back as 1830 under the reign of Charles
X. Algeria gained political independence in 1962, just four years after it began to produce natural
gas. Their colonial struggle lasted eight years and cost the lives of one million Algerians, out of a
population of nine million Arabs and Berbers. (A berber is a group of people in Algeria that are
settled farmers or migrant workers.)
Contrary to

Greatpoint Energy : An Alternative Source Of Energy
GreatPoint Energy
Company Description–
GreatPoint Energy specializes in producing of clean and low cost natural gas using coal, petroleum
coke and biomass. GreatPoint energy (GPE) has developed a catalytic hydromethanation process
known as bluegas™ which is used for this conversion process. GreatPoint Energy prides themselves
for their highly efficient, and environmentally safe product. Even more fascinating is that the natural
gas produced is interchangeable with drilled gas and there is no need for extra infrastructure
development if there is a natural gas infrastructure already in place. The opportunity for this
company to expand globally is extremely viable for that is provides a very cheap, and eco–friendly
product. Coal can be found all over the world , however it is a very unclean energy source and the
future of our environment depends on expansion towards cleaner methods.
Financial/Technological Performance
GreatPoint energy offers an alternative source of energy and the company has proved its methods
successful within the United States. Just recently has the company decided to expand globally
including an agreement back May of 2012, between GPE and China's Wanxiang Holdings. The deal
is worth $1.25 billion dollars and will be put towards the first phase of a trillion ft3 per year coal to
natural gas conversion facility in China to begin providing cleaner alternatives to pure coal energy.
This deal was the largest venture capital investment for a United States

Shell And International Business : Shell
Shell and International Business
Diana Morris
BUS616 International Business
Dr. Cynthia Spanhel
May 23, 2016 Shell and International Business
Introduction
Shell is a global energy and petrochemical company that is dedicated to providing services in
upstream, integrated gas, downstream, projects and technology. Royal Dutch Shell plc is the parent
company for Shell subsidiaries that was formed in 1907 and headquartered in The Hague, the
Netherlands. Shell has over 93,000 employees and produce 3.0 million barrels of oil equivalent per
day (Shell Global, 2016). Shell believes that their role is to ensure that they deliver energy resources
profitably and in a socially and environmentally responsible way.
The financial and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The next stage of production is the sale of the commodity through retail and B2B sales. Figure 1
Process flow of Shell business. Reprinted from Shell website.
Shell is a big player in the international business world and many aspects of the organization drive
financial and international interactions. The following will outline Shell's culture of the organization
as it relates to norms and values. In addition, the paper will address Shell's foreign direct investment,
accounting practices as well as its strategic positioning in the globe.
The Culture, Value and Norms of Shell Shell creates diversity and inclusion in its culture as it
believes it helps innovate, develop and retain talent. The core values for Shell's business are honesty,
integrity and respect for people and are governed through Shell's code of conduct (Shell, 2016).
Shell promotes a woman's perspective to discover how woman are developing their careers and
wants to hear from a woman's voice. In addition, Shell works to bring cultures together with 60
active employee networks around 22 countries with 155 nationalities working in more than 70
countries (Shell, 2016). Shell promotes individualism through its upward mobility in advancements
and graduate programs as well as groups through its employee networks. A global corporation
accommodates multiple countries with different cultural circumstances. By bringing the various
cultures together and

A Project Report on Working Capital of Bharat Pump and...
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 PREFACE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS
 ORGANIZATION CHART OF BPCL
 INTRODUCTION OF COMPANY
 CUSTOMER OF BPCL
 PRODUCT PROFILE
 QUALITY ASSUARANCE
 SWOT ANALYSIS
 STRATEGY FORMULATION
 MARKETING STRATEGY
 MANAGEMENT PROBLEM
 SEGMENTATION
 RECOMMENDATION
 PERFORMANCE HIGHLIGHT
 FINANCIAL AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE REPORT
 CONCLUSION

 CERTIFICATE OF APPRECIATION
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
PREFACE
The instrument of government owing property is nothing new. It is almost as old as human
civilization itself. We have reference of public places and buildings such as the great bath and
municipal halls in the towns valley civilization which also happens to be one of the oldest ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
BPCL had entered into technical collaborations with World famous manufactures of Pimps,
Compressors and Gas cylinders and high technology Oil Equipments. In a very short period the
company absorbed the technology and establishes itself as a World renewed manufacturing of a
wide range of high–tech products in the fluid handing areas. In spite of being an import substitution
oriented unit. BPCL competes with renowned international manufacturing and secure Prestigious
orders from the counts core sector industrials. Almost all the national project in the areas of oil
exploration and exploration. Refineries petrochemicals and Fertilizers process industries, thermal
hydro and nuclear power plant have BPC's product which are functioning to the total satisfaction of
the total satisfaction of the customers. The confidence reposed on BPCL by customer select in terms
of steady and continuous ion order position as well as receipt of high value order to manufacturing
and supply the high tech product like cementing units. Sucker Rod Pumping units and Nuclear
Pumps besides Mud pimps for deep deling oil rigs and compressors etc. Through quality of BPCL
product in good as compared to any other competitors but the company did not perform well due to
various reasons. The concept of holding company was this adopted by the government to recognized
BPCL along with other five companies in a

The Feasibility Of Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
The purpose of this study is to examine the feasibility of Chicago Bridge & Iron Company (CB&I)
venturing into the East African Nation of Mozambique. This is a joint venture with Saipem and
Chiyoda, but this study will focus solely on CB&I. The venture is a contracted initial development
of the onshore LNG (liquefied natural gas) park in Mozambique by Anadarko Petroleum
Corporation. The development is set to be in the Rovuma Basin in Mozambique. This particular area
has over 75 trillion cubic feet of potentially recoverable natural gas resources (Blum, 2015). The
onshore LNG park will include two LNG trains that both have a capacity of six million tons per
annum, multi–berth marine jetty, condensate storage, and the necessary ... Show more content on
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The four operating groups within CB&I are: Engineering & Construction, Fabrication Services,
Capitol Services and Technology (CBI, 2015). The Energy and Construction sector provides
procurement, engineering, construction, and fabrication for major energy infrastructure facilities
(CBI, 2015). CB&I's fabrication services sector is the largest supplier of storage tanks and vessels
for various industries such as water/ wastewater, oil, natural gas, and power generation (CBI, 2015).
The capital services group provides services for governments and private sectors that focus on
maintenance, environmental, infrastructure and program management (CBI, 2015). The technology
group specializes in licensed process technologies, catalysts and specialized equipment for use in
petrochemical facilities, oil refineries and gas processing plants (CBI, 2015).
Drivers of Globalization for Oil and Natural Gas Industry
The natural gas and oil industry is driven by the competitive, cost, and government drivers. The gas
and oil industry can only prosper when there are enough resources (both natural and man–made) to
match the demand. There must also be infrastructures in place that can transport and store the
natural gas. This is the role that CB&I will play in the venture into Mozambique. The cost of gas
and oil largely reflects availability. Measuring sourcing efficiencies entails the potential percentage

“Ratio Analysis and Comparative Study of Financials of...
Summer Training Project Report
On
"Ratio Analysis and Comparative Study of Financials of IOCL with its Competitors"
Submitted for partial fulfilment of the Award
Of
Master of Business Administration
DEGREE
(2011–2013)
SUBMITTED BY
ARUSHIBHUTANI
1103270034
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Internal Guide:JayaPandey
School of Management
ABES ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
GHAZIABAD
AFFILIATED TO
MAHAMAYA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, NOIDA
Candidate's Declaration/Certificate
I "ARUSHI BHUTANI" hereby declare that the work which is being presented in this report entitled
"Ratio Analysis and Comparative Study of Financials of IOCL with its Competitors" is an authentic
record of my own work carried out under the supervision of Ms. "JAYA PANDEY". ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since 1959, this refining, marketing, and international trading company served the Indian state with
the important task of reducing India's dependence on foreign oil and thus conserving valuable
foreign exchange. That changed in April 2002, however, when the Indian government deregulated
its petroleum industry and ended Indian Oil's monopoly on crude oil imports.
Indian Oil is currently moving ahead through vertical integration– upstream into oil exploration &
production and downstream into petrochemicals– and diversification into natural gas marketing and
alternative energy, besides globalization of its downstream operations.
IOCL is India's largest company by sales turnover of Rs. 3,28,744crores and a profit of Rs.7445
crores for the financial year 2010–2011.It is a major player in Oil and Gas Sector. It is mainly into
downstream oil business. The main operation of IOCL is refining crude oil and selling of subsidized

products. India generally imports around 70 % of its crude oil to cater the huge domestic demand.It
is the major supplier to core sector: Supplier of fuel (more than 80% of requirement) to Government
organizations i.e. army, railways, state road transport, air force & navy.
Key sectors like fertilizer, power & aviation are largely supplied by IOCL. The Diversified
Customer Base

An Internal Environment Analysis On The Leading...
1. Executive Summary
This report covers an internal environment analysis on the leading Exploration & Production
company in India – ONGC. It helps understand how the forces that drive the internal environment
contribute to improve brand equity and value to shareholders. Being the highest dividend paying
company in the country, ONGC is a sought after stock by investors. In spite of the ever changing
global scenario in terms of oil prices, alternative fuel sources and political tussles, the company has
managed to be the most profitable ever in its history of more than 50 years. This has been driven by
leadership in technology and human resources and diversifying its investments by growing its
presence globally.
The vision, mission, value system, management, human resource, performance and brand equity
have all contributed for ONGC in delivering great value to shareholders.
2. Vision:
The company aims to be a global leader in the integrated energy sector. It has identified sustainable
growth, knowledge leadership and excellent governance practices as the three tools which will help
it achieve this.
The vision of the company is audacious as the company looks at being a global energy leader in
spite of ranking 21st currently amongst all energy companies in the world (Platts). The focus areas
of sustainable growth, knowledge excellence and governance practices will help the company be in
good stead in times of rapid changes which can happen not just in crude oil prices but also

Occidental Petroleum Executive Summary
Executive summary
An Occidental Petroleum Corporation. It's international company exploration oils and gas. Company
will conduct to work with each section as following: gas and oils, marketing and chemical. Develop
and survey natural gas and oils In USA and abroad as well. The Occidental Petroleum does business
in 3 sectors: natural gas and oils, midstream and marketing, chemical and so on. Exploration natural
gas and oils in domestic are situated in Texas, New Mexico, Colorado and North Dakota. They also
operate overseas in many countries such as: Bolivia, The United Arab Emirates, Colombia, Libya,
Iraq, Yemen and Oman.
Table content
Introduction
Occidental petroleum was established in 1920 at California ... Show more content on
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Moreover, the US government wants to reduce crude oil imports from overseas and increase natural
gas production in the country in order to promote the domestic production and replacement by coal
power capacity. (Practical law, 2015)
Economic
According to economist Magazine 2105, at present, as we know that the world oil prices have fallen
steadily since June of 2014 that being lower than 100 US dollars per barrel. The price at present for
Crude oil Brent of early January 2015 at the level is currently 51 US dollar per barrel.
Economist has analyzed the causes of decline in world oil prices. Typically, the price of oil is
determined by demand and supply of the world market and forecast advance to invest in which level
of demand depends on the level of economic activity and behavioral use of energy from humans.
The oil price decline has a benefit for oil importers like China, India, Japan, Europe but
unfortunately for oil exporters such as: Kuwait, Venezuela, Nigeria, and Iraq. Crude oil prices fell
steadily in the past seems to be a result of two main factors being the levels of demand declining and
a level of increased supplies (Economic, 2015)
Social
In 2015,

Impact of Working Capital Management on Profitibility of...
EFFECT OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT ON PROFITABILITY OF FIRMS – A study
on the Indian Oil Drilling & Exploration industrY [1]Dr. Anupam Jain ABSTRACT Efficient
management of working Capital is one of the pre–conditions for the success of an enterprise.
Efficient management of working capital means management of various components of working
capital in such a way that an adequate amount of working capital is maintained for smooth running
of a firm. An optimal working capital management is expected to contribute positively to the
creation of firm value. To reach optimal working capital management firm manager should control
the trade off between profitability and liquidity accurately. The purpose of this study is to investigate
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For measuring the efficiency of working capital management, performance, utilization, and overall
efficiency indices were calculated instead of using some common working capital management
ratios. Setting industry norms as target–efficiency levels of the individual firms, this paper also
tested the speed of achieving that target level of efficiency by an individual firm during the period of
study. Findings of the study indicated that the Indian Cement Industry as a whole did not perform
remarkably well during this period. Dr. D. Mukhopadhyay conducted a research study to examine
working capital management practices and the problems faced by the firms in working capital
management process particularly in heavy engineering industries. A sick engineering firm named
"M/S Heavy Engineering Company Limited" had been selected and data from 1993–94 to 2002–03
had been analyzed. He reported that, the company has under its possession huge real estate
including land and the firm holds legacy of culture and heritage of more than two hundred years of
existence in industrial map of the country and as a consequence, it has built up "Goodwill" to a
remarkable extent. Thus the company may make revaluation of real estate including land and other
assets and make valuation of goodwill and disposal of

Sources Of Oil And Gas Essay
Unconventional sources of oil and gas are becoming important for the journey of energy security.
Conventional oil and gas will be unable to meet the growing demand requirements in future so there
is a need to look for alternative resources of energy. In a volatile oil price movement,
unconventional resources are viewed as important and economically attractive for future continuous
supply.
The impact of US shale gas success has been felt throughout the world. India is known to have good
amount of recoverable Shale gas reserves, and if these are commercially and economically
produced, it could revolutionize the energy market. It may also provide energy security to India.
India is the fourth largest consumer of oil and gas in the world and the demand and supply gap has
been widening over the years. There is need to find an alternative that helps in filling the gap
between demand and supply. In India there are huge petroliferous basins that have shale deposits
and can be extracted. The Government of India has provided impetus to this by announcing Shale
gas policy to promote Shale gas exploitation.
This report is about planning and proposing a strategy for shale gas development projects in India.
MS project software has been used to carefully manage and keep a track of activities in the given
timeline. Application of PERT and CPM has helped to identify the critical path for the project. Once
the critical events are known then a close monitoring is required for efficient project

Capital Structure Of Oil And Gas Industries
ABSTRACT Oil and Gas Industry plays a very important role in the socio–economic growth of
India. This work is intended to make obvious analysis of liquidity and Working Capital structure of
Oil and Gas Industries, this study is mainly based on secondary data and the statistical tools like
Mean, Standard Deviation, Coefficient Of Variance and Analysis Of Variance(ANOVA) have been
used to the study. The study revealed that the liquidity of this industry is not in satisfactory level.
KEY WORDS: Anova, Liquidity, Working Capital. INTRODUCTION Working capital may be
regarded as the blood circulatory system of any business unit. Its effective management can do
much more for the success of the business, while ineffective management lead to ... Show more
The study contributed much in terms of realizing the importance of effective management of
working capital. Sinha, sinha and singh(1985) conducted a study on the analysis of working capital
management corporation of India and Gujarat state fertilizer corporation. The analysis revealed that
a huge proportion funds was tied up as working capital, especially in inventories and receivables.
The study revealed that the sample companies failed to manage working capital efficiently by the
usage of latest techniques, the funds were locked up at various levels during the course of business
management. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY As stated above, many researchers have depicted that
working capital plays an important role in the economic success of the business. The business needs
to scrutinize the management of working capital constantly if it wants to maximize the profits. Thus,
keeping the importance of working capital management in view, the present study aims to analyze:
 The working capital structure of oil and gas industry  The liquidity position of oil and gas
industry  The working capital turnover position of oil and gas industry HYPOTHESES OF THE
STUDY The present study tests the following hypotheses:  H01: The average current ratios of
sample companies do not differ significantly.  H02: The average quick ratios of sample companies
do not differ significantly.

Analysis of Lubricants in India
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction 2. Market Segmentation 3. Supply and demand of lubricants 4. Market players and
their market share 5. Product and their market share 6. Price of lubricants 7. Product promotion 8.
References
Introduction
High growth in Indian automotive, power and engineering is creating new opportunities for
lubricant manufacturer. The report gives an analysis of lubricant markets in India. It also highlights
the different market players and their market share. It also covers the market size and structure,
major player and market share of their products. The report gives analysis of both automotive as
well as industrial lubricant market.
Market Segmentation
The lubricant industry can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Advances are strongest in the Asia/Pacific region due to on–going rapid industrialization as well as
rising car ownership rates. Both of these trends will also favor healthy growth in the Africa/Mideast
region and Latin America. Meanwhile, the greater availability of advanced, high performance
lubricants, greater global competition and increasingly stringent environmental rules result in
reduced or negative growth in lubricant demand in the more developed countries of North America
and Western Europe, as well as in Eastern Europe and Japan.
Sources: www.klinegroup.com
With the automotive business in deep trouble in most parts of the world, China and India continue to
surge ahead with production to meet consumers' growing demand for cars. Just as the Western
world's love affair with the automobile spawned a major industrial and cultural shift, the growing
car park in China and India is driving an evolution–not only in consumer mobility, but also in
lubricant demand, creating vast opportunities for lubricant and basestock marketers.Once the
powerhouse of worldwide production, the U.S. auto industry has suffered severely at the hands of a
protracted recession. Between lagging consumer demand and financial pressures, the entire NAFTA
region has been weakened. However, on the other side of the globe, China and India are surging
ahead with automotive production

Case Study Of Smhad And UMW Berhad
MEMO
To: ABTRAC.INC
From: ALIBABA FA.INC
Re: Possible Acquisition
This memo provides overview of potential target companies and an evaluation of their further
prospects for acquisition purpose. ABTRAC.INC a MNC from Amsterdam intends to strengthen its
position at Malaysia by Merger &Acquisition. We have identified 2 companies, Sunway Berhad and
UMW Berhad as potential acquisition based on their financial performance and strong market
footprint.
Company Profile
Sunway Berhad
Sunway Berhad established in 1974 as tin–mining company Sunway group becomes Malaysia's
most successful real Estate and hospitality group. The Sunway group has 12 business divisions
namely Property, Construction, Hospitality, Retail, Leisure, Commercial, Trading & Manufacturing,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
UMW Berhad
Over the year UMW Berhad shows good annual increasing trend on revenue and profitability.
However in year 2013 lower contribution in earning by its automotive manufacturing operations in
India were affected by slowdown in Indian automotive industry. The company posted revenue
increase by 17% and 6% respectively in 2012 and 2011. YEAR 2013 2012 2011 2010
REVENUE 13,951,460 15,816,888 13,535,753 12,820,229
Future Prospects
Sunway Berhad
In year 2013 Sunway Construction was awarded plenty of projects that would help boost company
profit for next couple of years. Among the prominent project are:
North East Car Park (NEC) underneath KLCC Park by Citi tower worth RM304 mil
Substructure work at KLCC worth EM222mil
Afiniti Medini by Khazanah worth RM282.9 million
In addition to this, the company also involving in government project such as Elevated Bus Rapid
Transit BRT, New MRT project, Kelana Jaya LRT line extension and UTIM campus extension.
Company also will be eyeing MRT Project Putrajaya line recently announced by PM.
UMW

What Are The Causes Of Gas Prices
The US consumed 142 billion gallons of gasoline in 2007 and the tax applied on it is 18. 4 cents on
one gallon. All around the US, there are around 162,000 retail gasoline outlets. With the price of
crude oil hovering around $100 a barrel, it is no wonder that concern is growing about the gas prices
being so high. After all, modern economies are kept moving by this lifeblood. For instance, in the
United States alone personal vehicles consume more than 140 billion gallons of diesel fuel and
gasoline per year.However, there are several factors that contribute to the gas prices being so high.
Given below are a few of them. Increasing Demand for Oil One of the main catalysts for the
incessant rise in gas prices has been one of the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gas Prices affected by Geopolitics and Supply problems Along with the demand for oil rising, many
disruptions to the supply have created bottlenecks. For example, the war in Iraq has resulted in
reducing oil production there, as has also happened in Nigeria due to rebel activity. The continuing
nuclear weapons wrangle with Iran, the government increasing its control over industry in Russia,
and the oil companies being nationalized in Venezuela has given rise to misgivings about future
supplies.In recent years, refining crude oil in the US has also become more expensive, with experts
citing two main reasons for this: congressional mandates resulting in shifting towards the production
of more environmentally clean gasoline blends, and the oil refineries on the Gulf Coast being
devastated by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in the year 2005. In addition, the production of crude oil
in America has also become costlier since the places that have been easiest to drill have largely gone
dry.This means that oil companies have to go increasingly into offshore oil producing areas such as
the Gulf of Mexico, which cost much more to drill in. With oil companies having to access harder to
reach locations, which makes it costlier to produce oil, and simultaneously them being forced to
reduce their

Indian Oil Corporation
Indian Oil Corporation (IOC), established in 1959, is committed to the investigation and generation
and showcasing of oil. A deal clever is the biggest organization in India with a turnover of Rs 2.47
479crore. IOC has subsidiaries to be specific Indian Oil Technologies, Chennai Petroleum
Corporation, Bongaigaon Refinery & Petrochemicals, Indian Oil (Mauritius) and Lanka IOC. 19
refineries, IOC own and work 10 with a consolidated limit of 60.2 million metric tons for every
annum (MMTPA), ie 1.2 million barrels for every day. It has 166 terminals and mass stockpiling
tanks, flying fuel station 101 and 89 Indane packaging plants. Most refining has a national system of
corner stores and diesel with 17,600 retailers. Its system of Indane cooking gas is available in 50
million homes through its conveyance system of 5,000 merchants.
IOC is the state – possessed oil and gas company situated in New Delhi, India. It is a 83 biggest
open partnership on the planet as stated by the Fortune Global 500 schedule.
Indian Oil will be oil national banner of India, with business premiums to mount the whole esteem
chain of oil – from refining, pipeline transportation and advertising of petroleum items to
investigation & processing of raw petroleum & gas and showcasing characteristic gas and
petrochemicals. It is the most noteworthy Indian corporate appointed in prestigious Fortune Global
500 " posting, positioned at the 83rd position in 2012.
Indian Oil and its subsidiaries have an

Exxon Essay
Exxon Mobil Corporation is one of the world's largest global oil and gas corporations. The Exxon
Mobil brand is known around the world and is a leader in delivering its product to consumers. It is a
leader in technology and strives for excellence.
Exxon Mobil A Global Giant
Introduction
Exxon Mobil is the largest oil and gas corporation in the world. It was a creation from two of John
D. Rockefeller largest oil companies. The merger between these two companies is known as the
largest merger in United States History. Exxon which was originally the Standard Oil Company of
New Jersey and Mobil which was originally the Standard Company of New York combined to form
Exxon Mobile on November 30, 1999.
Exxon Mobil's Main Line of Business ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The corporation employs more than 82,000 people worldwide. Exxon Mobil markets products all
over the world under its Exxon, Mobil, and Esso brands. It also has many smaller subsidiaries
around the world. According to Exxon Mobil, its main line of business is oil and gas production. Its
principle products are olefins, aromatics, ethylene, glycol, and polyethylene. Exxon Mobil produces
over 3000 million barrels of oil daily. It is ranked 14th in the world's oil production. It is also known
as a major refiner. Exxon Mobil has 37 oil refineries located in over 21 countries.
Four Countries of Operations Exxon Mobil operates in over 21 countries around the global,
countries such as, Argentina, Saudi Arabia, India, and Japan. In Campana, Argentina the company's
product types are olefins, aromatics, and other chemicals. In Al Jubail, Saudi Arabia, the company's
product types are ethylene and polyethylene. Exxon Mobil technology center is located in
Bangalore, India. While in Kashima, Japan, the company's product type is polymers.
Exxon Mobil

The Reason for High Gas Prices
One night, I was surfing the internet when I came across a picture showing a gas station with the gas
prices on a sign sitting in front of it. The gas sign said that the price for regular was "an arm", the
price for plus was "a leg" and the price for premium was a "first born". As I marveled over what
Photoshop can do, I began to think about these high gas prices and what is causing them. Everyone
talks about, complains about, and jokes about the high gas prices, but no one does anything about
them. Many people told me what they thought was causing the high gas prices, but I was always
wondering what really is causing them. Is it corporate greed or is it supply and demand? It is
actually a combination of both corporate greed and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I don 't have anything against environmentalists, but sometimes I think they go overboard. It seems
like they care more about two animals on a wildlife acre then they do about the American economy
that helps employ hundreds of people, however, I don 't think more drilling would really solve the
problem. An article in Time magazine stated that, "Refinery capacity is not the major driver of
higher gas prices. The greater shortage is in the oil itself. Gas prices have been rising along with the
price of crude. If gas prices were climbing while crude oil 's remained flat, that would tell you there
was a bottleneck pushing up prices. That hasn 't been the case" ("Why Gas Won 't"). So while
drilling more would help, it would not solve the problem and might end up creating more problems
like pollution. According to CQ Researcher, refineries release many toxic particles into the air which
can cause many people to get sick (Cooper "Air Pollution"). More refineries will cause the air to
become more polluted. Many people think that it is corporate greed and that putting a cap on gas
prices would solve the problem. Remember the 1970s, when people had to wait in long lines for
gas? The reason for that was because many places didn 't have any gas to sell. Gas companies
stopped selling gas to them because the gas companies couldn 't make a profit. They couldn 't make
a profit because there was a cap on gas prices. Learn from

Essay about natural gas and the future of energy
Natural Gas and the Future of Energy
Until recently natural gas was considered the dirty brother of oil. Natural gas was
often stranded and left undeveloped, often wasting it. Oftentimes natural gas was
considered 'unusable' and 'worthless' compared to oil. But now that the oil is running
out a new light is being shown on natural gas. Today natural gas is very much in favor as
a clean fossil fuel, especially for electricity generation in industrialized countries. "Global
proven gas reserves are 5501 TcM with around 60 years of production at current
utilization rates compared to 40 years for oil," writes Pradeep Kurup. According to the
latest numbers people could be using more gas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Well, for now that is a fact. But fuel cell technology may one day provide cleaner and more
reasonable options for converting natural gas into electricity.
Great strides have been made in the development of natural gas. Compressed Natural Gas
(CNG) along with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is used as a clean alternative to other automobile
fuels. India is one of the countries with the largest number of vehicles running on natural gas.
Different American companies have been working on cars that run totally on natural gas. These cars
are called hybrids. One of the companies that is having the most success is Chrysler.
Natural gas is also used for domestic use in homes for stoves, grills, and even heating. Propane,
although very dangerous, has been used for heating and cooking for a number of years. High–risk
elements remain in pursuing successful strategies in the global gas industry. Oil companies today are
dealing with high gas prices in the USA and rising prices in Europe. Countries are now less reliant
on long term gas contracts and are relying on spot and supply sales, mostly via pipeline. Demand for
gas is increasing as well as concern over the security supply. In the case of countries like the USA
and
European countries and India, where indigenous supply cannot keep up with demand, gas being
sourced from greater and greater distances, bringing

Lpg Market Prospects in India
DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF LPG IN INDIA
INTRODUCTION
According to the latest scenario of the Natural Gas Analysis, the Natural Gas market in India is
expected to be the one of the fastest growing in the world during the next two decades. Among its
segments LPG has made a substantial progress to become the most convenient, cost effective and
pollution free means of fuel, especially in the middle class segment. LPG market in India is not at all
versatile and competitive. It's a part of the Indian economy is still untouched by privatization. After
1991, many companies tried jumping in the LPG market but could not survive against Government
OMCs like IOCL, HPCL and BPCL. The reason behind such failure is the heavy subsidy given by
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Stimulating Demand in Domestic sector:
Vision 2015 of Govt. of India
1. Increase in Domestic LPG Connections: * Focus on areas where LPG penetration is low by
giving incentives ‐Raise population coverage from 45% to 75%. * Increasing LPG customer from
115million to 160 million by 2015 * Switch Over from Kerosene to LPG * While 87% of urban
households are using LPG only 17% of rural population in India is on LPG. * In rural areas
firewood is the most common fuel, considering the availability and affordability * An affordable
alternative is a necessity for rural masses
Government is stimulating demand in rural area through Rajiv Gandhi Gramin LPG Vitaran
2. Common LPG Kitchen‐Making LPG affordable:
Opening up community Kitchens in all villages with population > 5000 as a part of Corporate
Social Responsibility
Projected Growth in LPG Demand shall be 8–9% year on year till 2015.
Shall improve reach of LPG
A low cost model of distribution sustainable for cluster of villages

Microeconomics Is A Branch Of Economics
Microeconomics is a branch of economics that deals with the problems of decision–making within
confined resources allocated, it also depends its research on the single active market and analyzes
the potential method in maximizing profit and utility via rational and effective distribution of limited
resources. In today 's oil market, there is always the problem of what drives the high and low prices.
Demand and supply in market relationship is mathematically represented by the price, quantity and
other information about. Oil price reacts to the quantity demand and produced; thus the article of
Clifford Krauss on May 23, 2014 " As Summer Driving Beckons, Gas Prices Are All Over the Map"
is an example. Krauss's article focuses on the different price of gas in the different States of then
United States and how they differ from the national average for a gallon of regular gasoline. For
example the statistics takes on Friday, may 2014 states that the national average for a gallon of
regular gasoline was $3.66 nevertheless the range was sizable: in California, motorists paid on
average $4.13 a gallon, while in Missouri and Arkansas only $3.40. As the economy continues to
improve at a slow and steady pace, consumer spending, disposable income, consumer confidence
and the employment outlook are trending up, which is welcomed news for the travel industry," said
Marshall L. Doney, AAA's chief operating officer in a commentary distributed by the auto club.
Krauss also states that

Oil Refinery in India
Oil Refinery in India
An Industry Overview
 
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION 2
GLOBAL VIEW ON REFINING 3
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW 4
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 8
INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 9
FUTURE OUTLOOK 11
REFERENCES 12
"THE ONCE RELIABLE CONSTANTS HAVE BECOME GALLOPING VARIABLES"
–ALVIN TOFFLER
India the world's seventh largest country and the second most populace nation has been a destination
of unrealized potential. In the recent past it has seen as stir of economic activity changing the prim
face of the nation. The country has had breath taking reforms bringing in foreign direct investments
and foreign institutional investments into the country at a brisk pace. Today India is one of the most
exciting emerging markets in the world to be in. A new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
 
Product MMT %
Diesel 40.2 35.9%
Petrol 8.6 7.7%
LPG 10.3 9.2%
Kerosene 9.4 8.4%
FO/LSHS 12.7 11.4%
Naphtha 12.2 10.9%
Bitumen, ATF, Lubes, Solvents 18.5 16.5% 111.9 100%
 
Key Indian Players
Regulatory Framework NELP (New Exploration Licensing Policy) is the new government policy
which is to have a direct impact on the E&P activity in India and an indirect effect on the refining

sector. This is to promote the participation of foreign companies in India and have a check on the on
the rising crude bill. In India one of the major problems is the price control that the government has
over selling end products what this has done in that made refining companies less profitable even
though this is done in the larger interest of the nation. The government is also planning to put in
strategic petroleum reserve but this on paper as of now. For India to sustain its economic growth this
sector is to play a vital role and the government understands this and doing all to liberalize it the
fullest.  
Industry Analysis
This sector has so far been dominated by public sector companies and now is getting a tang of
liberalization. The government has spoken about the export of refined oil products as this provides a
value addition in reducing the oil prices on

India 's Energy Policy Of India
The price of energy is increasing yearly. It is crucial for people to comprehend how every is very
useful to them and how they can prevent it from getting wasted. Energy at home accounting in
Calabasas will grow habitual practice of solutions to conserve the energy efficiency of their homes
at the topmost level. Energy in India defines energy and electricity manufacture, depletion and
importation in India. Energy policy of India designates the politics of India associated with energy.
Electricity segment in India is the central article of electricity in India. At India, The Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy offers data in the form of a yearly report concerning advancement in
the energy area. India is a remaining energy distributor. India was 3rd highest coal producer in 2009.
India carries importations of oil and coal. Energy conservation has arisen as the main policy goal,
and the Energy Conservation Act in 2001, was approved by the Indian Parliament in September of
2001, 35.5% percent of the populace still live deprived of the right to use electricity. This Act
necessitates great energy consumers to stick to energy consumption standards; new constructions to
follow the Energy Conservation Building cipher, and purposes to encounter energy performance
principles and to demonstrate energy depletion labels. The Act also produced the Bureau of Energy
Efficiency to apply the provisions of the Act. In 2015, The Prime Minister, Mr. Modi launched a
plan called Prakash Path

Origin Of Production Sharing Contracts Essay
CHAPTER 1
ORIGIN OF PRODUCTION SHARING CONTRACTS
1.1 Background
In the context of Economic Development of the country and Energy Security, the role of petroleum
and petroleum products as a vital fuel will continue to be there though with a changing face. To
address the global needs and demand over next 20–30 years and beyond, substantial increase in
Energy Research especially in Hydrocarbon Sector is critical . The high capital investment is
required for highly uncertain gains as well as a need to rely on highly expensive foreign technology
for accurate exploration and production activities. Oil and gas legislations varies in every country,
they depend on the purpose and the intention of regulating the countries strategic assets . However,
the main objectives of each State party are the same, to take control of its assets and to get revenue
for the economic development. In order to develop and to make use of its assets, the State will
cooperate with International Oil Companies (IOCs) which has the ability, knowledge and experience
in this industry. The adoption of an effective regime for petroleum development is strongly
influenced by the geological prospects of a country and the technological and financial resources
needed for exploration and production of hydrocarbons. By requiring substantial capital investments
and sophisticated technical skills, petroleum developments are often beyond the resources possessed
by most governments but are likely to be provided by

Oil & Gas Industry: Past, Present and Future
|Oil & Gas Industry:Past, Present and Future
Sudha Singh
At Independence, India 's domestic oil production was just 250,000 tones per annum. The entire
production was from one state–Assam. Most foreign experts had written off India as far as discovery
of new petroleum reserves was concerned. The Government announced, under Industrial Policy
Resolution, 1954, that petroleum would be the core sector industry.
Preamble
Petroleum exploration & production was controlled by the Government–owned National Oil
Companies (NOCs), ONGC and OIL, in pursuance of the Industrial Policy Resolution, 1954. In the
early 70s, they supplied nearly 70% of the domestic requirement. However, by the ... Show more
It would help Indian cause if the government were to introduce the practice of Pure Service Contract
like in some of the other producing countries.
Today 74 Exploration Contracts and 28 Development Contracts are in operation. There are a total of
103 PSCs in operation. This is a sizable number but unfortunately this is not made known to a large
number of people/enterprises. The Development Contracts are likely to add about 150,000 barrels of
oil per day (or about 7.5 MMT per year) and about 7 million cubic meters per day of gas production.
In terms of money about 4 billion dollars are expected to be pumped into these ventures over the
next 10 to 15 years.
|Major Players |
ONGC :It is a public sector petroleum company in India, contributing 77% of India's crude oil
production.
Revenue (2006): $ 10.5 billion
Employees: 41000
Recent news: ▪ India 's ONGC lags in global oil race. ONGC 's setbacks in acquiring major oil
resources are made worse by the Indian government 's order to help shoulder the burden of
subsidized fuels earlier this year, which pushed the country 's biggest refiners into the red. ▪ ONGC
has gained junior shares in a host of projects, from Russia 's Sakhalin–1, Iran 's Yadavaran Field and
Sudanese properties abandoned by Western investors. ▪ But it has yet to take a lead role that would
give it more say and a bigger share of

The Cost Of High Transportation Costs
roduction costs. According to Wagner (2008) oil is grated by its viscosity (light to heavy) and by the
amount of impurities it contains (sweet to sour). The heavy/sour crude is more available, but less
preferred as it contains impurities and needs more processing to refine into gas. The cost of
processing heavy/sour crude oil is high; this is why the price of sweet/light crude oil is much higher
than heavy/sour crude oil. So, high production costs of gas make the supply elasticity lower.
Transportation costs. States that are farther from the source of supply will have higher prices
because of high transportation cost. State or companies have to invest in technology as tankers,
pipelines, blending terminals etc.
Technology. Getting out of ground and processing crude oil need high capital investment in
technology. Investing in new technology would result in easier and faster production i.e. in elastic
supply, but the high cost of it makes the supply less elastic.
2.2 The factors that affect gas demand
Elasticity of demand explains buyer behavior in response to price changes. An elastic gas demand is
when buyers can easily buy less when the price is higher and more when the price is low. But when
the demand is not elastic, they can because air pollution and stimulate alternative energy, it is better
for the consumer to substitute gas with other energy sources that are environment friendly. This
confusion leads to an inelastic gas demand in the short–term, but elastic in the

Global Oil And Gas Industry
Current & Emerging Challenges in Global Oil & Gas Industry Submitted By: ABHISHEK KUMAR
ROLL – 02 PGDM – IB Under the Guidance of: Prof. C P JOSHI HOD (Strategy, International
Business & General Management) Current & Emerging Challenges in Global Oil & Gas Industry
1. Topic: Current & Emerging Challenges in Global Oil & Gas Industry 2. Objective: This seminar
paper aims to briefly analyse the current challenges faced by Global Oil & Gas companies and its
impact on the global energy sector 3. Methodology Used This Seminar paper will primarily be based
on the secondary research. Newspaper articles, case studies and industry magazines & Journal will
largely constitute the seminar paper contents. ABHISHEK KUMAR Roll –02 ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The IEA is calling for an energy supply investment of $ 1 Trillion per year through 2030. The
ensuing supply crunch may further raise the oil prices and threaten economic recovery. In
recognition to this dilemma, some countries have introduced fiscal incentives to prop up key
industry players. Brazil's national development bank, committed over US $10 Billion to state –
controlled oil producer Petrobras. This followed a similar investment by Mexico's government in its
oil producer, Permex, to fund the construction of new refinery. Figure i– Source – World Energy
Report 2012 ABHISHEK KUMAR Roll –02 PGDM –IB 2011– 13 Page 3 Current & Emerging
Challenges in Global Oil & Gas Industry Figure ii: Source Barclays Capital 4.2 High operating Cost
leading to Lesser Profits For oil and gas companies across the supply chain, high commodity prices
in recent years translated into more than record profits. They also served to stimulate development
of higher cost, unconventional crude and gas resources, which, in turn, pushed up the costs of
engineering, procurement, construction, equipment, labour, land and other critical inputs. As a
consequence, when price fell precipitously capital was already committed and cost failed to drop as
steeply. In response to lower current cash flows and the projected margin squeeze on new
investment, companies around the world have begun to delay and cancel projects.3 According to the
Canadian Energy Research

Formula For Success : Rise Early, Work Hard, Strike Oil (...
Formula for success: rise early, work hard, strike oil (J. Paul Getty).
Introduction
Fracking is a complex political topic, nonetheless, is showing a positive impact to the United States
economy and leaving a negative footprint behind on the environment. In addition, consumers are
experiencing a significant amount of profit due to the overwhelming supplies of oil, thus, the
revolution in new technology is triggering an improper fracking system. This concept centrals to
airborne pollution and water contamination. Higher authorities should highly implement the
concepts of sustainability and ethical views to large corporation and business to protect the
consumer's safety.
Political Views
Oil suppliers digging deep down to the roots to analyze and derive any concrete solutions to carry
on the rising market. The force of fracking in the United States is lifting the economy; the system
has been a political game changer for the nation creating job opportunities and economically inserts
money into the community. The United States is currently capable of competing with the global
marketplaces at a high rate. This coordination led to knowledge for on–shoring of manufacturing,
which eliminates the dependency on foreign oil. This significant groundwork is knocking and
driving opportunities for innovators. The abundant in oil supply and the inexpensive cost led to
cheaper energy for consumers.
Did Someone Say Profit?
The United States is custom for the usage of 21% of the world's

Reliance Industries Failure Essay
Reasons for its failure
Reliance Industries shut all of its 1,432 petrol pumps in the country after sales dropped to almost nil
as it could not match the subsidized price offered by public sector competition. The company owned
less than three per cent of the 36,936 petrol pumps in the country. Of the total retail outlets, state run
Indian Oil, Bharat Petroleum and Hindustan Petroleum own 34,304 pumps, while the remaining
belong to private sector Essar Oil and Shell India.
Surging crude prices
High crude prices led to weakening of product cracks and refining margins across regions. The
industry also witnessed a sharp reduction in refining runs and operating rates in addition to
prolonged maintenance shutdowns and permanent closures. It also ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
But suddenly it announced to close down all of its retail outlets .The main reason behind this was
the lack of support from government. Government of India controls the prices of petrol and diesel in
India. So, all the petroleum retail outlets have to sell their petroleum products at bargain–basement
prices. Government provides subsidies to the Public sector oil companies but it refused to provide
subsidies to the reliance petroleum ltd. Even the biggest of the companies cannot sell their products
at discounted rates because it is not possible to sell at losses at long term. So reliance petroleum had
to close down its stores. Though it tried to open them again by trying to make a deal with IOC,
BPCL and HPCL but the effort was not

Chinua Crude Prices And Its Implications On India
FALL IN CRUDE PRICES & ITS IMPLICATIONS ON INDIA
Introduction:
The presence of crude oil was first discovered in China way back in 3rd or 4th century A.D. The
presence of oil in India was discovered in late 1889 at Digboi in Assam where the first crude oil
refinery was set up in 1901. India is not among the major oil producers and that is why it generally
depends on imports from other countries. The largest crude oil producing country is Saudi Arabia
followed by Russia and America. The extent of the commodity's importance was shown to the world
when the world's strongest economies were shaken up as the oil prices shot up in 1973 and 1979,
after this the whole oil sector was nationalized in India. Currently, crude oil alone is responsible ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the main reasons is the mismatch between the demand and supply of oil. Due to sluggish
pace of global economies, the demand has been reducing. The other more important reason is
tremendous increase in production levels by the oil extraction using Shale Gas formations in wells
of Texas and North Dakota. When the oil prices were at $110–115/barrel, they drilled oil from shale
gas formations which was earlier considered unviable due to low profit margins. This drilling has
resulted into a supply glut which is further helped by Saudi Arabia and OPEC who are reluctant to
decrease production. Source: www.wtrg.com
It is said that OPEC as a cartel has been unfruitful is maintaining the price levels. Some say that
OPEC and Saudi Arabia are purposely not relenting to reduce the production as oil production from
Shale Gas formations is much more expensive than oil production at Saudi Arabia (~$5–6/barrel)
which is the lowest in the world. OPEC and Saudi Arabia hope to wipe out the Shale Gas producers
by the continued fall of crude oil price levels to less than $50/barrel after which it is believed that it
would be unviable for the Shale Gas producers to continue.
Impact of the fall for India Crude Oil prices affect the life of the average human being in India in
multiple ways– from food prices to transport costs. It would seem that falling crude oil prices is
great news which couldn't

Evolution Of Indian Gas Market
INTRODUCTION
There are an abundance of sources of energy and fuels in our country and natural gas is one of them.
The attribute of natural gas that separates it from the other fuels and makes it distinct is that even
though it is a non–renewable source of energy it is found in abundance and can last for centuries and
its usage results in much lesser pollution compared to other fuels. In India there is huge potential for
natural gas and most of this potential is yet to be exploited. In context of rapidly dwindling
quantities of fossil fuels natural gas began to gain prominence as sooner or later everyone has to turn
to natural gas after these other fossil fuels get completely exhausted.
In this project we will be:
Studying and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Oil India private limited (OIL) is another premier national oil company which was created in 1959.
The first gas production in India was started in Assam in 1959 by OIL and the subsequent gas
production was carried out by ONGC in Gujarat in 1964. Until the early 1970s the demand for gas
in India was almost non–existent but with the advent of ONGC's Bombay high production in 1974
the demand for gas started to pick up. As the production of gas began increasing it became essential
to develop infrastructure and transportation facilities to facilitate the growth of midstream and
downstream sector of gas. Consequently gas authority of India limited (GAIL) was created in 1984
with its vital function being to facilitate the transportation of gas from the producers to the
consumers which essentially forms the core of the midstream gas sector. Till the 1990s the Indian
gas sector was tightly controlled. The government would decide the amount of gas each producer
can produce and the price of this gas was also decided by the government. During the early 1990s
the government noticed the conspicuous huge gap between the supply of gas and the demand for gas
and the need to import gas and raise the consumer prices of gas was recognised. India opened up
and liberalised its economy in 1991. Private and foreign investors were allowed inside many of the
sectors including the gas sector through new exploration license policy (NELP). NELP also helped
in addressing the supply

Case Analysis Of Royal Dutch Shell
Royal Dutch Shell Plc commonly known as Shell, is an Anglo–Dutch multinational oil and gas
company headquartered in the Netherlands and incorporated in the United Kingdom.Created by the
merger of Royal Dutch Petroleum and UK–based Shell Transport & Trading, it is the second largest
company in the world, in terms of revenue,and one of the six oil and gas "supermajors".
As of January 2013, the largest shareholder of the company was Capital Research Global Investors
with a holding of 9.85% with BlackRockat second place with 6.89% shareholding.Shell topped the
2013 Fortune Global 500 list of the world's largest companies. Royal Dutch Shell revenue was equal
to 84% of the Netherlands's $555.8 billion GDP at the time.
It has minor renewable energy activities in the form of bio–fuels and wind. It has operations in over
90 countries, produces around 3.1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has 44,000 service
stations worldwide. Shell Oil Company, its subsidiary in the United States, is ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
There are more than a dozen such cases in various courts all over India. Multinational companies
have been complaining that Indian tax authorities are arm twisting them to derive more tax revenue.
In the earlier Vodafone case, the I–T department had sought adjustments of over Rs 4,500 crore
Indian subsidiary of Vodafone Group Plc. With Nokia, the department had slapped Rs 2,000 crore
notice. Other companies that are facing such demands include IBM and Cairn. So, Vodafone and
now Shell's win is likely to be a big boost for all these companies.
"This is a positive outcome which should provide a further boost to the government initiatives to
improve the investment climate," a Shell India spokesman said in an e–mail

Risk Analysis in Oil Refining Sector
Topics Covered
Overview of the oil industry Major companies in oil sector & their briefings Some statistics
regarding oil sector in India Challenges faced by the oil sector in India ONGC Limited 1.
Introduction 2. Composition 3. SWOT Analysis of ONGC 4. PEST analysis 5. Matrix showing the
risks
Conclusion References
Overview of the Oil Industry
In current scenario there is one section in economy which is really hot and boiling and it is oil
sector. With crude oil at $146 per barrel and raring to cross $200 per barrel this sector is suddenly
giving sleepless nights to all the major economies of the world & ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
▪ Cairn India Limited ▪ ONGC Limited ▪ Reliance Petroleum Limited ▪ HPCL ▪ Chennai Petroleum
Corporation Limited ▪ Essar Oil
Statistics regarding Oil sector in India
Growing dependence on oil reserves & thus leading to more imports
[pic]
The gap in demand and output will lead India to become No. 1 in Asian continent in imports of oil
& natural gas.
Key challenges/ risks faced by Indian Oil sector
▪ Energy Security
▪ Absence of independent regulatory framework in the upstream industry
▪ Incidence of low price charge due to social obligations
▪ Human Capital Deficit

▪ Worsening Fiscal Terms
▪ Cost Control
▪ Supply Shocks
▪ Climate Concerns
▪ Energy Conservation
▪ Uncontrollable price fluctuations
▪ Risk of fire, sea storms & failure in machinery
Basic diagram of a refinery operation
[pic]
Michael Porter's Five Force Model: [pic] DEGREE OF RIVALRY: MODERATE
The country produced about 37 MMT of crude oil and total crude processing was at 127 MMT.
Thus, 90 MMT of crude oil, representing nearly 70% of the total processing, was imported. The
refining industry is fairly consolidated and the country had a surplus in refining capacity and various
refineries resorted to exports. High spreads between crude oil and products have made exports a
viable option.
A considerable growth in the automobiles sector, both

Mining And Petroleum Industry And Its Taxation System Essay
Subject: Taxation
Topic: Mining and Petroleum
Table of Contents
Mining and Petroleum industry and its taxation system in New Zealand, India and Australia.
What is Mining
Mining is the process of extraction or removal of minerals and metals from earth such as
manganese, tantalum, cassiterite, copper, tin, nickel, bauxite, iron ore, gold, silver, and diamonds.
What is Petroleum
Petroleum is a dark oil consisting mainly of hydrocarbons. It is also known as Crude, Crude oil,
Rock oil, and Fossil oil
Above mentioned all three countries are more or less engaged in Mining and petroleum industry,
with the help of the table prepared below we can get an idea regarding each country's contribution
towards this industrial segment.
Rankings of New Zealand, India and Australia for Mining and Petroleum industries
Countries World rankings Production(bbl/day)
India 20 978,000
Australia 30 478,000
New Zealand 62 50,000
*Above rankings are based on petroleum and other liquid products (i.e. biofuels, liquids derived
from coal and oil shale, and refinery gain) produced by the countries for the year 2014.
From this table we can certainly analyse that in comparison of these three countries India is the
highest participating country in Mining and petroleum industry, Australia possesses the 2nd place
and New Zealand is at the bottom.
Now we will see briefly that what is the system of taxation of this industry for each of these
respective countries and then

Working Capital Structure And Liquidity Analysis

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