Battery Light Lab Report

Battery Light Lab Report
Think about the situation you have two lights that have different is this resistance is and both are
connected via wires in series with an electrical sore switch in our case is a battery. One of the lights
close very brightly, all the other light is very dim, and if it even is blowing, there's a chance that is
not. With our knows that we know as of now and physics, we know that the current will flow
through both of the bulbs, and it will not matter which the voltage flows through first, that it will all
add to the total voltage in the battery in the end. But why is it that one of the batteries glows so
much better than the other? The first thing that we must at determine, is what it was the thing that
chooses the brightness of the bulb, and is it due to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Obviously it is not due to the current because both have the same electrical current flowing through
them. When we look at the equation P= IV, P being the power output I being current Envy being
voltage drop, the current through both bulbs must've been the same if they were wired in series,
therefore the voltage drop must have been much higher for the glowing bulb, and it resulted in the
larger power output on like the other bulb which probably had a lower power output. Homes law
states that the voltage drop is equal to the current flowing through times resistance. The resistance of
the battery had a direct effect on the power output because again the current stay the same
throughout the circuit. Power is still giving off by both, but because one of the resistance is is higher
and one of the bulbs it burns much brighter, Andrews results in more light being output. The next
thing that we must ask ourselves is where is the rest of the energy going? And the answer to this is
that is going into
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Lab Report On Ohm 's Law
Lab Report 3
Ohm's Law
Physics 262–003
Author: A. Coughran
Lab Partners: E. Ortiz, H. Barham
Date: 3/29/17
Lab Report 3 A. Coughran 3/29/17
Objective:
The objective in Lab 3 is to experiment with different voltage and current values for series and
parallel circuits under given circumstances.
Theory:
For both series and parallel circuits, resistors have an effect on the voltage and current going through
the circuit without changing their own values. Equation 1 shows how the resistance value is related
to the current and voltage in the circuit.
V=iR Equation 1
V represents the voltage in the circuit, i represents the current in the circuit, and R represents the
resistance value in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Procedure A: Current and Voltage for a Single Resistor
The power supply was set up and the multimeter was set to the 2A DC ammeter setting. The 33 ohm
resistor was placed in series with the voltmeter and the ammeter. A sketch of the circuit is shown
below.
The power supply was turned on and 0.5 Watts were passed through the circuit with the ammeter
and voltmeter initially turned off as to prevent any damage. The maximum voltage was calculated to
be V_max=4.062 V by using Equation 3 and the current and voltage readings, as well as a 33 ohm
resistance value.
Next, a linear graph of voltage vs. current was collected by turning the voltage between 0.25 V and
0.50 V, then increasing it to slowly approach the maximum voltage value. By doing this, current
values were collected for several voltage intervals. All values for this procedure were recorded in a
table and plot and are shown in the data section. A linear regression of the voltage vs. current data
was then taken to find the experimental resistance value.
Procedure B: Current and Voltage for Series Resistors
The same steps from Procedure A were repeated, but a 100 ohm resistor and a 33 ohm resistor were

set up in a series circuit together (shown below). The peak voltage was slightly higher for this
procedure, so the starting

Ohm's Law Lab Report
Physics 132
Cassidy Grace
Section MZ– Mondays 4:40pm
DC Circuits and Ohm's Law
Abstract
Throughout this experiment we looked at basic principles of DC circuits and electrical currents by
measuring the voltages and currents in simple currents. We used Ohm's law R=V/I and R=E/I and
the values of current and voltage to find the resistance of an electric circuit. We also found that the
SI unit of volt are Joules/Coulomb and that power is measured in Watts.
Questions and Answers
1. State the equation for Ohm's law. What do the variables V, I, and R stand for, and what are the
units of each? Of the units listed, which one is equivalent to coulomb/second?
The Ohm's law is R=V/ I where R is resistance which is measured in Ohm's, V is voltage in the units
of Joules/Coulomb and I is current with a units of Amps or coulomb/second.
2. From Part 3.1.1 (Power Supply): Produce a graph of output voltage Vout as a function of the
sliding contact position x, measured from the bottom end of slide wire resistor. Verify that the data
points fall on a straight line rather than a curve (don't actually compute the slope). Did the current
change while you varied the sliding contact position x? (hint your current meter was switched off
during this part, but this question can be answered using Ohm's law and your graph).
Based on the graph, when we varied the contact position x, the current did change even as the
current meter was turned off. The voltage also changed in a linear

Science Search Using The Rit Ieeexplore On Solar Cells And...
Q1) Perform the literature search using the RIT IEEEXplore on solar cells and photovoltaics. Read
[1–3] and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_solar_cells ; The voltage generated by single PV
cell is low so we connect single PV cells in series when we need high voltage and in parallel when
we need high current and thus we can get the high power or desired output. We generally use a
series connection and this arrangement is called as Photovoltaic module or PV module. PV module
generally consists of front side, back side and encapsulated PV cell. The front side of the material is
made up of tempered glass and low iron. Efficiency is less in PV module because some of the
radiation is reflected by glass cover. Basic PV cell can be seen below Hierarchy of Photo Voltaic
cells can be seen below Photovoltaic array is a photovoltaic system which is a interconnection PV
modules. Sometimes the power generated by single PV module does not meet the requirements of
commercial usage.so PV modules are connected to form PV array. To get high or increased voltage
we connect the PV modules in series and to get high or increased current. We connected PV
modules in parallel. To convert DC (Direct current) power to AC (Alternating Current) which runs
motors, loads etc. an inverter is used. Working of PV Cell. PV cell works on the principle of
photoelectric current. When the light strikes the surface of a semiconductor material, some of the
energy is absorbed by semiconductor material

Using Photovoltaic Pv Or Wind Turbine
Connecting any generator in parallel into the local final circuit with another source however has
several implications in terms of electric shock protection. The most important are the safety to the
service's staff, public and the users of the generator. In order to evade the risk of electric shock, the
users mentioned above should be informed of an operational generator (Small Scale Embedded
Generator SSEG) through labels, so they can take their precautions. The main source supply and
SSEG must be isolated prior to any electrical work installation/connection. The SSEG should not
have its own earth if connected parallel to another source (British Standard, 2008). The
recommended parallel connection with LV distribution systems for a type ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This type of protection is known to be either a TT or TN systems. The TT System of Earthing is not
suitable where a TN–C–S system is available it's only used in old installation or rural parts of the
country where overhead cable supplies are used. The associated earth fault loops with the TT
System of Earthing is that the exposed conductive metalwork causes a fault current to flow through
it to earth and return to the source via a general mass of earth (Figure 1). It is anticipated that the
level of fault current will cause the RCD to trip or to blow the fuse in the time indicated in the ETCI
rules. At 230 Volts its 5 seconds for fixed equipment, 0.4 seconds for portable equipment, socket
outlets and 0.4 seconds for fixed equipment in bathrooms. The main disadvantage of the TT system
connection of protecting against indirect contact is that the earth fault path resistance could easily
allow a continual earth fault to exist which may well be lethal or causes fire. The TN–C–S system of
earthing has the main earth terminal connected to the supply neutral and the earth electrode. When
the load fault to earth occurs it turn into a fault to the incoming neutral and the fault route resistance
is a lot lower than the TT system. A large current will flow which causes the RCD to trip within the
specified time (Figure 2). f Question 2 It is required to comply with

One Of The Worst Blackout In The United States
The blackout of 1965 was one of the worst blackouts in the United States. It left 30 million people
about 800,000 square miles with out electricity. This blackout lasted about 12 hours which left this
part of the united states without defense systems. But why did this blackout even happen? There
were many ideas to what had happened to make this blackout happen. People thought it was circuit
error, human error, electricity transfer error, and some people even thought it was Aliens but what
really happened. This all happened because of a protection relay issue from the workers. They set
the safety relay for a slower traffic current then they thought would be needed. When this happened
the safety relay switch(or a breaker) went off because the demand was to high because of the time of
the year it was. It was cold so people were most likely using more energy for heating. So a surge
happened due to the high demand. This made new york and surrounding areas including the Robert
Moses power plant were using too much energy going through the main power line, which shut off
putting more stress on the other lines soon to be overloaded. The other lines ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The grid had different sections and because it had sections it was like a domino effect. After one
station went out it went to the other station and kept overloading each station on by one. But did this
have do with if it was AC or DC currents? Around this time there was the AC and DC power wars.
This was between Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla were in the middle of a battle. Thomas Edison
developed a current that runs continually in a single direction. It is similar to a battery or a fuel cell.
During this time direct current (also know as DC) was standard in the U.S.. But there was one
problem with Edison's DC it could be converted to higher or lower voltages

Thevenin's Theorem Essay
The experiment that follows is carried out to determine the Thevenin's theorem experimentally.
Thevenin's theorem is an equivalence principle in circuit theory. This theorem is widely used for
circuit analysis simplification and to study circuit 's initial–condition and steady–state response. In
the experiment, the load resistance was removed. The Vth and Rth were found and the resultant
current measured. After the experiment was carried out, it was verified that using the Thevenin's
theorem procedure, the current in a particular load in this case has the same current flowing through
it if it is solved using any other equivalence principle and maximum power will be transferred
through load when Rth is Equivalent to RL.
Introduction
The present lab report is designed to describe the Thevenin Equivalents and Max Power Transfer.
Moreover, the simplification and verification of the circuit network is necessary to identify to
Thevenin equivalent. In addition, the maximum level of power transfer was also identified.
Thevenin theorem is applied on the DC resistive circuits. The theorem holds that the linear
electronic network with the help of the voltage as well as the current sources is important and the
level of resistance can be replaced with the equivalent voltage source. To fulfill such objectives, the
lab experiment was designed [1].
In circuit analysis, Thevenin's theorem for linear electrical networks states that any combination of
voltage sources, current sources, and

RC Circuits Lab Report
Experiment 5: RC Circuits
Abstract
The purpose of this lab is to learn and understand RC Circuits. An RC circuit is composed of at least
one resistor and at least one capacitor. A capacitor is composed of two plates with either air or an
insulator also known as a dielectric between the plates. We do not want the plates to be touching,
because then we would only have a conductor. The insulator between the plates is also known as the
dialectic, which affect how the capacitor will store charge. In an RC circuit, voltage will flow from
the battery to the capacitor and through the resistor. When the capacitor is charging, the voltage
across the battery is decreasing until the capacitor is fully charged. When the ... Show more content
We used the average half time to calculate the time constant to be 5525 microseconds. Then we use
the average time constant to calculate the capacitance to be 0.55 microfarads. The percent difference
is also 9.5%, which implied that finding the capacitance through this method is valid.
For the second part of the experiment, we created a capacitor by using two sheet of aluminum foil
with the same area and a wax paper. We inserted the wax paper, which is the dialectic, between the
aluminum foils to create a capacitor. Then we connected the capacitor to the RC circuit. In this part,
we need to find the half time, the time constant, and capacitance in order to calculate for the
thickness of the wax paper, or distance between the plates. In order to solve for the distance, we
used the formula C=, which k is the dialectic constant, is the permittivity of free space, A is the area,
and d is the distance between the plates. We rearranged the formula do solve for distance, so we
used the formula, d=We measured the length and width of the plate, so the area is the multiplication
of the length and width of the area plate. After the calculations, we obtain 580 micrometers for the
thickness of the paper while the theoretical thickness is 35 micrometers. The percent difference
between the theoretical and calculated thickness of the wax paper is 180%, which is significant to
indicate that this method does not validate the

Physics : Dc Power Sources
EXPERIMENT TITLE
DC power sources.
NAME,STUDENT ID,DATE
Muhammad Umair Bajwa,BAJ MD 1502,19–11–2016
GROUP MEMBERS
Raheel farooq
METHOD While determining this practical we need multimeter 's,two–post connectors, terminal
posts and DC fundamental circuit boards.
First while in the process of series and parallel battery circuits we will locate the batteries circuit on
DC fundamental circuit board.measure the voltage V1 and V2 of circuit and both the values were
1.5 Vdc. So the total voltages were become 3Vdc. So the measured voltage shows that V1 and V2
are in series. Then I measure the voltages at V3 by removing the two post–connectors and V3 was
1.50Vdc. And the voltage across V4 were 1.50 Vdc also. Then I connect V3 and V4 with the help of
two post–connectors and result shows that V3 and V4 are in parallel.
In series opposing DC sources we will locate the battery 's circuit block. V3 and V6 are series
opposing. When we connect them in circuit with two post connectors then the yellow led will light
to indicate a positive total circuit voltage and green led will light to indicate a negative total circuit
voltage. After that we measure the Voltage of battery which were 5.63Vdc.
After that I adjust the positive variable supply (V6) for voltage reading equal to that of V5 then I
measure the potential difference between positive terminals of V5 and V6. The meter indicated me
near zero because circuit batteries were series–opposing. Then I adjust V6 for

Physics Test Notes
Society has become increasingly dependent on electricity over the last 200 years Random
Keywords: Independent Variable: variable that is changed Dependent Variable: thing that changes
with independent variable, it is what you measure Control Variables: variable held constant for
reference Validity or valid: the extent to which a measurement accurately reflects the concept, which
is intended to measure Accuracy: how close your measurement or results are to the true value
Reliability: the extent to which a measurement yields consistent stable and uniform results over
repeated observations or measurements. Domestic energy and how it has changed * The first sources
of electrical energy were batteries, which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ric Field Definition of electric field (E) at a point in space: the electric force (F) acting on a positive
test charge placed at that point divided by the magnitude of the test charge q0 E = F ––––– q0 E = F
––––– q0 * Where k is a constant called coulomb constant * The unit of charge in SI units is the (C)
* k = (approximately) 9.0 x 109 N.m2/C2 Electric Field * Electric field lines are a convenient way
to visualize electric field patterns * It is shown by drawing the electric field at any point (Einstein
just got smarter) * If the lines of force are close together it indicated that the field is strong and
therefore where the field lines are further apart it indicates that the field is weak The rules for
drawing electric field lines for any charge distribution * You must always begin on a positive charge
and terminate on a negative one, infinity may be considered in the case of an excess charge * The
number of lines drawn leaving a positive charge or approaching a negative charge is proportional to
the magnitude of the charge * No field line can cross Electric field lines for a positive point charge *
The lines in an electric field are not actually two dimensional but are directed radially outward from
the charge in all directions * Since a positive test charge placed in this field would be repelled by the
charge q, the line are directed radially away from the

Does The Human Circulatory System Apply Physics Concept?...
Physics is known to be a natural science. It majorly entails the study of matter and the motion of
matter through time and space, along with related concepts such as force and energy. Does the
circulatory system apply concepts in physics as the blood circulates through the entire system? The
circulatory system's main objective is to transport blood throughout all the necessary parts of the
body. The blood in effect transports nutrients and oxygen to these body parts and wastes away from
these body parts to the organs that excrete them out of the body. The heart is the nerve centre of the
circulatory system. This is so as it is this organ that pumps the blood that carries both the nutrients
and wastes to the appropriate parts of the body. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The other components of the blood such as the erythrocytes and leukocytes occupy the remaining
1% of the total blood volume in the entire circulatory system.
As the blood flows in the blood vessels, the blood, just like any other fluids, experiences a viscous
drag. Viscosity is experienced when a layer of liquid within a given flowing liquid exerts frictional
forces on the other layers of flowing liquid due to different velocities with these separate layers of
liquid are flowing at. The fluids that are flowing at a relatively slower velocity mostly found on the
external layer of the fluid flowing will exert on the layers of fluid flowing in the internal parts of the
fluid a viscous drag. The difference in the velocities of flow of the two layers of the same liquid
could be caused by frictional forces between the external layer of the flowing liquid and the walls of
the blood vessels as they move about the circulatory system. In physics, work output is calculated by
multiplying force applied by the displacement caused. However, the cardiac output is got by
multiplying the heart rate by the volume of the stroke. The cardiac output is determined by the
strength of contraction and also by the resistance of the peripheral flow. The stroke volume of a
typical adult is 80ml. it also takes about one minute for the average red blood cell to make one
complete cycle of the entire body. The maximum cardiac

Speech On A Parol Circuit
Making a parol is really hard especially with lights in it. It was hard and fun at the same time. In
order for us to start doing it we designed and make our circuit plan. In doing our parol circuit we
trodden with different electronics material like resistor, capacitor, transformer and a lot more. This is
not new to me and to others but at the same time my knowledge into it widens. Our parol is one of
the biggest and widest it was really hard and we thought that we could not finish it on the allotted
time given. But with unity and team work we are able to finish it. All of us have a different role or
task to make. I still remember the time that after school we would immediately go to Jake house and
finish it. It was exhausting but it is all worth it in the end seeing it light for the first time takes away
all of the sweat and tiredness away.
Parallel Circuit
Parallel circuit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In its simplest form, a capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulating
material called the dielectric. The capacitance is measured in units of Farad (F). The capacitor
disconnects current in direct current (DC) circuits and short circuit in alternating current (AC)
circuits. Large capacitors are used in the power supplies of electronic equipment of all types,
including computers and their peripherals.
Resistor
Resistors are electronic components which have a specific, never–changing electrical resistance. The
resistor's resistance limits the flow of electrons through a circuit. They are passive components,
meaning they only consume power (and can't generate it). Resistors are usually added to circuits
where they complement active components like op–amps, microcontrollers, and other integrated
circuits. Commonly resistors are used to limit current, divide voltages, and pull–up I/O lines. The
electrical resistance of a resistor is measured in ohms.

Wheattone Bridge Essay
Introduction In the 19th century, Samuel Hunter Christie invented the diamond method for circuits,
the initial idea to the Wheatstone bridge. However, bridge circuits, circuits with parallel resistors,
bridged by a branch between them, were used to measure small voltages; but, the Wheatstone bridge
is used to measure an unknown resistance using all the others three known resistance in the circuit.
During the lab, the Wheatstone Bridge concept for a bridge circuit was used to determine the
unknown resistor in the circuit, see in figure 1. The objective was to measure the voltages between
points on the branch between the first two resistors in series on top and bottom ones, in which were
connected in parallel. Thereafter, test the voltage calculated at different temperatures, those being
room temperature, ice water and hot water; by using a thermistor in the circuit, that helps calibrate
the Wheatstone bridge as a thermometer.
Methods
Firstly, the protoboard was powered with 1 volts coming from the power supply. The circuit was
assembled by connecting two resistors in series on top and one resistor and the thermistor in series
on the bottom connected to the top branch in parallel. The left end of the circuit was powered by 1 v
from the power supply and the rightmost end was grounded. The thermistor was placed on the
bottom branch of the circuit by two wires that connected to the protoboard and to the thermistor in
which were long enough to allow the thermistor to be

Orange Battery
Like a lemon or a potato, an orange can produce electricity if a copper and zinc terminals are
inserted in it. The copper terminal is positive whereas the zinc is negative. The chemical reaction
inside the potato causes the electrons to move from the zinc to the copper. The experiment was
demonstrated by Mustafa Daif and assited by Fatima Ali. Special thanks go to Christina Matouq.
Veggie Power! Making Batteries from Fruits and Vegetables Project Kit Available! Order Your
Project Supplies Abstract Did you know that you can get electricity out of a potato? In this project
you will learn how do build a simple battery using a variety of different fruits and vegetables –
REALLY! You'll be able to figure out things like: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More advanced students should also study: voltage dividers, internal resistance of a battery,
Kirchoff's laws, and ionic bonds. Bibliography This site gives a good history of the invention and
development of batteries: Buchmann, I., 2001. "Chapter 1: When Was the Battery Invented?"
Batteries in a Portable World [accessed April 24, 2006] http://www.buchmann.ca/chap1–page1.asp.
This is a great site with a lot of basics on electronics: Hewes, J., 2006a. "Welcome to the Electronics
Club," The Electronics Club [accessed April 24, 2006] http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/index.htm.
Brain, M., 2006. "How Batteries Work," Howstuffworks.com [accessed April 24, 2006]
http://science.howstuffworks.com/battery.htm. Hewes, J., 2006b. "Ohm's Law," The Electronics
Club [accessed April 24, 2006] http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/ohmslaw.htm. The colored stripes on
resistors are a code that tells you the value and the tolerance of the resistor. This reference has more
information: Phillips, W.D., 1999. "Resistors: Colour Code," Design Electronics [accessed April 24,
2006] http://www.doctronics.co.uk/resistor.htm#colour. Nave, C.R., 2006. "Voltage Divider,"
HyperPhysics, Department of

Electric Circuits Dbq
A majority of Americans are constantly worried about bills. One of the bills people are most
concerned about is the electricity bill. The electric bill varies each month based on the usage of
different electrical uses and appliances. Also, have you ever wondered why when you turn off one
light, the light in the other room stays on? Well I will explain the type of electric circuits that is used
to ensure that. I will also explain the relationship between what you use and how the duration of use
can have an impact the cost of the electric bill.
The two types of electrical circuits are series and parallel. Series circuits provide only one pathway
of current flow, while parallel circuits provide multiple pathways of current flow. Unfortunately, ...
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As I acknowledged earlier, heating is the highest percentage of usage in the home, however
homeowners can take steps towards reducing that. For example, buying a heater or two can
definitely help in reducing the use of heat. The second highest electric usage in homes is cooling,
which can also be reduced if homeowners invest in a fan, leave windows open, or even install a
ceiling fan. Buying both heaters and/or fans may be a bit pricey but worth it in the long run. Another
thing that ups the electric cost is the use of electronics and appliances. Today, our society revolves
around electricity. We leave the television on in an empty room, leave on the computer when we
don't use it, etc., consequently raising the electric price. We also rely on many appliances such as
refrigerators, microwaves, blow dryers, etc., which also raise the price. By simply remembering to
turn off the television when leaving the room and also turning off the computer when not in use will
help reduce the electricity cost. Also, chargers for laptops and cell phones, consume energy when
they are plugged in even when they are not in use, and should be unplugged. Even though lighting is
only 11% of electrical usage every little bit helps. Such as, remembering to turn the light off after
leaving the room and

Led Lab Report Essay
When LED & CO., an extremely interactive business on both social media and through their
cooperation with the press, became inactive, many were shocked. Just days after announcing their
newest project which would allow them to learn a lot more about LEDs, they refused to talk about
the results of the experiment. However, after six months of secrecy, the head researcher at LED &
CO. , Dr. Lucy Hales, finally sat down with us to explain what exactly occurred. Q: To clear our
doubts, our first question has to be why were there no updates on the company or the project? A:
During our research and experiments, we found a lot more than we had originally expected, such as
new formulas and theories. Although we were extremely excited to share this information with the
public, we had to run many other tests and experiments to be assured that the data we would present
would be precise. Q: The months you spent testing your predictions must have been exhausting, but
was your discovery worth it? A: I have dedicated a lot of time towards the experiment, however, the
findings my team and I identified will be extremely valuable. Although we had started this project to
find out how the resistance of an LED is found, so that we can build a tool which ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This one had red wires which transmitted current to two LEDs in parallel in order to light them up.
Each LED had two 220Ω resistors through which the current exited the LED and green wires that
led the current to ground. After calculating this circuit's values, we used both the resistance equation
and Ohm's Law the same way we had for the first circuit (separating the two LEDs into different
circuits and for Ohm's Law using only the current which passed through the branch). This gave us
106Ω as the resistance of the red LED and 107Ω as the resistance of the green

Unit 3 the Characteristics of Electricity ( Pg 296 ) Day 1...
Unit 3 The Characteristics of Electricity ( pg 296 ) Day 1 Electrostatics – study of static electricity
Neutral objects – materials that do not carry a charge Conductors allow charges (electrons) to flow
through them easily. E.g. metal Therefore no matter how hard that you rub a metal tap no static
charge will build up because the electrons that you are giving the tap just keep on moving up the tap
and down the water line until they reach a ground. Insulators do not allow charges to flow through
them. The charge builds up on its surface eg. Faraday Cage Both a positive and a negative charge
can build up on ____________________ Only ______________ can obtain a static charge.
Conductors, Insulators and in – between (pg ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Charging by contact (Friction) pg 302 When two objects made of different materials rub together,
electrons can be transferred from one object to the other. This is because different atoms (which
make up the objects) have a different ability to attract electrons and a different ability to hold onto
their own electrons. The Electrostatic Series –a list of common materials showing how their ability
to hold onto their electrons compares acetate Weak hold on electrons Strong hold on electrons glass
wool fur, hair calcium, magnesium, lead silk aluminum, zinc cotton paraffin wax ebonite
polyethelene (plastic) carbon, copper, nickel rubber sulphur platinum, gold To determine what
charges will form, compare the location on the table of the two objects. The object that is higher on
the table will lose electrons and become positive Eg. when cotton and human hair rub what charge
will form on each object? ___________ is lower on the list than ___________. __________ will
hold its electrons better. ____________ will lose its electrons to the ________________Cotton will
become ___________. Hair will become ________________Consider the following pairs are
rubbed together. Give charge on each : Plastic ________ Silk _______; Fur __________ Rubber ;
glass ____ silk ______ Vinyl ______ Plastic ______ ; Ebonite _________ wool _____________
Questions 1.

Investigating The Charging And Discharging Abilities Of A...
The objective of the experiment was to measure the charging and discharging abilities of a resistor
capacitor circuit. In a RC circuit the voltage is an asymptomatic function of the charging time. If a
battery were connected in series in a circuit with a resistor, there would be a constant current. In
contrast, if the battery were connected with a capacitor in series, the current would be time–varying,
decaying to zero as the capacitor charges up. The results of the experiments verified the properties
of the RC Circuits, confirming that voltage is a function of the product of resistance and
capacitance. The experiment produced results that agreed with expectations confirming the electrical
theory of RC circuits.
Sources of error ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Capacitors are considered nonlinear devices because their charging and discharging rate depends on
the charge already there on the capacitor. The higher the charge on the plates of the capacitor, the
slower its charging rate. This is because the slow buildup of electric charge poses resistance to the
addition of extra charge as voltage starts to build across the plates. As a result, the flow of current
gets smaller. In contrast, while discharging, the higher the charge on the plates, the faster it
discharges. On the application of a voltage source to a circuit, the capacitor attempts to reach the full
voltage asymptotically, even though it never reaches the full voltage. The mathematical formula that
represents the voltage across the capacitor is:
V(t) = V0(1–et/RC)
For a charged capacitor, the mathematical formula that represents the voltage across the capacitor as
it is discharging:
V(t) = V0(et/RC)
Where:
RC is the time constant Ƭ of the circuit;
V0 is the potential difference in volts (V) of the voltage source;
R is the resistance in ohms (Ω);
C is the capacitance in the circuit in farads (F); and
T is the time measured in seconds (s).
After one time constant, the voltage is (e–1) x (V). It takes almost 3 times RC for a capacitor to get
charged to 95% of the voltage. Ƭ (seconds) = R (ohms) x C (farads)
From Ohm's Law:
R = V/I;
Capacitance = Q/V (charge stored per voltage applied); and

I = Q/t (amount of charge flowing per time).
As such:
RC = R x

Physics Lab : Rc Circuit Lab
Physics Lab: RC Circuit Lab
Emma Chen
January 5, 2015
Team members: Alex Wang, Andy Val_
1. Objectives
The objective of this lab is to create an RC circuit that has a time constant of 10.
2. Method and Principle: The RC circuit that we created on the breadboard was a series circuit. RC
circuits contain resistors and capacitors, and are connected to a voltage source. In our case, this
voltage source was the battery. When we were measuring the voltage on the computer, we used a
switch instead of manually connecting it, so that it would be a smoother action. When the switch is
up, it is disconnected from the circuit, and when the switch is down, it is connected to the circuit.
When the voltage source in a RC circuit charges a capacitor, it will produce a time– varying current,
instead of a constant current. This is because when the battery charges the capacitor, the capacitor
stores the electrical energy because it has an insulating gap in between the two plates. Since there is
an insulating gap, the charge that comes from the battery cannot escape from the capacitor.
Therefore, the positive charges will collect on one of the plates, while the negative charges will
collect on the other plate. As the amount of voltage on the capacitor gets higher and higher, the more
the capacitor resists adding more voltage from the battery onto itself, therefore creating the "time–
varying current" mentioned previously. This will continue until the capacitor is fully charged with
the

Ohm 's Law & Series Circuits
Name
Institution
Course
Instructor
10 February 2017
Lab Report: Ohm's Law & Series Circuits Introduction
Theory:
Ohm's law defines the relationship between three important electrical properties namely: voltage,
current and resistance. Mathematically, ohm's law is expressed as: V=IR. By understanding the
importance of conduction, one is able to determine the total resistance and visualize how resistors
are connected in parallel circuits. In parallel connection, each resistor provides a separate path for
current [I] so that the total resistance of a parallel circuit is reduced as more resistors are connected
in parallel. In contrast, the resistance in series circuits increases when more resistors are introduced
into the circuit. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In effect, the resistor was aligned horizontally with the first end. A black wire extension (from the
negative polarity of the power supply) was connected vertically from one end of the last resistor
plugged into the first set of holes just below the blue line albeit aligned differently from the red wire
(Figure 1). Figure 1: Circuit diagram
A digital multimeter was used to measure voltage by connecting it in parallel and series with the
components.
Analysis
Resistors connected in series are observed to share one current path. A breadboard effectively builds
a testing electrical and electronic system model. It also holds electrical components together
conveniently for practical applications.
Part 2: Measuring Resistors in Series A multimeter was connected across individual resistors and
resistance measurements were recorded. The multimeter was then connected across all the resistors
whereby measurements recorded. The values are tabulated in Table 1:
Table 1: Resistance values
Resistor Color–Code Measured Value
Ex. Brown Red Yellow Silver or Gold 119kΩ
120kΩ
R1=1kΩ Brown Black Red Silver 1kΩ
R2=2.2kΩ Red Red Red Gold 2.2kΩ
R3=330Ω Orange Orange Brown Silver 330Ω

R4=10kΩ Brown Black Orange Silver 10kΩ
For the branches shown in Figure 2, the total resistance was calculated and recorded. Afterwards,
each resistor branch was built on Multisim and the total resistance of each branch was measured and
recorded. Screenshots of each

Statement of Purpose for Mechanical Engineering
Truthfully, I have always been immersed in Physics studies since the first time I learn about it. I love
the fact that by learning Physics, it can teach us how to think critically and help in solving
unexpected problems that we encounter in our daily life. I found that mechanical engineering is the
course that can help me continue my interest in this subject since it involved most of the concept in
Physics such as mechanics, kinematics, and thermodynamics. Mechanical engineering is also
appealing to me because I love to design new things as well as handling the machines and tools. I
also believe that by specializing in this course, I can have the opportunity to handle various types of
machine and therefore, the knowledge that is gained through this will become such a great
assistance to me in creating and manufacturing my own systems in future.
I started to think that mechanical engineering is so exciting when I started to watch the television
program which is called 'Pimp My Ride'. This program shows the audience on how to restore and
modify a poor condition car to become a great one and even look like a brand new car. I was always
amazed on how the professional engineers in that show come out with a great idea and able to work
together in harmonious way even though sometimes they argue about a few small things while
upgrading the cars. Truthfully, they had inspired me to become a great engineer just like them
especially Mad Mike, one of the outrageous engineer in that

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Dc Converter
SINGLE STAGE POWER FACTOR CORRECTION AC–DC CONVERTER
Gokul P H
Mar Baselios College of Engineering
Mar Ivanios Vidya Nagar, Nalanchira
Email id:
Sojy Rajan
Assisstant Professor
Mar Baselios College of Engineering
Mar Ivanios Vidya Nagar, Nalanchira
Email id: Abstract– A novel single–stage high–power factor ac to dc converter with symmetrical
topology which is compared with traditional full bridge series parallel resonant converter.
Traditionally, an ac/dc converter consists of a diode–bridge rectifier followed by a bulky capacitor
and a high frequency dc/dc converter. This kind of converter inevitably introduces a highly distorted
input current, resulting in a low power factor. Single stage ac/dc converter with symmetrical
topology can overcome this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
REFERNCES
[1] Hung–Liang Cheng, Yao–Ching Hsieh, and Chi–Sean Lin, "Novel Single–stage HPF AC/DC
Converter Featuring High Circuit Efficiency", IEEE transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58,
no.2, august 2012.
[2] E. H. Kim and B. H. Kwon, "Zero–voltage– and zero–current–switching full–bridge converter
with secondary resonance," IEEE Trans. Ind.Electron., vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 1017–1025, Mar. 2010.
[3] D. L. O'Sullivan, M. G. Egan, and M. J.Willers, "A family of single–stage resonant AC/DC
converters with PFC," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 398–408, Feb. 2009.
[4] T. S. Mundra and A. Kumar, "An innovative battery charger for safe charging of NiMH/NiCd
batteries," IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 1044–1052, Aug. 2007.
[5] F. Boico, B. Lehman, and K. Shujaee, "Solar battery chargers for NiMH batteries," IEEE Trans.
Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 1600–1609, Sep.

High Intensity Focused Ultrasound ( Hifu ) Therapy System,...
ABSTRACT In High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) therapy system, electrical impedance
matching networks should be used between the ultrasound transducer and signal generator in order
to maximize the electrical power transmission. Impedance matching networks are designed based on
LC resonant networks and that can be analyzed by analytical design theory and smith chart design
technique. Graphical method using smith chart is adapted to understand the concept. The reflective
power should be reduced after successfully matching the electrical circuit. However, the problem
with our case, HIFU transducer has been observed with significant amount of reflective during LC
matching network; that reflective power has to be reduced as much as possible. In order to eliminate
reflective power we tried transformer matching instead of LC network and we are getting desired
output. Even after that, we are getting slightly change over working resonance frequency which is
not optimum for highly focused ultrasound transducer application or any other application.
However, if we propose broadband matching network for transducer matching then we can increase
the range of working frequency and we can compensate that problem. To conclude, transmission
power can be increased by implementing broadband electrical matching networks. In this paper, I
discuss the characteristics and different applications of piezoelectric material and how matching is
an important to observe the behavior of

Lab Report Physics
Once the experiment was complete and the data was collected and graphed, it was shown a trend
was established; that an increase in current would lead to an increase in voltage. Another similarity
in the data was that as the amount of batteries increased, the voltage and current in the circuit also
increased. This is because as more energy is added to the circuit, the amount of energy per charge
increases (voltage), therefore increasing the amount of charge in one part of the circuit in one second
(current). Two of the resistors used in the circuits were very similar both in data points as well as
their corresponding resistance calculations. However, one of the resistors was different.
The line of best fit for Resistor 1 (Graph 1) had the steepest slope. The slope in this graph represents
resistance, as resistance can be calculated as voltage over current. Slope is the change in the y–axis
(voltage) over the change in the x–axis (current). Since Resistor 1 had the greatest change in voltage
over the greatest change in current, it had the largest slope. Resistor ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Ohm's Law also states that resistance is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional
to current. This means that when resistance increases, so does voltage, but current decreases. This
was corroborated in the experiment as well. This experiment clearly defined the relationship
between current and voltage by applying Ohm's Law to a series circuit. This information is crucial
in a real life application as resistance can only be calculated when the values for voltage and current
are known, and by understanding the relationship between these three quantities, many conclusions
can be

Circuits : Circuits With Two Capacitors
Lab3, Problem #4: Circuits with Two Capacitors
Al Rawahi, Mohammed
March 16, 2015
Physics 1302W 001, Professor: Aaron Wynveen, TA: Simon T Gebrehiwet.
Introduction
In this experiment we are going to set up two different circuits (Configuration) that have two
capacitors, and we will be determining, which configuration of two capacitors, series or parallel,
stores the most energy when connected to a battery by measuring the duration a light bulb remains
lit after completing the circuit. Then we will compute the energy E for each configuration explicitly,
by assuming that we have two capacitors that differ in capacitance and are supplied a voltage V
from a battery.
Figure 1: Several different arrangements for the capacitors used in the experiment.
Prediction
The potential differences V across the two capacitors in parallel is the same. The total charge Q,
however, stored in the two capacitors is divided between the capacitors, since it must distribute itself
such that the voltage across the two is the same. The energy of such circuit can be find by:
Ceq=Q/V, where,Q= Q1 + Q2 and V= V1 = V2
Ceq=(Q1 + Q2)/V=Q1/V+Q2/V
Ceq= C1+C2 Since energy is E= ½ Ceq V = ½ (C1+C2) V
½ (C1+C2) V = Pt
Since the negative plate of capacitor 1 carries a charge –Q, the positive plate must carry a charge
+Q. Likewise, since the positive plate of capacitor 2 carries a charge +Q, the negative plate must
carry a charge –Q. The net result is that

How Voltage Is Affected Within A Cell
The purpose of this experiment was to test in what ways voltage is affected within a cell with them
being temperature, concentration, type of metal used, and type of circuit. The Data obtained by
combining two metal solutions together connected with a salt bridge and measured with a voltmeter
show that increasing temperature decreases voltage as well as increasing the Q value. Series circuits
were found to increase the voltage of a cell as long as it was the same type of cell being used already
within the cell combination. In the process, parallel circuits were found to not affect voltage and
only affect current.
Introduction
Electrochemistry involves studying the transfer of electrons from one metal to another.
Electrochemistry allows ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Distilled water was used to dilute the solutions used in the cells, a hot plate was used to increase the
temperature, sand paper to sand the metals, filter paper to act as the salt bridge, thermometer, and a
voltmeter to measure the voltage. For part 1 of the experiment a total of 6 beakers are needed to hold
the solutions to conduct the first test. For each metal two beakers are filled with 30mL of the .1M of
solution for that metal using the graduated cylinder. Each metal solution is then paired with another
metal solution such as Zinc with Copper and Zinc with Iron. Use the filter paper and soak it in the
KNO3 solution to create a salt bridge, repeat this three times for each pair of metal solutions.
Proceed to sand the metals then place them into their respective solutions and use a voltmeter to
measure the voltage. Make sure to place the right clamps on the anode and cathode you will know if
it is wrong because the voltage will be negative. Repeat this step for each of the pair of solutions
then proceed onto part 2. In part 2 of the experiment zinc and copper solutions were used. Take two
50mL beakers and fill one with 30mL of zinc solution and the other with 30mL of the copper
solution and connect them with filter paper that was soaked in KNO3. Sand the metal pieces for
copper and zinc then place them in their respective solutions then proceeding to connect the
voltmeter to

Efficient Power Processing Topology For Solar Module Using...
Efficient Power Processing Topology for Solar Module Using Power Plane Analysis N.Narmadhai 1,
R.Santhanadevi 2 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College
of Technology, Anna University Coimbatore– 641013, Tamilnadu, India. 2 P.G Scholar, Department
of Electrical Engineering, Government College of Technology, Anna University, Coimbatore–
641013.Tamilnadu, India, Mobile: +91 9629110597. E–mail: narmadhai@gct.ac.in E–
mail:devi91.mdu@gmail.com Abstract– The aim of this paper is an efficient power processing
topology for solar module using power plane analysis has been proposed. The Parallel Power
Processing (PPP) topology is to process most of the power to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Keywords– Photovoltaic (PV), Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Parallel power processing
(PPP),Power Plane Analysis(PPA), Direct energy Transfer(DET). INTRODUCTION In recent years,
Energy comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat. These
resources are renewable. Therefore, for all practical purposes, these resources can be considered to
be unlimited, unlike dwindling conventional fossil fuels. The renewable energy sources are known
to be much cleaner and produce energy without the harmful effects of pollution unlike their
conventional counterparts. Solar energy is converted into electrical energy and the electrical power
generation in PV systems is highly affected by the temperature and the insolation level which makes
it impractical to directly connect them to the load without any storage devices or utility grid
interface. The PV systems focused on the minimization of the installation costs and the
maximization of the energy capture and conversion efficiency. In order to maximize the conversion
efficiency, the PV system should be operated at its maximum power point (MPP). This power is
supplied to the load using parallel power processing topology to reduce the amount of power
processed through the converter and, hence, decrease the converter size and increase the efficiency
by means of direct energy transfer (DET).The concept of the PPP topology is shown in Figure.

Stepper Motors
1. Introduction
This is the first in a series of articles on using Forth to interact with the real world. We will explore
how to control motors of various types (such as servomotors and stepper motors), switch power to
devices, and sense the environment. Each article will present a project that can be used to
demonstrate the ideas we are going to discuss.
In this first article, I want to lay the foundation for the future columns and discuss the use of the PC
parallel port to control stepper motors. We will adopt the fantasy that we are working on some
microprocessor–based control application and will be using the PC parallel port as a proxy for the
digital I/O channels on our controller. To the extent possible, the code will be ... Show more content
The control is relative, meaning that there is no way to determine the shaft position directly. You can
only command the motor to rotate a certain amount clockwise or counter–clockwise from its current
position. These "commands" consist of energizing the various motor coils in a particular sequence of
patterns. Each pattern causes the motor to move one step. Smooth motion results from presenting
the patterns in the proper order.
Features that stepper motors provide include:
* Excellent rotational accuracy * Large torque * Small size * Work well over a range of speeds *
Can be used for motion or position control
There are two types of stepper motors:
* Bipolar motors, with two coils. These have four wires on them (see Figure One–a). They are tricky
to control because they require changing the direction of the current flow through the coils in the
proper sequence. We will discuss these motors further when we get to the topic of DC motor control.
* Unipolar motors, with two center–tapped coils which can be treated as four coils (see Figure One–
b). These have six or eight (or sometimes five) wires, and can be controlled from a microprocessor
with little more than four transistors (see Figure Two).
Figure One. (a) The internal arrangement of the coils for a bipolar stepper motor. (b) The internal
arrangement of the coils for a unipolar stepper motor. Wires a through d are

Design Of Fpez Source Network With Reduced Switches Fed...
DESIGN OF FPEZ–SOURCE NETWORK WITH REDUCED SWITCHES FED INDUCTION
MOTOR K.Vasudevan1 and L.Parimala2 1Research scholar (PT) – Assistant Professor, Dept. of
EEE, Sriram Engineering College 2L.Parimala, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE, Sriram
Engineering College, Chennai kp_vasu1@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: This Project deals with a fully
parallel Embedded Z–source inverter to control the three phase induction motor. Z–Source inverter
is a single–stage converter which performs both buck–boost energy conversions using the LC
impedance network. The further advancement in the Z–Source inverter is the partially parallel
Embedded Z–Source inverter that can produce same gain as Z–Source inverter. Energy from the
solar cell is taken as input to the EZ–source inverter. The ripple content of the solar cell output
voltage is reduced using Parallel EZ–Source (PEZS) inverter. In order to overcome the drawbacks of
PPEZS, Fully parallel EZ–(FPEZS) Source inverter is proposed. The proposed inverters provide
high boost voltage inversion ability, a lower voltage stress across the active switching devices, a
continuous input current and a reduced voltage stress on the capacitors. In addition, they can
suppress the startup inrush current, which otherwise might destroy the devices. The proposed system
reduces six switch three phase inverter to four switch three phase inverter. This makes system
compact which reduces cost and switching losses, line harmonics, improves power factor, reliability

TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF A RESISTOR-INDUCTOR (RL)
CIRCUIT Essay
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF A RESISTOR–INDUCTOR (RL) CIRCUIT
TOM CARNEY
Table of Contents
1. Introduction..............................................................................................Page 2
2. Theoretical Analysis.................................................................................Page 3
3. Questions related to constructed circuit..............................................Page 5
4. Conclusion.................................................................................................Page 6
5. Works cited................................................................................................Page 6
6. Illustrations.................................................................................................Page 7–8
Transient Analysis of a Resistor– Inductor (RL) Circuit
1. INTRODUCTION
Electrical circuit analysis is done in order to allow the designer to verify his design and to predict
the response of the system under varying conditions of load and excitation. ... Show more content on
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Its formula looks like this: T= L/R. Tau or lowercase t. Five time constants are required for current
to reach 100% of its value. The time constant of t for the circuit in Figure 7.1 is 470 micro seconds.
The Current value of IL, through the inductor at the beginning of the charge cycle is 0 Amps, while,
the end of the charging cycle was 10 mA. The voltage at V1 across the inductor and resistor in the
beginning stages is 10 V and end with 0V. The inductor acts like an open circuit at the beginning of
the charging cycle, ending appearing like a short circuit.
3. Calculation's verified through MultiSim Program

a. What is the Time Constant for the circuit in Figure 7.1?
470 micro Seconds
b. What is the Transient Time for Figure 7.1? t=0 c. What is the value of the current IL,(should be
lowercase L), through the inductor at the beginning and end of the charging cycle?
Beginning is 0 Amps
End is 10^3, 10 mA
d. What is the voltage VL across the inductor and resistor at the beginning and end of the charge
cycle?
Beginning is 10 Volts
End is 0 Volts
e. What is VL and IL at 1t, 2t,3t ,4t, and 5t?
1 tau
2 tau
3 tau
4 tau
5 tau
3.67 seconds
1.35 seconds
4.97
micro seconds
18.3
Micro seconds
67.38
Micro seconds
3. Questions related to Constructed Circuit.
a. How does self–resistance of the inductor affect the results?
The magnetic field created by a charging current in the circuit induces a

Questions On Joule's Law Of Electric Heating
1. Which of the following is the true, where W = work done , I = current , t = time in seconds ,
V = Voltage ?
a) W= I2Rt Joules
b) W = VIt Joules
c) W = V2t/R Joules
d) All of the Mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: According to Joule's Law of Electric Heating , the amount of work required to
maintain a current of I Amperes through a resistance R Ohms for t seconds is W = I2Rt H Joules
2. The relation between Heat produced (H), Work done (W.D), Mechanical Equivalent of Heat (J)
is?
a) H*J=W.D
b) H=J*W.D
c) W.D2 = J/W.D
d) All of the Mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Work is converted into heat and is dissipated away.
The amount of heat produced= Work done/ Mechanical Equivalent of Joule.
3. If a 110V heater is used on 220V supply, heat produced by it will be ______________ as much. ...
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One K–Wh of energy is equal to?
a) 36*105 J
b) 36 J
c) 3600 J
d) 3.6 J
Answer: a
Explanation:
1 K–Wh = 1000 * 1 J/S *3600 = 3600000 J
5. What is the amount of heat dissipated when a current of 20A flows through a 30 Ohm resistor for
3 seconds?
a) 0.75 Kcal
b) 0.85 Kcal

c) 1 Kcal
d) 2 Kcal
Answer: b
Explanation:
W= I2Rt/J = (20*20)*30*3/4200 = 6/7 = 0.85

A Thorough Comparative Analysis Of Single Diode Models...
Abstract– This paper presents a thorough comparative analysis study for various kinds of single
diode models based photovoltaic power source. The main target behind the paper is to explore the
effect of increasing the embedded degree of complexity of the single diode model on the simulated
behavior of a particular PV module by comparing the dynamic performance of such kind of PV
models with the experimental data from manufacturer 's data sheet under varying the atmospheric
conditions. The relative errors between each PV single diode model output and the experimentally
validated data are computed at three indicative points namely open circuit voltage, short circuit
current and maximum power point. The result of this comparison leads to determining the best PV
single diode module – that is more suitable than the others in the context of single diode model – to
be applied in different power system application irrespective of changing the environmental
conditions along over different periods of the day. The comparison study in this paper ends up with
determining the relevant single diode model at low, medium and high temperature and irradiance
level as well as at standard test conditions. Introduction New era that will not mainly relay on
central power stations seems to have started. A novel independent power producers who provide less
expensive, more efficient and smaller–scale power plants is well underway ‎
[1]–‎
[2]. Renewable
energy is heavily involved in such direction and

Nt1310 Unit 8
1.What does the vertical axis represent? The vertical axis represents the voltage scale. (how many
volt or amp per division). 2.What does the horizontal axis represent? The Horizontal axis represents
the Time scale. (the sweep speed). 3.Altering time physically changes the horizontal axis how? It
will increase or decrease each division to the choosing time which will change the horizontal axis
per screen. 4. When using an amp clamp, what type of reading (volts, amps, ohms) appears on the
vertical axis? Explain the basic process the scope uses to obtain this type of reading. With an amp
clamp amps appear on the vertical axis. The scope obtains this type of reading from the magnitude
of AC and additionally the phase and waveform can also be ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What feature may be utilized to see specific detail of an event and may also be useful for observing
intermittent issues? The reduced rearm delay which is provided by digital triggering, together with
segmented memory allows the capture of events that happen in rapid sequence. Rapid triggering can
capture a new waveform every microsecond until the buffer is full. 6. A repeat trigger is being used
to read a pattern. After the trigger is moved on the screen, the pattern disappears. What is the most
likely problem? The most likely problem for the reason the info (pattern) disappears is that your
readings are out of parameters that you have set it to. 7. What is the advantage of using the repeat
mode for a trigger vs. the automatic mode? The advantage of using Auto mode is that when you're
looking at your wavelength and readings, they are consistent. If at any time the readings go out of
parameters it will still display the readings. If this was to happen in Repeat mode... where your
readings go out of parameters the data would simply not be there it would be a blank reading on the
screen. 8. What is the term used to describe number of frames recorded. The term used to describe
the 1–1000 frames recorded is called a your Complete Record. 9. A high sample rate does what to
the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Power Filter
CHAPTER # 02
PASSIVE FILTERS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 FILTERS
2.3 ACTIVE FILTER
2.4 PASSIVE FILTERS
2.5 CLASSIFICATION OF PASSIVE FILTER
2.4 DISADVANTAGES OF PASSIVE FILTER
2.6 CONCLUSION
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The increase of electronic equipments has caused the increase in the nonlinear loads and due to
these loads power quality is being deteriorated. The supply voltage is distorted due to harmonic
currents drawn from the supply by nonlinear loads. Distorted currents and voltage cause the user's
equipment to not work properly, conductors will overheat and may decrease the efficiency and life
of the equipment. Usually a passive LC power filter is employed to wipe out the current harmonics
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The parallel LC circuits create the very high impedance to the unwanted signal and a series circuit
forms very low impedance passage to ground at same frequency.
2.4 DISADVANTAGES OF PASSIVE FILTER
Following are the disadvantages of the passive filters:
Filter impedance should be smaller than the source impedance for mitigating the source current
harmonics and hence compensation characteristics depend on system impedance.
Overload condition can arise in the passive filter because of harmonics circulation arising from
nonlinear loads which are connected at the connection point of passive filters.
They are not recommended for the variable loads because their design is for some specific reactive
power and changing the load can detune the filter.
Resonances either in series or in parallel may appear in the system. [7]
Passive filters do not use active elements and hence signal gain is not provided by them.
Tuning of passive filters requires a lot of time and they are expensive when produced in large
quantities.
Passive filters higher than the 2nd order are complex and very difficult to design them.

Analysis Of Hybrid System Using Feed Forward Neural...
ANALYSIS OF HYBRID SYSTEM USING FEED FORWARD NEURAL NETWORK
Chandrakant jaiswal1Dharmendra kumar singh2
Address for correspondence
1M Tech scholar, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,C V Raman University
bilaspur, C.G., India 2Associate Professor,Department of, Electrical and Electronics Engineering C
V Raman University Bilaspur, C.G., India
Email id: ckjaiswal13@gmail.com, Contact No.: 9977343076
Email id:dmsingh2001@rediffmail.com Contact No.:9039276048
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, renewable energy resources play an important role in replacing conventional fossil fuel
energy resources. Photovoltaic energy is one of the very promising renewable energy resources
which grew rapidly in the past few years. Photovoltaics has one major problem and which is that
with the variation of the operating conditions of the array, the voltage at which maximum power can
be obtained from it also changes. In the thesis, a PV model is used to simulate actual PV arrays
behavior, and then a Maximum Power Point tracking method and wind energy system using Feed
Forward Neural networks is proposed in order to control the power. Further more,the proposed feed
forward neural network technique using hybrid system is compared with the ANFIS(adaptive neuro
fuzzy interference system). Simulation results shows that the proposed feed forward neural network
maximum power point tracking method gives faster response than the ANFIS

Electric Current Lab
New York City College of Technology
Ohm's law & resistors in parallel & in series
Lab 4
Class: PHY 1434–E475
Due date: March, 13 20144
Group Names: Hisham Sageer
Objectives:
Our object is to confirm Ohm's law by analyzing the dependence of the electrical current as a
function of voltage and as a function of resistance. Also, we studied the current flow and voltage in
series and parallel. Finally, the lab determined the equivalence resistance of series and parallel
combination of resistors and compared the results with theoretical data.
Theoretical Background:
The first thing that needs to be described in this lab is what the electric current I:
I =. The electric current is defined as charge ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Set the ammeter to the range of mA and the voltmeter across the resistor the range of 25V. b After
the instructor has checked the circuits, turn on the power supply. c Vary the output voltage of the
power supply from 4 V to 10 V in the increment of 1 V and record the readings of the voltage V
across the resistor and the corresponding current I through the resistor in Table 1. d Using the same
circuit setup, set resistance of the variable resistor box to R = 1200Ω and repeat the steps 2 and 3.
2 Investigate the variation of the current with resistance when the voltage is constant. a Use the
same circuit setup and set the output voltage of power supply to 12V. b By keeping the output
voltage of the power supply constant, vary the resistance of the resistor box from 700 Ω to 1700 Ω
in increments of 200 Ω. Record values of the current I through the resistor and the corresponding
resistance R in table2.
Data:
Attached to report.
Calculations:
1 Use the data from table 1 to plot a graph of current Vs. voltage for both values of the resistance.

Determine the slope of the graph. From the slope of the graph find the resistance using:
a) R = R = R =1000 Ω
% diff = = 0%
b) R = R = R =1250 Ω
c) Slope = 12.7
V = 12 v
Questions:
1. Does your resistance follow Ohm's law? Base your answer on your

Analysis Of Boost Converter And Interleaved Converter For...
Analysis of Boost converter and Interleaved Converter for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
of Hybrid Electrical Vehicle Arpita Moon Department of Electrical Engg. Priyadarshini College of
Engg. Nagpur, India Prof.(Mrs.)B.S.Dani Department of Electrical Engg. Priyadarshini College of
Engg. Nagpur, India Rahul Argelwar Department of Electrical Engg. Priyadarshini College of Engg.
Nagpur, India Abstract–Different converter topologies have been introduced for high power
applications in recent years. This paper shows Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor in Hybrid
electrical vehicle is proposed by an interface of boost converter, interleaved converter and inverter
as an integrated circuit. An inverter/converter circuit is designed in such a way so as to operate or
control the HEV during different modes of operation. The integrated circuit in HEV will operate as a
boost converter or interleaved converter depending on the load condition. The proposed integrated
circuit will reduce the current ripple and voltage ripple hence it will leads to reduction in switching,
conduction losses, and thermal stress on the motor. The effectiveness of proposed integrated circuit
is simulated in MATLAB/ Simulink. The simulation shows that the integrated circuit have a high
efficiency and can be used at high power application. Keywords–boost converter; interleaved
converter; ripple I. INTRODUCTION Electrical vehicles and Hybrid Electrical Vehicles are the
most commonly used drive

Ohm 's Law Is The Most Fundamental Rule Of Circuits
Objective:
Ohm's law is the most fundamental rule of circuits; relating resistance, voltage, and amperage
together. In this lab, we created various configurations of circuits as well as adjusted said circuits
current to get a hands–on realistic understanding of Ohm's law and its implications. This also
expanded our understanding of how properties of a resistor can change under different conditions:
such as a bulb having a changing resistance based on temperature.
Theory:
Electrical charge always wants to flow from a high electrical potential to a low electrical potential
(It follows the easiest path to ground). This flow of electrical charge is what we call electrical
current. The current flowrate is affected by the ease at which an ... Show more content on
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Take measurements of voltage and amperage at 8 different rheostat resistances. Record these values.
Do this one more time, but switch out the resistor with a light bulb. Once you have all those
measurements you can plot voltage and current to see the relationship of the resistance of the bulb
given the current and voltage.
Apparatus:
DC Power Supply: BK Precision Model 1686 DC Power Supply
Multimeters: Fluke 175 True RMS (A large amount of these were broken and lacked a serial
number)
Two Lever Switches
Two Light Bulbs
Ancient Rheostat (0–1000Ω)
Wires
Note that our Multimeter acted as our voltmeter, ammeter and a resistance measuring device
Data: Below is an array of the circuit configurations we created and tested. The title is within the
images themselves, under "TITLE", and the observations are right below the image.
This was the first setup. It was rather simple: The lamp and bulb were in series and the bulb had no
path to ground unless we closed the switch. The bulb turned on when the switch was closed.
Again, a basic circuit. However, in this case the result of flipping the switch was reversed from the

previous circuit: Closing the switch created an easier path to ground which turned off the light bulb,
which would otherwise stay on. The bulb was only on when the switch was open.

Nt1310 Unit 5 Lab Report
Link to the Task Sheet
BEFORE CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENT – You should already have submitted to your
teacher an EXCELLENT Investigation Design that included:
Identification of independent variable, dependent variable, and 4 factors held constant
Aim
Hypothesis
Procedure (step by step, including safety issues)
Circuit diagrams (copied from task sheet is OK if this is what you used)
However – if anything in the list above was NOT included in your pre–prac Investigation Design (or
if there was anything you think could be improved) – include it now in your report below
How does changing the resistor size affect the amplitude of signal voltage in a receiving circuit?
Aim:
To investigate how the resistor size in a receiving circuit affects

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