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Thermodynamic System and its Types
thermodynamic system (or simply ‘system’) is a definite macroscopic region or space in
the universe, in which one or more thermodynamic processes take place.
Everything external to a thermodynamic system is called surroundings. System and
surroundings are separated by a definite border called boundary. System, surroundings
and boundary constitute the universe.
Types of Thermodynamic System:
1. Open System:
An open system is a thermodynamic system which allows both mass and energyto flow in and out of it, across its
boundary. The image below illustrates open system.
Example of open system: Water heated in an open container – Here, heat is the
energy transferred, water is the mass transferred and container is the thermodynamic
system. Both heat and water can pass in and out of the container.
2. Closed System:
A closed system allows only energy (heat and work) to pass in and out of it. It does not
allow mass transfer across its boundary. The following image shows a closed system:
Example of closed system: Water heated in a closed vessel – Here only heat energy
can pass in and out of the vessel
3. Isolated System:
An isolated system does not interact with its surroundings. It does not allow both mass
and energy transfer across its boundary. It is more restrictive.
In reality, complete isolated systems do not exist. However, some systems behave like
an isolated system for a finite period of time. The following image illustrates an isolated
system:
What is the difference between steady flow and unsteady flow?
steady: A steady flow is one in which the conditions (velocity,
pressure and cross-section) may differ from point to point but DO
NOT change with time.
unsteady: If at any point in the fluid, the conditions change with
time, the flow is described as unsteady.

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Thermodynamic system and its types

  • 1. Thermodynamic System and its Types thermodynamic system (or simply ‘system’) is a definite macroscopic region or space in the universe, in which one or more thermodynamic processes take place. Everything external to a thermodynamic system is called surroundings. System and surroundings are separated by a definite border called boundary. System, surroundings and boundary constitute the universe. Types of Thermodynamic System: 1. Open System: An open system is a thermodynamic system which allows both mass and energyto flow in and out of it, across its boundary. The image below illustrates open system. Example of open system: Water heated in an open container – Here, heat is the energy transferred, water is the mass transferred and container is the thermodynamic system. Both heat and water can pass in and out of the container.
  • 2. 2. Closed System: A closed system allows only energy (heat and work) to pass in and out of it. It does not allow mass transfer across its boundary. The following image shows a closed system: Example of closed system: Water heated in a closed vessel – Here only heat energy can pass in and out of the vessel 3. Isolated System: An isolated system does not interact with its surroundings. It does not allow both mass and energy transfer across its boundary. It is more restrictive. In reality, complete isolated systems do not exist. However, some systems behave like an isolated system for a finite period of time. The following image illustrates an isolated system:
  • 3. What is the difference between steady flow and unsteady flow? steady: A steady flow is one in which the conditions (velocity, pressure and cross-section) may differ from point to point but DO NOT change with time. unsteady: If at any point in the fluid, the conditions change with time, the flow is described as unsteady.