Ethical Publishing for Academic and Research Integrity.pdf

EthicalPublishingforAcademicand
ResearchIntegrity
Dr. Sangeeta N Dhamdhere
@
National Institute of
Informatics , Tokyo,
Japan
24th January 2019

Right Thinking is an art and a science. It leads us to Truth.
Truth that sets us free-in the realm of freedom from
sorrow and world of peace, happiness and true success
Ethics
• The ancient Greek word ‘ethos’ means custom or
habit
• These are moral principles or values that govern the
conduct of an individual or a group.
• It is about following rules
• It is system of accepted beliefs that control
behaviour of individual
• It concerns an individual’s moral judgements about
right and wrong.
• In practice, it seeks to resolve questions of human
morality by defining concepts such as good and evil,
right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice and crime
Integrity
• It is about doing the right thing regardless of the rules
• True integrity comes from individuals.
• It is personal code of conduct that goes above the
letter of good conduct and encompasses the spirit of
good conduct
• It is the quality of being honest, truthful and having
strong moral principles or moral uprightness.
• It is personal choice to hold one’s self to consistent
standards.
Dr. Sangeeta Dhamdhere@Dept of Biotech, MCASC, Pune -05

Academic Integrity is the Moral Code or Ethical
Policy of Academia-Don McCabe. It is the
foundation of University success
• It helps to build trust between scholars.
• It is honest and responsible scholarship.
• It applies to all aspects of teaching and learning
• It includes values
• avoidance of cheating or plagiarism
• maintenance of academic standards
• honesty and rigor in research and academic
publishing
AcademicIntegrity
Honesty in your studies or academics

PossibleViolations of
AcademicIntegrity
There are cases of honest mistakes and misunderstandings
• Cheating and helping others to cheat during
examinations
• Not reporting someone who cheated
• Signing someone else’s name on an attendance sheet
• Using unauthorised materials for an assignment
• Receiving information about the test from someone
who already took it earlier
• Copying something from the internet without
acknowledgement
• Faking an illness or making false claims in order to
take a test at a different time
• Intimidating someone to prevent them from
reporting
• Plagiarism, False Citations and unauthorized
collaboration or collusion
Academic dishonesty describes
as “any action or inaction of a
student or a group of students
which might create an unfair or
undeserved academic
advantage which is intended to
deceive students or faculty, or
which a reasonable person
would consider dishonest
academic behaviour”-Luther
College Honor Code, 1.2)
Dr. Sangeeta Dhamdhere@Dept. of Biotechnology, MCASC, Pune -05

Howtomaintain
AcademicIntegrity?
Why Academic Integrity Important?
• People will trust and respect you .
• It will help you to develop good reputation in
academics and society and key characteristic of success
• It will help you when you enter the workplace and face
ethical issues
• It provides value to your degree.
• It offers you peace of mind knowing that you believe in
doing the right thing
• It reduces unnecessary stress in your life and make you
happier, healthier and more productive.
• It will help you to get good placement
Creating and
expressing your
own original ideas
and work
independently
Acknowledging
all sources of
information
Accurately
reporting results
when conducting
your own
research
Honesty during
examination
and attendance
Taking an online
quiz or exam
without help of
textbooks or
friends

ResearchIntegrity
Refers to high quality and robust practice across the full
research process.
It is an aspect of moral character and experience- NAS

ResearchIntegrity
It is active adherence to the ethical principles (honesty, trustworthiness, high regards for scientific record ) and
professional standards essential for the responsible practice or research
It involves commitment to intellectual honesty and personal responsibility for ones actions and to a range of practices
that characterize responsible research conduct- NAS Report
Responsible conduct of Research
• Honesty- strive for honesty in all scientific
communications
• Objectivity- avoid bias in experimental design, data
management, expert testimony, peer review, etc
• Integrity- keep your promises and agreements
• Carefulness- Avoid careless errors and negligence
• Openness- Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources
• Respect for IPR- Honor patents, copyrights. Not to
use unpublished data, methods or results without
permission
• Confidentiality- Protect confidential communications
like grants, personal records, military secrets and
patent records.
• Responsible Publication-Publish in order to advance
research and scholarship. Avoid wasteful and
duplicate publication
• Responsible Mentoring- Help to educate, mentor and
advise students. Promote their welfare
• Social responsibility and respect for colleagues
• Avoid discrimination and maintain competency
• Know and obey relevant laws, institutional and
governmental policies.
• In science field show proper respect and care for
animals. Shampoo, A and Resnik D(2015)

Research
Research is nothing but act of
constructing or building
knowledge based on the research
or work carried out by others.

Whydowedo
research?
To contribute to knowledge
To extend the human knowledge beyond what is already
known
Defining
career,
academic and
personal
interest
Expanding
Understanding
Knowledge
of field
Personal
Prestige
Curiosity
about
something
in the field
Promotion
/tenure/ Pay
Intellectual
Ambitions

ResearchOutput
Publication of research results for
academic fraternity
Use of work, ideas of
others
Place the research in
right context using
insights based on own
critical reflection,
ideas, inspirations
Differentiate what is
your own work and
your opinion on others
work
Give due credit to
work or others
Reporting it in the
form of Article, Book,
thesis or academic
writing
Participation in
verification system or
mutual examination
and judgements

Openaccess
Publishing
Initiated to avoid duplication of research
But now it is used to make duplicate work

Misconductin
Research
It is going against research integrity, violates the essence
of research activities and publication of research
It hinders the normal process of communication in the
scientific community.
Falsification-
Manipulating
research
material,
equipment,
processes to
change data or
results
Theft of Intellectual
Property /
Plagiarism
Fabrication-
Making up
data or
research
results

ResearchMisconduct
• Publishing the same paper in two different
journals without telling the editors
• Not informing a collaborator of your intent to
file a patent in order to make sure that you are
the sole inventor
• Including a colleague as an author on a paper in
return for a favor even though the colleague did
not make a serious contribution to the paper
• Trimming outliers from a data set without
discussing your reasons in paper
• Using an inappropriate statistical technique in
order to enhance the significance of your
research
• Conducting a review of the literature that fails
to acknowledge the contributions of other
people in the field or relevant prior work
• Stretching the truth on a job application or
curriculum vita
• Failing to keep good research records
• Failing to maintain research data for a
reasonable period of time
• Making significant deviations from the research
protocol approved by your institution's Animal
Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review
Board for Human Subjects Research without
telling the committee or the board
• Not reporting an adverse event in a human
research experiment
• Wasting animals in research
• Stealing supplies, books, or data
• Rigging an experiment so you know how it will
turn out
• Making unauthorized copies of data, papers, or
computer programs

ResearchMisconductbyFacultymembers
• Discussing with your colleagues confidential
data from a paper that you are reviewing for a
journal
• Bypassing the peer review process and
announcing your results through a press
conference without giving peers adequate
information to review your work
• Stretching the truth on a grant application in
order to convince reviewers that your project
will make a significant contribution to the field
• Using data, ideas, or methods you learn about
while reviewing a grant or a papers without
permission
• Giving the same research project to two
graduate students in order to see who can do it
the fastest
• Overworking, neglecting, or exploiting graduate
or post-doctoral students
• Making derogatory comments and personal
attacks in your review of author's submission
• Promising a student a better grade for sexual
and monetary favours
• Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
• Exposing students and staff to biological risks in
violation of your institution's biosafety rules
• Owning over $10,000 in stock in a company that
sponsors your research and not disclosing this
financial interest
• Deliberately overestimating the clinical
significance of a new drug in order to obtain
economic benefits

Plagiarism–Latin plagium means “Kidnapping”
It is an offense, misconduct, academic dishonesty
and act of stealing someone else’s work
deliberately without permission or giving credit or
acknowledgement to original writer and claim as
own.
In legal terms, It is considered literary theft.
Literary work consisting of words and phrases too
if person has protected his or her literary work.
It takes different forms, from literal copying to
paraphrasing some else's work and can include:
Data, Words, Phrases, ideas and concepts. To
misrepresent an old idea as a new one is also
called Plagiarism.
Plagiarism has varying different levels of severity,
such as: How much of someone's work was
taken–a few lines, paragraphs, pages, the full
article? What was copied–results, methods, or
introduction section?
Plagiarism(tosaku)
It is not just an ethical issue but more than
that.

PlagiarismCases
https://www.theguardian.com/education/20
18/apr/29/cheating-at-top-uk-universities-
soars-by-30-per-cent?CMP=share_btn_tw
http://libguides.kaust.edu.sa/plagiarism/case
s
Finnish presidential candidate plagiarized master’s thesis,
investigation finds in August 2018 and she has insisted
that she did not cheat intentionally in her Masters Thesis
Figures compiled by the Guardian from freedom of information
requests to Russell Group universities – a group of 24 leading
institutions that includes Oxford and Cambridge – shows the
number of academic misconduct cases surged by 40%, from 2,640
to 3,721, between the academic years 2014-15 and 2016-17.

TypesofPlagiarism
Source: https://www.bowdoin.edu/dean-
of-students/judicial-board/academic-
honesty-and-plagiarism/common-types-of-
plagiarism.html
Direct
Plagiarism
Self
Plagiarism
Mosaic
Plagiarism
Accidental
Plagiarism
Direct/ Intentional Plagiarism:
• Deliberate plagiarism of someone else's work.
• Fabrication-is an act of making up data or results and recording or
reporting them. Fake Peer Reviews.
• Falsification- is manipulating research material, equipment or
processes or changing or omitting or suppressing data or results
• Submitting word-for-word transcription of a section of someone else’s
work, without attribution and without quotation marks.
Self Plagiarism:
• submitting own past work, or mixing parts of it without permission
from all professors involved.
• submitting the same piece of work for assignments in different classes
without previous permission from both professors.
Mosaic Plagiarism/ Patch Writing:
• borrowing phrases from a source without using quotation marks, or
finds synonyms for the author’s language while keeping to the same
general structure and meaning of the original.
Unintentional/Accidental Plagiarism:
• when a person neglects to cite their sources, or misquotes their
sources, or unintentionally paraphrases a source by using similar
words, groups of words, and/or sentence structure without attribution

ExamplesofPlagiarism
Source: http://en.writecheck.com/types-of-
plagiarism
• Copying text "as it is" without quotation marks and giving
citation.
• Reordering the elements of the source text without citation.
• Copying pieces (sentences, key phrases) of the source text
without citation.
• Paraphrasing without citation.
• Reproducing information that is not common knowledge or
self-evident without citation.
• Incorporating an idea heard in conversation without citation.
• Using your own past material or another student's material as
a new idea without citation.
• Paying for another to contribute to your work without
citation.
• Using software or online translators to translate material
without citation.
• Paying someone else to do your work, purchasing material, or
translating from someone else's material (web-based or hard
copy). (Calvano, 2011, p.1)

TypesofPlagiarism
While writing blog or article or website
designing
https://www.prepostseo.com/p/4-types-of-
plagiarism
• Image Plagiarism: Taking images straight off the internet and
present them as your own. This is extremely wrong as the
original creator of the picture can easily claim you for copy
right which can bring your web page down easily. You might
end up being charged a huge fine.
• Video Plagiarism: Copying videos from the internet and using
it for purposes as your own idea. Videos/ moving images and
frames are caught easily when they are checked for plagiarism
on Google or YouTube.
• Speech Plagiarism: Copying sayings or quotes from television
or online news and saying it as your original thing. There are
tools which scan through every spoken word and match it.
• Text Plagiarism: Copying text content from the web or other
students hard work to their assignments or writers copying
content from other articles etc.
To Avoid Plagiarism
 Cite, quote the work
 Give the reference of original work

ReasonsforPlagiarism
https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resourc
es/bioethics/whatis/index.cfm
• Laziness to Sloppiness, Panic, lack of confidence
• Various institutional pressures (Publish or Perish)
• Incentives, and constraints
• pressures to publish or obtain grants or contracts
• career ambitions
• the pursuit of profit or fame
• poor supervision of students and trainees
• poor oversight of researchers
• disorganized/ unplanned research work
• Lack of understanding of consequences of such
act
• Lack of strict academic discipline environment
• Careless attitude
• Lack of referencing skills
• No proficiency of English language

Consequencesof
Plagiarism
Source: http://www.ithenticate.com/resources/6-
consequences-of-plagiarism
https://education.seattlepi.com/impacts-
plagiarism-1172.html
https://academicintegrity.unimelb.edu.au/plagiari
sm-investigation-and-penalties
• Plagiarism allegations can suspend or dismiss from the University or
Research Institute.
• Can ask the student to resubmit, or revise and resubmit, the whole or part
of the assessment, examination or research
• disallow or amend a mark or grade for the whole or part of the assessment,
examination or research
• fail the student or revocation of the award
• prohibit or deny access to or use of University premises, facilities and
services or activities for some period or terminate the student’s enrolment
• His or her academic career ruins due to widely reported in academia across
the world.
• Some plagiarism may also be deemed a criminal offense, possibly leading to
a prison sentence
• People who commit plagiarism can be subject to legal action. In some
cases, the originator of the plagiarized content may sue the plagiarizer for
an offense like copyright infringement.
• People who plagiarize sabotage themselves. They impair their own learning
process, which is the whole point of continuing their educations.
• It negatively impact an individual’s credibility. They sabotage themselves
and impair their own learning process.

Consequencesof
Plagiarism
Source:
http://www.ithenticate.com/resource
s/6-consequences-of-plagiarism
https://education.seattlepi.com/impa
cts-plagiarism-1172.html
• Disgrace to both individual and institution
• It may ruin his/her entire career. S/he may be fired from the position
and face difficulties to find new respectable job.
• Debarment from eligibility to receive pay increments, research
funds for grants and contracts from Government agency
• His or her academic career ruins due to widely reported in academia
across the world.
• Some plagiarism may also be deemed a criminal offense, possibly
leading to a prison sentence
• In the case where an author sues a plagiarist, the author may be
granted monetary restitution.
• People who commit plagiarism can be subject to legal action. In
some cases, the originator of the plagiarized content may sue the
plagiarizer for an offense like copyright infringement.
• People who plagiarize sabotage themselves. They impair their own
learning process, which is the whole point of continuing their
educations.
• Plagiarism accusations negatively impact an individual’s credibility.
People caught plagiarizing are branded as dishonest and
untrustworthy.

WaystoAvoid
Plagiarism

Howtoavoidplagiarism
• Voluntary self-discipline and self-correction by the researcher
• Be honest
• Maintain quality through out the process
• Know the copyright and Creative Common laws.
• Complete a research methodology and ethics, Pre PhD course
• Attend English remedial course if your first language is not
English
• Learn techniques of reference management and citation
management while collecting data
• Read carefully the guidelines issued by the Publisher of
Journal or University to submit paper or thesis
• Acknowledge the author of original work you referred.
• Understand what doesn’t need to be cited
• Publish your work under open access platform or more
accessible
• Give credit to each and every contributor for his or her idea in
a group research

• Paraphrase - Read the information and and put it into
your own words. Make sure that you do not copy
verbatim more than two words in a row from the text
you have found. If you do use more than two words
together, you will have to use quotation marks.
• Cite - Citing the articles you have referred to properly.
Follow the document formatting guidelines
• Quoting - When quoting a source, use the quote
exactly the way it appears. A scholar should be able
to effectively paraphrase most material. This process
takes time, but the effort pays off! Quoting must be
done correctly to avoid plagiarism allegations.
Citing Quotes - Citing a quote can be different than citing
paraphrased material. This practice usually involves the
addition of a page number, or a paragraph number in the
case of web content.
Citing Your Own Material - If some of the material you
are using for your research paper was used by you in
your current class, a previous one, or anywhere else you
must cite yourself. Treat the text the same as you would
if someone else wrote it. It may sound odd, but using
material you have used before is called self-plagiarism,
and it is not acceptable.
Proofreading:
Referencing - One of the most important ways to avoid
plagiarism is including a reference page or page of works
cited at the end of your research paper. Again, this page
must meet the document formatting guidelines used by
your educational institution or journal you are submitting
article. This information is very specific and includes the
author(s), date of publication, title, and source. Follow
the directions for this page carefully.
Source: http://en.writecheck.com/ways-to-avoid-
plagiarism

English
ImprovementTools
Researcher can use these tools to check
grammar, sentences and plagiarism
British Council Skills Paper Rater
After the Deadline WhiteSmoke

ReferenceandCitation
ManagementSoftwares
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HkfYV
cn_ME
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gv6_Hu
CYExM
• Mendeley-Free reference Manager
• Endnote-Online Basic Reference Manager
• Zetero- Browser based plugin
• RefWorks- Online Citation Manager
• Cite This For Me- Helps to create your citations, reference
list and bibliography automatically
• RefMe-Helps to create your bibliography over 7500
referencing styles
• EasyBib- Easy Citations generator
• Citavi- Reference Manager limited to 100 references
• Citefast- Cite your work in APA,MLA, Chicago
• Docear – Online reference manager offers PDF metadata
retrieval, free online backup
• Citation Machine
• OWL-Research and Citation Resources

PlagiarismCheck
Softwares
https://elearningindustry.com/top-10-free-
plagiarism-detection-tools-for-teachers
http://turnitin.com/en_us/features/overview
• Turnitin
• Ithenticate
• Urkund
• Viper
• Grammerly
• PlugScan
• Copyscape
• PlagTracker
• Unicheck
• Quetext
• Dupli Checker
• Copyleaks
• PaperRater
• Plagiarisma
• Plagiarism Checker
• Plagium
• PlagScan
• Checktext
• Shambles
• Crosscheck
• Scanmyessay

Initiativesby
Government
India-UGC
In each country Government is taking initiative and issuing regulations or guidelines to all
universities, educational and research institutes. The main objective are
• To create awareness among students, staff and faculties in HEI on plagiarism
• To establish an institutional mechanism to educate and train stake holders to avoid
plagiarism
• To institute a system to prevent and punish plagiarism
Level of Plagiarism and Penalty
• Level 0: Up to 10% similarity consider as minor similarity therefore no penalty
• Level 1: Similarity above 10-40% Shall be asked to withdraw the manuscript
• Level 2: Similarity above 40-60% Shall be asked to withdraw the manuscript, shall be
denied one annual increment, shall not be allowed to supervise any new master, M.phil
and Ph.D student for a period of two years
• Level 3: Similarity above 60% shall be asked to withdraw the manuscript, shall be denied
two successive increments, shall not be allowed to supervise any new Master, M.phil,
Ph.D students for a period of three years
Handling Complaints of Plagiarism
• Investigating case of plagiarism at departmental level. DAIP is first panel to investigate
the complaints of plagiarism in a usual case
• Institutional Academic Integrity Panel (IAIP) is the higher panel to review and take final
decisions based on DAIP report.

Initiativesby
Government
MEXT
In Japan, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology(MEXT) adopted
guidelines for responding to misconduct in research in 2014 implemented in 2015. The
main objective are
• to set up basic policy on misconduct in research
• To encourage initiatives by researchers, the scientific community and research
institutions to prevent such misconduct
• To present guidelines on self disciplinary measures to be taken by MEXT, research
funding organizations ad institutions conducting research
Initiatives for preventing Misconduct
• Appointing RCR education officer to conduct regular RCR awareness/education
programs at research institutes and Universities
• RCR education program mandatory for all researchers receiving competitive funds
• Preserving and disclosing research data in research institute for a set period for
verification
• Listing and Publicizing reported misconduct cases of researchers who received funds
• Provide and disclose appropriate rules including investigation procedures and methods
• Receiving allegations of specific research misconduct, handling them and investigate
Penalty: Return of funds, restrictions on new applications. Punishment in accordance with
internal rules of the organization. Reducing indirect cost grants.

Conclusion
• With self disciplinary actions we can
avoid plagiarism and publish our
research ethically to keep academic and
research integrity.
• Library professionals plays important
role in this by conducting awareness
programs on reference management
and citation tools along with plagiarism
check tools and softwares.
• The awareness programs and academic
integrity lessons should be given to
school and undergraduate students.
• Assignments and answer sheets,
projects should also be scan for
plagiarism
• English teachers role is important to
spread awareness.

Dr. Sangeeta Dhamdhere@NII, Tokyo

References
• https://www.researchgate.net/post/Why_do_you_conduct_research
• http://theconversation.com/a-question-universities-need-to-answer-why-
do-we-research-6230
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_integrity
• https://www.luther.edu/academic-integrity/about/
• https://ombud.msu.edu/academic-
integrity/What%20is%20Academic%20Integrity.html
• https://www.bauer.uh.edu/current/academic-honesty.php
• https://scilog.fwf.ac.at/en/article/2835/open-access-publishing-at-
springer
• https://www.bowdoin.edu/dean-of-students/judicial-board/academic-
honesty-and-plagiarism/common-types-of-plagiarism.html
• http://en.writecheck.com/types-of-plagiarism
• https://www.prepostseo.com/p/4-types-of-plagiarism
• https://webinars.wileyresearch.com/webinar/beyond-ethics-integrity-
plagiarism-avoid/
• https://www.kappanonline.org/cleary-top-10-reasons-students-plagiarize/
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VG9klW3bAeU
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylkKCgEIMws
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUErib-fXV0 Dr. Sangeeta Dhamdhere@Dept of Biotech, MCASC, Pune -05

ThankYou
Dr. Sangeeta Dhamdhere
+917972092077
librarian@moderncollegegk.org
http://sites.google/site/sangeeta
dhamdhere

Open for the discussion

Ethical Publishing for Academic and Research Integrity.pdf

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Ethical Publishing for Academic and Research Integrity.pdf

Similar to Ethical Publishing for Academic and Research Integrity.pdf (20)

More from sangeetadhamdhere

More from sangeetadhamdhere (6)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Ethical Publishing for Academic and Research Integrity.pdf